CN108024982A - 用于处理鱼鳃上的粘液的组合物 - Google Patents
用于处理鱼鳃上的粘液的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108024982A CN108024982A CN201680048190.1A CN201680048190A CN108024982A CN 108024982 A CN108024982 A CN 108024982A CN 201680048190 A CN201680048190 A CN 201680048190A CN 108024982 A CN108024982 A CN 108024982A
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- fish
- mucus
- composition
- control
- perurans
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Abstract
用于处理鱼鳃上的粘液以治疗性或预防性处理鱼的阿米巴鳃病的组合物,其中所述组合物包含补充有精氨酸的压出的鱼饲料;所述鱼饲料包含蛋白质、粘合剂、脂肪、维生素和矿物质;鱼饲料的总精氨酸含量是总饲料重量至少的3.0%(wt/wt)。
Description
本发明涉及用于处理鱼鳃上的粘液的组合物。更具体地,本发明涉及增加鱼鳃上的粘液粘度的组合物。本发明还涉及增加所述粘液中多糖含量的组合物。处理粘液是鱼中阿米巴鳃病的治疗性或预防性处理。阿米巴鳃病由海洋阿米巴虫导致,具体而言,阿米巴鳃病由Paramoeba perurans导致。所述鱼可以是鲑科鱼类(salmonoid fish)如大西洋鲑鱼(salmon)(安大略鲑(Salmo salar))或彩虹鳟鱼(trout)(虹鳟鱼(Onchorhynchusmykiss))。
阿米巴鳃病(AGD)是全球海洋鲑鱼类(salmonid)养殖产业面临的最大挑战之一。在养殖和野生的多种鱼类中发现这种情况,包括海鲤、大比目鱼、香鱼、鲭鱼和圆鳍鱼。其报道于1984年的澳大利亚,此后发现于美国西海岸、爱尔兰(1995),2006年后在苏格兰和挪威以及智利(2007)发现。爆发一般在水温高于10℃的夏末至初冬发生,然而,最近其引起全年关注。
AGD由Paramoeba perurans即之前的Neoparamoeba perurans导致,其是自由生活和条件性寄生的变形虫,如果不处理可以致命。估计在处理、鱼生长减少和鱼死亡方面导致多至20%总生产成本。P.perurans是海洋变形虫。P.perurans是属于Flabellinea门的胞外寄生虫。
风险因素包括高盐度、较暖的水温、鱼的高放养密度、水中的悬浮有机物和较早的鳃损伤。
临床上,AGD导致厌食(食物摄入减少)、呼吸窘迫、鳃盖张开和昏睡。总体上,可在鳃表面看到白至灰色的增加的粘液样贴片。存在阿米巴虫通常与鳃中粘液过量产生相关。在显微镜下,所述疾病表征为上皮增生(上皮细胞数增加)以及具有粘液化生的栅板的(lamellar)融合物。随着疾病进展,炎性细胞(中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞)聚集到损伤的水肿区。有时在丝状软骨周围的血管中见到嗜伊红性颗粒细胞。疾病发展后期,在损伤表面出现上皮肥大和上皮分层,伴有粘液细胞浸润、氯细胞数减少和形成可包含阿米巴虫的栅板间小泡。
诊断是通过显微镜检查新鲜鳃切片或石蜡包埋的固定的鳃组织和/或P.perurans的特异性PCR试验进行的。
Paramoeba pemaquidensis被认为是P.perurans之前的AGD致病物。通常在鳃上与P.perurans一起发现P.pemaquidensis,作为混合感染的部分。认为阿米巴虫对不良或有毒物质的行为仅在同一科或群的阿米巴虫内类似。阿米巴虫具有类似机制,其中其在不利环境内卷起并缩回其丝状伪足。
尽管研究超过30年,没有疫苗或药物被批准用于治疗AGD。当前治疗方法包括淡水浴(<4ppt盐度时2-3小时)或过氧化氢浴(1000-1400ppm H2O2 20-30分钟)。过氧化氢浴通常不在高于15-16℃时使用,并在12/13℃–15/16℃温度下小心使用。
测试多种饲料和洗浴化学治疗以从鳃中更有效地去除阿米巴虫。口服补充左旋咪唑或葡聚糖对死亡水平没有显著作用。在共栖试验中,攻击前2周口服L-半胱氨酸乙酯(LCEE)显著延迟AGD相关的鳃病理进展(Roberts SD,Powell MD.2005.Oral L-cysteineethyl ester(LCEE)reduces amoebicgilldisease(AGD)in Atlantic salmon Salmosalar.Dis Aquat Org,66(1):21-28)。发现LCEE降低安大略鲑中的粘液粘度。也认为淡水处理通过粉碎粘液并帮助其从皮肤脱落降低粘液粘度(Roberts SD.2004.Improving thetreatment of amoebic gill disease in salmonids with soft freshwater and themucolytic drug L-cysteine ethyl ester.PhD thesis,University of Tasmania,Launceston)。淡水处理和LCEE处理对AGD产生共同的正面临床效果,其共同点在于粘液粘度降低。
在饲料中使用25mg/kg的抗原生动物药物硫双二氯酚(没有在任何食品动物种类中建立最大残留限量(MRL))显示延迟和降低的AGD相关损伤的强度。在体外洗浴处理中分别使用10mg/l的离子载体:盐霉素、拉沙洛西酸和马杜拉霉素(Maduramycin),可显著减少阿米巴虫数目。然而,在饲料处理中测试时,离子载体相较于对照饲喂的鱼仅在P.perurans攻击后7天降低有损伤的栅板的百分比。攻击后14和21天,没有差异。
在鱼鳃和皮肤上发现粘液薄层且其是抵御水传播病原体的第一道物理防御屏障。另外,其在呼吸、离子和渗透调节、繁殖、交流、排泄和抗病性方面具有功能。粘液的保护功能是机械和生化特性的联合结果。粘液主要由上皮的粘液细胞分泌。除了捕获和使病原体脱落,粘液包含广泛范围的能对病原体起作用的物质。粘液主要由水和糖蛋白构成。然而,已描述了粘液中的多种组分,包括一些先天免疫组分如凝集素、穿透素、溶菌酶、蛋白水解酶、碱性磷酸酶、C反应蛋白、补体和抗微生物肽以及免疫球蛋白。
最近,在P.perurans感染的鲑鱼中描述了鳃粘液中的蛋白丰度变化。这得到了AGD相关鳃损伤的组织学观察支持,即阿米巴虫与有大量粘液细胞的上皮区域附着减少。AGD损伤发展的后期由浅表上皮细胞具鳞(squamation)和粘液细胞可变聚集于损伤表面组成,其可指示设计用于从疑似组织排除和/或破坏或分离阿米巴虫的防御策略。栅版融合减少了阿米巴虫定植的可用总表面积。粘液细胞分泌的酶和/或其它物质可影响阿米巴虫对这些区域的聚集和附着(Adams MB,Ellard K,Nowak BF.2004.Gross pathology and itsrelationship with histopathology of amoebic gill disease(AGD)in farmedAtlantic salmon,Salmo salar L.J Fish Dis,27(3):151-61;Adams MB,NowakBF.2003.Amoebic gill disease:sequential pathology in cultured Atlanticsalmon,Salmo salar L.J Fish Dis,26(10):601-614.)。
专利文献EP 1234508公开了L-精氨酸单独或与布洛芬联用以预防性治疗家禽的球虫病。球虫病的致病微生物是艾美球虫的若干个种。艾美球虫(Eimeria spp.)是属于孢子虫门(phylum Sporozoa)或顶复亚门的胞内寄生虫。艾美球虫侵袭延消化道的上皮细胞和相关腺体的细胞。
本发明的目的是补救或减少现有技术的至少一个缺点,或至少提供对现有技术的有用的替代方式。
所述目的通过以下描述和之后权利要求中详细说明的特征来实现。
本发明通过独立的专利权利要求定义。从属权利要求定义了本发明的有利的实施方案。
下述结果显示在鱼饲料中以高于总水平百分之三的水平添加饮食精氨酸可提高AGD感染的鱼的存活。这对于全球海洋鲑鱼养殖业是重要的,因为有效的饮食能通过降低死亡率、维持生长率以及也许更低频率的洗浴事件来帮助尽可能减少AGD相关成本。
更具体地,本发明的第一方面涉及处理鱼鳃粘液的组合物,以治疗性或预防性处理鱼的阿米巴鳃病,其中所述组合物包含补充有精氨酸的压出的鱼饲料;所述鱼饲料包含蛋白质、粘合剂、脂肪、维生素和矿物质;鱼饲料的总精氨酸含量为饲料总重量的至少3.0%(wt/wt)。
鱼饲料可通过压出制备,其中烹煮压出的团块,且压出物是多孔的以吸收和保留大量添加的液态脂肪。最终的鱼饲料的脂肪总量可低于鱼饲料总重量的25%,其可以是鱼饲料总重量的25%,且可以高于鱼饲料总重量的25%如30%、35%和甚至40%。来自小麦和其它蔬菜原料如蚕豆的淀粉用作粘合剂以维持鱼饲料的形状和完整性。也可使用其它粘合剂。
处理粘液可包括使粘液粘度增加。处理粘液可包括使粘液的多糖含量增加。
阿米巴鳃病可由海洋阿米巴虫导致。鱼可以是鲑科鱼类如大西洋鲑鱼或彩虹鳟鱼。阿米巴鳃病可由阿米巴虫Paramoeba perurans又名Neoparamoeba perurans和Paramoeba pemaquidensis又名Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis的至少一种的感染导致。
所述鱼饲料可用于预防性和/或治疗性处理鱼的阿米巴鳃病。所述鱼饲料可用于预防性和/或治疗性处理海洋阿米巴虫引起的鱼感染。鱼饲料可用于预防性和/或治疗性处理阿米巴虫Paramoeba perurans又名Neoparamoeba perurans和Paramoebapemaquidensis又名Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis的至少一种的感染。
可以通过在将鲑科鱼类从淡水转至海水后6周给鲑科鱼类饲喂补充有精氨酸的饲料,开始预防性和/或治疗性处理。所述鱼饲料可用于预防性和/或治疗性处理阿米巴虫Paramoeba perurans又名Neoparamoeba perurans和Paramoeba pemaquidensis又名Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis的至少一种的感染。
也描述了精氨酸在处理鱼鳃上粘液中的应用,以治疗或预防性处理鱼的阿米巴鳃病。精氨酸可以补充到鱼饲料,所补充的量足以使鱼饲料的总精氨酸含量增加到饲料总重量的至少3%(wt/wt)。
阿米巴感染可由Paramoeba perurans又名Neoparamoeba perurans和Paramoebapemaquidensis又名Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis的至少一种导致。鱼可以是鲑科鱼类。可以在将鱼从淡水转至海水后开始给鱼饲喂本发明的鱼饲料。可以在将鱼从淡水转至海水后6周开始给鱼饲喂本发明的鱼饲料。
以下描述优选的实施方案的示例。
图1-3显示不同研究中,用阿米巴虫Paramoeba perurans攻击后大西洋鲑鱼的存活;
图4显示用鱼粘液温育72小时后,Paramoeba pemaquidensis的体外存活;
图5显示大西洋鲑鱼粘液的粘度;
图6显示大西洋鲑鱼粘液的溶菌酶浓度;
图7显示大西洋鲑鱼粘液的多糖浓度;
图8显示大西洋鲑鱼粘液的溶菌酶浓度;
图9显示用鱼粘液温育48小时后,Paramoeba pemaquidensis的体外存活;和
图10显示用鱼粘液温育48小时后,Paramoeba perurans的体外存活。
实施例1
该测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑(S.salar))在250l的槽中进行15天,所述槽含有盐度为35ppt且温度为16℃的盐水。每个槽有30条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为121g,每份饮食用于2个槽。
在65日研究阶段开始前,使鱼适应新环境并饲喂对照饮食5周,然后饲喂对照饮食或测试饮食,直至试验结束。对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照2,包含小麦、面筋、北大西洋鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮产生,并包含26.5%脂肪、50.1%蛋白和5.7%水,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照2+A,具有与对照2饲料相同的组成,但添加了1.0%的精氨酸。精氨酸以干粉加入膳食混合物中,然后烹煮压出。以所取的样品为基础(on an as is basis),所计算的对照2饲料中的精氨酸水平是2.61%。
根据Morrison RN,Crosbie PBB,Nowak BF.2004所述方法(The induction oflaboratory-based amoebic gill disease revisited.J.Fish Dis,27,445–449),从置于感染槽的大西洋鲑鱼收获P.perurans。饲喂实验饮食4周后,在一系列的日子(感染后0,8,9,10,12和16天)用总剂量500细胞每升的P.perurans攻击鱼。为了攻击,所有槽中的水循环停止,用含有额外的7l海水的喷壶向各槽加入阿米巴虫以确保阿米巴虫均匀分布于槽内。水流在1.5-2小时后恢复。
当对照组达到60%死亡率时,试验结束。试验终止时的平均鱼重量是192g。通过qPCR和组织学确认在所选择的死亡个体中存在P.perurans。
如图1所示,相较于饲喂对照饲料的鱼,饲喂测试饮食对照2+A的鱼具有19%的相对百分比生存。相对生存百分比计算为:(1–(%死亡/%对照死亡))x 100。
表1显示相较于饲喂对照饮食的鱼,测试饮食有效降低AGD造成的死亡率。
表1:感染后35天的死亡率汇总
实施例2
测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑)在250l的槽中进行144天,所述槽含有盐度我35ppt且温度为16℃的盐水。每个槽有30条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为171g,每份饮食用于3个槽。
使鱼适应新环境并饲喂对照饮食4周,然后饲喂对照饮食或测试饮食,直至试验结束。对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照1,包含小麦、面筋、葵花子粉、北大西洋鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、蚕豆、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮产生,并包含24.2%脂肪、49.9%蛋白、5.3%灰分和6.3%水,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照1+A,具有与对照2饲料相同的组成,但添加0.58%的精氨酸。精氨酸以干粉加入膳食混合物中,然后烹煮压出。分析显示,以所取的样品为基础,对照1饲料包含2.92%精氨酸,而以所取的样品为基础,用于测试组的对照1+A饲料包含3.24%精氨酸。
根据Morrison等所述方法,从置于感染槽的大西洋鲑鱼收获P.perurans。饲喂实验饮食4周后,用总剂量500细胞每升的P.perurans攻击鱼2天。由于在攻击过程中观察到的死亡数字低,在攻击后第55天还加入额外剂量的阿米巴虫(50P.perurans细胞/l)。为了攻击,所有槽中的水循环停止,用含有额外的7l海水的喷壶向各槽加入阿米巴虫以确保阿米巴虫均匀分布于槽内。水流在1.5-2小时后恢复。
当对照组达到40%死亡率时,试验结束。试验终止时的平均鱼重量是391g。通过qPCR和组织学确认所选择的死亡个体中存在P.perurans。
如图2所示,相较于饲喂对照1饲料的鱼,饲喂测试饮食,对照1+A的鱼具有19%的相对生存百分比。
表2显示相较于饲喂对照1饮食的鱼,测试饮食有效降低AGD造成的死亡。
表2:感染后74天的死亡率汇总
实施例3
测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑)在250l的槽中进行144天,所述槽含35ppt盐度的盐水且温度为16℃。每个槽有30条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为179g,每份饮食用于3个槽。
使鱼适应新环境并饲喂对照饮食4周,然后饲喂对照饮食或测试饮食,直至试验结束。对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照2’,包含小麦、面筋、葵花子粉、北大西洋鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、蚕豆、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮产生,并包含24.3%脂肪、47.7%蛋白、5.6%灰分和7.1%水,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照2’+A’,具有与对照2’饲料相同的组成,但加入0.58%的精氨酸。精氨酸以干粉加入膳食混合物中,然后烹煮压出。分析显示,以所取的样品为基础,对照2’饲料包含2.75%的精氨酸,而以所取的样品为基础,用于测试组的对照2’+A’饲料包含3.30%的精氨酸。
根据Morrison等所述方法,从置于在感染槽的大西洋鲑鱼收获P.perurans。饲喂实验饮食4周后,用总剂量500细胞每升的P.perurans攻击鱼2天。由于在攻击过程中观察到的死亡率数字低,在攻击后第55天还加入额外剂量的阿米巴虫(50P.perurans细胞/l)。为了攻击,所有槽中的水循环停止,用含有额外的7l海水的喷壶向各槽加入阿米巴虫以确保阿米巴虫均匀分布于槽内。水流在1.5-2小时后恢复。
当对照组达到40%死亡率时,试验结束。试验终止时的平均鱼重量是422g。通过qPCR和组织学确认所选择的死亡个体中存在P.perurans。
如图3所示,相较于饲喂对照2’饲料的鱼,饲喂对照2’+A’饲料的鱼具有36%相对生存百分比。相较于饲喂对照2’饮食的鱼,用对照2’+A’饲料的鱼有显著增加的存活,显著性水平为0.1%(对数秩,Mantel-Cox,P=0.09)。
表3显示相较于饲喂对照2’饮食的鱼,测试饮食有效降低AGD造成的死亡率。
表3:感染后74天的死亡率汇总
实施例4
测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑)在直径1米的槽中进行37天,所述槽含有盐度为32.9-34.0ppt的盐水。水温在11.8-12.1℃变化。每个槽有40条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为132g,每份饮食用于3个槽。
对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照1’,包含小麦、面筋、葵花子粉、斯堪的纳维亚鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮产生,并包含23.2%脂肪、48.0%蛋白、11.1%灰分和4.9%水组成,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照1’+A’,具有与对照1’饲料相同的组成。多批次的12.5kg对照1’饲料在商业化的面包混合器中顶部添加(top coated)1%精氨酸混合90秒,然后加入0.05%北欧鱼油,再继续混合30秒。
试验结束时,鱼重量为156g。
培养来自鱼粘液样品的方案
粘液取样:皮肤粘液如下单独收集,将各条鱼置于塑料袋上,在鱼周围小心裹上袋子并使鱼从袋中滑出。立即在液氮中快速冷冻粘液并在-80℃保存,直至分析。取皮肤粘液而不是鳃粘液,因为不可能在个体鱼上收集足够体积的鳃粘液用于粘度、溶菌酶和多糖分析。文献公开了皮肤和鳃粘液在用于所分析性质的特征方面类似,且皮肤粘液变化反映鳃粘液变化。
粘液制备:解冻所有粘液样品并仅使用一次,避免再冷冻后重新使用,因为粘液中物质或免疫组分的活性可能受冷冻-解冻循环影响。根据粘液样品的粘度来使用粘液样品。如果粘液样品非常粘,则粘液样品在1000g短暂旋转1分钟以沉淀细胞。所得上清用于测试。
用阿米巴虫温育:所有粘液样品用培养的Paramoeba pemaquidensis种阿米巴虫1:1稀释。在4-5小时、24小时、48小时后和6-9天后,观察阿米巴虫并检查存活。暴露数天后,通常在粘液中观察到更强的效果。
活力染色:就活力染色而言,根据Yokoyama等的操作(Journal of Fish Diseases1997,20(4),281-286),阿米巴虫通过荧光染料碘化丙啶(红色是死亡细胞)和二乙酸荧光素(绿色是活细胞)染色,温育时间改良为仅5分钟。或者,阿米巴虫通过中性红染色,中性红染色活细胞中的溶酶体(Chazotte,2010,Imaging:A Laboratory Manual)(ed.Yuste).CSHL Press)。对每浓度或每个体鱼粘液样品的100细胞,一式三份进行计数。
在收获自对照1’+A’饲喂的鱼的粘液中温育72小时,阿米巴虫存活从96%减少到92%,如图4所示。
实施例5
测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑)在直径1米的槽中进行34天,所述槽含盐度为34.1-34.2ppt的盐水。水温在11.5-11.8℃变化。每个槽有20条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为379g,每份饮食用于1个槽。
对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照1”,包含小麦、面筋、葵花子粉、北大西洋鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、蚕豆、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮生成并由24.2%脂肪、49.9%蛋白、6.3%水和5.3%灰分组成,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照1”+A”,具有与对照1”饲料相同的组成,但加入0.58%的精氨酸。精氨酸以干粉加入膳食混合物中,然后烹煮压出。以所取的样品为基础,对照1‘’饲料中的所分析精氨酸总水平是2.92%,而以所取的样品为基础,测试饮食对照1”+A”是3.24%。
试验结束时,鱼重量为470.5g。皮肤粘液如下单独收集:将各条鱼置于塑料袋上,在鱼周围小心裹上袋子并使鱼从袋中滑出。立即在液氮中快速冷冻粘液并在-80℃保存,直至分析。取皮肤粘液而不是鳃粘液,因为不可能在个体鱼上收集足够体积的鳃粘液用于粘度、溶菌酶和多糖分析。文献公开了皮肤和鳃粘液在用于所分析性质的特征方面类似,且皮肤粘液变化反映鳃粘液变化。
在Brookfield锥板DV3T流变仪上分析粘液的粘度。粘液以4000rpm离心4分钟,并在80rpm,12℃测量0.5ml清澈的无颗粒粘液的粘度。
在Varioskan Flash酶标仪上测量溶菌酶活性。将pH 5.8的0.4M磷酸钠缓冲液中的溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)的悬液250μl加入5μl清澈的无颗粒粘液,跟踪吸光度30分钟。取每分钟0.001的吸光度减少作为溶菌酶活性单位。
在Varioskan Flash酶标仪上测量多糖的量。25μl清澈的无颗粒粘液与60μl的水中的2.5%苯酚和150μl浓硫酸共同混合,然后在100℃温育20分钟。冷却至室温后,测量吸光度,在含有葡萄糖的标准品的基础上计算浓度。
图5显示每分钟转数(rpm)80的粘液粘度。饲喂对照1”+A”饲料的测试组中的粘液显著地比饲喂对照1”饲料的对照组(P<0.0001,未配对t检验)更粘稠。
饲喂对照1”+A”饲料的测试组中的粘液组成显著不同于饲喂对照1”饲料的对照组。饲喂对照1”+A”饲料的测试组中粘液的溶菌酶浓度显著高于饲喂对照1”饲料的对照组(P=0.0005,未配对t检验),如图6所示。饲喂对照1”+A”饲料的测试组中的多糖浓度显著更高(图7)。
实施例6
测试用大西洋鲑鱼(安大略鲑)在直径1米的槽中进行41天,所述槽含有33.6-34.6ppt的盐水。水温范围为11.9-12.3℃。每个槽有30条鱼,测试开始时平均重量为322g,每份饮食用于2个槽。
对照饮食也称为对照饲料、对照2”,包含小麦、面筋、北大西洋鱼粉、大豆蛋白浓缩物、蚕豆、菜籽油、北大西洋鱼油、葵花子粉、虾青素、维生素和矿物质。对照饮食通过压出烹煮产生,并包含25.8%脂肪、45.0%蛋白、7.3%水和5.7%灰分,且代表商业化鱼饲料。测试饮食也称为测试饲料、对照2”+A”,具有与对照2”饲料相同的组成,但将0.86%的精氨酸以干粉加入膳食混合物中,然后压出。以所取的样品为基础,对照2”饲料中的所分析精氨酸总水平是2.63%,而以所取的样品为基础,测试饮食对照2”+A”是3.14%。
试验结束时,鱼重量为545g。如实施例4所述单独收集皮肤粘液。
如实施例4所述测量所取样的粘液中的溶菌酶活性。图8显示饲喂对照2”+A”的测试组中粘液的溶菌酶浓度高于饲喂对照2”的对照组。
与阿米巴虫温育:所有粘液样品用培养的Paramoeba pemaquidensis种或Paramoeba perurans种的阿米巴虫1:1稀释。在4-5小时、24小时、48小时和72小时后,观察阿米巴虫并检查存活。
活力染色如实施例4所述进行。在收集自饲喂对照2”+A”饲料的粘液中,P.pemaquidensis存活在温育48小时后从97.8%显著减少到96.8%(P=0.011,未配对t检验),P.perurans存活在温育48小时后从95.9%显著减少到91.2%(P=0.004,未配对t检验)。
另外,在收集自饲喂对照2”+A”饲料的粘液中,P.pemaquidensis存活在温育72小时后从96.6%减少到91.8%,P.perurans存活在温育72小时后从92.1%显著减少到90.2%。
应指出,上述实施方案阐明而不是限制本发明,本领域技术人员能设计许多替代实施方案,而不偏离所附权利要求范围。在权利要求中,任何置于括号间的参考标志不应构成对权利要求的限制。使用动词“包含”和其变化形式不排除存在权利要求所示那些以外的要素或步骤。要素前的冠词“一(a)”或“一(an)”不排除存在多种这类要素。
某些措施在彼此不同的附属权利要求中引用的事实,不表明无法使用这些措施的组合获得益处。
Claims (6)
1.用于处理鱼鳃上的粘液以治疗性或预防性处理鱼的阿米巴鳃病的组合物,其特征在于,所述组合物包含补充有精氨酸的压出的鱼饲料;所述鱼饲料包含蛋白质、粘合剂、脂肪、维生素和矿物质;且所述鱼饲料的总精氨酸含量是总饲料重量的至少3.0%(wt/wt)。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中处理所述粘液包括增加粘液的粘度。
3.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中处理所述粘液包括增加粘液中的多糖含量。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述阿米巴鳃病由海洋阿米巴虫导致。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述鱼是鲑科鱼类。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的组合物,其中所述阿米巴鳃病由阿米巴虫Paramoeba perurans又名Neoparamoeba perurans和Paramoeba pemaquidensis又名Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis的至少一种感染所导致。
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