CN107994766B - Periodic Spread Spectrum PWM Control Method and Device Based on Ladder Wave Sequence - Google Patents
Periodic Spread Spectrum PWM Control Method and Device Based on Ladder Wave Sequence Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法及装置,其中,方法包括:根据阶梯波函数生成阶梯波信号;对阶梯波信号进行采样,得到呈阶梯波分布的阶梯波序列;根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值;根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号;根据载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号。该方法能够更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。
The invention discloses a periodic spread spectrum PWM control method and device based on a ladder wave sequence, wherein the method includes: generating a ladder wave signal according to a ladder wave function; sampling the ladder wave signal to obtain a ladder wave sequence in a ladder wave distribution Obtain the disturbance frequency value according to the ladder wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation; obtain the carrier signal with frequency change according to the reference switching frequency and the disturbance frequency value; generate the spread spectrum PWM control signal according to the comparison between the carrier signal and the modulation wave signal. This method can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of power electronic converters. In terms of suppression effect, it can not only reduce the amplitude of switching frequency and its multiple sub-harmonics more significantly, but more importantly, only at the switching frequency and its multiple times There is an increase in the harmonic amplitude in a small range nearby, and the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, which avoids the generation of low-frequency noise and sub-harmonic noise, and can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the power electronic converter.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及电力电子技术领域,特别涉及一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM(Pulse Width Modulation,脉宽调制)控制方法及装置。The present invention relates to the technical field of power electronics, in particular to a periodic spread spectrum PWM (Pulse Width Modulation, pulse width modulation) control method and device based on a ladder wave sequence.
背景技术Background technique
随着电力电子技术的快速发展,电力电子变换器已经广泛应用于生产生活中。但是电力电子变换器中由于开关器件高频动作所引起的EMI(ElectromagneticInterference,电磁干扰)问题同样得到了广泛关注。扩频PWM技术是一种基于改变电力电子变换器开关频率提出的用于抑制电力电子变换器EMI的PWM技术,它能够改变EMI的频谱分布,可以有效降低电力电子变换器开关频率及其倍数次处的EMI峰值。With the rapid development of power electronic technology, power electronic converters have been widely used in production and life. However, the problem of EMI (Electromagnetic Interference, electromagnetic interference) caused by high-frequency operation of switching devices in power electronic converters has also received widespread attention. Spread-spectrum PWM technology is a PWM technology for suppressing EMI of power electronic converters based on changing the switching frequency of power electronic converters. It can change the spectrum distribution of EMI and can effectively reduce the switching frequency of power electronic converters and its multiples. at the EMI peak.
相关技术中,将扩频PWM应用于抑制各种类型电力电子变换器的EMI中,通过周期扩频PWM、随机扩频PWM、混沌扩频PWM等方法实现电力电子变换器的扩频PWM控制,并分析扩频PWM抑制EMI的机理,利用解析方法、仿真和实验验证扩频PWM抑制EMI的效果。传统周期扩频PWM以三角波、正弦波、方波等周期函数作为调制信号,通过选择调制参数,可以限制边带范围,但是EMI峰值抑制能力不强;随机扩频PWM和混沌扩频PWM分别以随机信号和混沌信号作为调制信号,虽然对EMI峰值具有很好的效果,但是随机信号和混沌信号频域上具有宽带白噪声特性,将边带连续地扩展到整个频率范围内,产生大量次谐波和低频谐波,造成次谐波噪声和低频噪声,不利于电力电子变换器EMI的抑制。In related technologies, spread-spectrum PWM is applied to suppress EMI of various types of power electronic converters, and the spread-spectrum PWM control of power electronic converters is realized by methods such as periodic spread-spectrum PWM, random spread-spectrum PWM, and chaotic spread-spectrum PWM. And analyze the mechanism of spread-spectrum PWM to suppress EMI, use analytical method, simulation and experiment to verify the effect of spread-spectrum PWM to suppress EMI. Traditional periodic spread spectrum PWM uses periodic functions such as triangle wave, sine wave, and square wave as modulation signals. By selecting modulation parameters, the sideband range can be limited, but the EMI peak suppression ability is not strong; random spread spectrum PWM and chaotic spread spectrum PWM are respectively Random signals and chaotic signals are used as modulation signals. Although they have a good effect on EMI peaks, random signals and chaotic signals have broadband white noise characteristics in the frequency domain, which continuously extend the sidebands to the entire frequency range and generate a large number of subharmonics. Waves and low-frequency harmonics, resulting in sub-harmonic noise and low-frequency noise, which is not conducive to the suppression of EMI in power electronic converters.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明旨在至少在一定程度上解决相关技术中的技术问题之一。The present invention aims to solve one of the technical problems in the related art at least to a certain extent.
为此,本发明的一个目的在于提出一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法,该方法能够更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。For this reason, an object of the present invention is to propose a periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on a ladder wave sequence, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter, and in terms of the suppression effect, not only can the Reduce the amplitude of the switching frequency and its multiples, and more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increases only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiples, and the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding low-frequency noise and sub-harmonics The generation of noise can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the power electronic converter.
本发明的另一个目的在于提出一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置。Another object of the present invention is to propose a periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on a ladder wave sequence.
为达到上述目的,本发明一方面实施例提出了一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法,包括以下步骤:根据阶梯波函数生成阶梯波信号;对所述阶梯波信号进行采样,得到呈阶梯波分布的阶梯波序列;根据所述阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值;根据所述基准开关频率和所述扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号;根据所述载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号。In order to achieve the above object, an embodiment of the present invention proposes a periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on a ladder wave sequence, including the following steps: generating a ladder wave signal according to a ladder wave function; sampling the ladder wave signal to obtain A ladder wave sequence with a ladder wave distribution; a disturbance frequency value is obtained according to the ladder wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation; a carrier signal with a frequency change is obtained according to the reference switching frequency and the disturbance frequency value; according to the carrier signal and the modulation The wave signal is compared to generate a spread spectrum PWM control signal.
本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法,可以通过对阶梯波信号进行采样得到阶梯波序列,从而根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值,并根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号,以对载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号,能够更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。The periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the step wave sequence in the embodiment of the present invention can obtain the step wave sequence by sampling the step wave signal, thereby obtaining the disturbance frequency value according to the step wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation, and according to the reference switching frequency and The carrier signal with frequency change is obtained by perturbing the frequency value, and the spread spectrum PWM control signal is generated by comparing the carrier signal and the modulating wave signal, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter. Reduce the amplitude of the switching frequency and its multiples, and more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increases only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiples, and the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding low-frequency noise and sub-harmonics The generation of noise can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the power electronic converter.
另外,根据本发明上述实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法还可以具有以下附加的技术特征:In addition, the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the ladder wave sequence according to the above-mentioned embodiments of the present invention may also have the following additional technical features:
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,所述阶梯波信号的数学表达式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical expression of the step wave signal is:
其中,A1,A2,N为阶梯波函数的参数。Among them, A 1 , A 2 , and N are parameters of the step wave function.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据以下公式对所述阶梯波函数的参数进行限制,以使阶梯波序列的取值范围为(-1,1),公式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the parameters of the step wave function are restricted according to the following formula, so that the value range of the step wave sequence is (-1, 1), the formula is:
其中,fm为阶梯波信号的频率。Among them, f m is the frequency of the staircase wave signal.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,所述载波信号的频率用如下公式表示,其值在预设范围内变化。Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of the carrier signal is represented by the following formula, and its value changes within a preset range.
fc=fr+xi·Δf,xi∈(-1,1),i=1,2,...,f c = f r + x i ·Δf, x i ∈ (-1,1), i=1,2,...,
其中,fc为混沌载波信号的频率,fr为基准载波频率,Δf为最大频率波动值,xi为所述阶梯波序列。Among them, f c is the frequency of the chaotic carrier signal, f r is the reference carrier frequency, Δf is the maximum frequency fluctuation value, and xi is the ladder wave sequence.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据电力电子变换器的参数获取所述阶梯波函数的参数A1,A2以达到最优的电磁干扰抑制效果。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the parameters A1 and A2 of the step wave function are obtained according to the parameters of the power electronic converter to achieve an optimal electromagnetic interference suppression effect.
为达到上述目的,本发明另一方面实施例提出了一种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置,包括:第一生成模块,用于根据阶梯波函数生成阶梯波信号;采集模块,用于对所述阶梯波信号进行采样,得到呈阶梯波分布的阶梯波序列;第一获取模块,用于根据所述阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值;第二获取模块,用于根据所述基准开关频率和所述扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号;第二生成模块,用于根据所述载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号。In order to achieve the above object, another embodiment of the present invention proposes a periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on a ladder wave sequence, including: a first generation module for generating a ladder wave signal according to a ladder wave function; an acquisition module for The step wave signal is sampled to obtain a step wave sequence in a step wave distribution; the first acquisition module is used to obtain a disturbance frequency value according to the step wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation; the second acquisition module is used to obtain a disturbance frequency value according to A frequency-changing carrier signal is obtained from the reference switching frequency and the disturbance frequency value; a second generating module is configured to generate a spread-spectrum PWM control signal according to the comparison between the carrier signal and the modulation wave signal.
本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置,可以通过对阶梯波信号进行采样得到阶梯波序列,从而根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值,并根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号,以对载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号,能够更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。The periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on the step wave sequence in the embodiment of the present invention can obtain the step wave sequence by sampling the step wave signal, thereby obtaining the disturbance frequency value according to the step wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation, and according to the reference switching frequency and The carrier signal with frequency change is obtained by perturbing the frequency value, and the spread spectrum PWM control signal is generated by comparing the carrier signal and the modulating wave signal, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter. Reduce the amplitude of the switching frequency and its multiples, and more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increases only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiples, and the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding low-frequency noise and sub-harmonics The generation of noise can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the power electronic converter.
另外,根据本发明上述实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置还可以具有以下附加的技术特征:In addition, the periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on the ladder wave sequence according to the above-mentioned embodiments of the present invention may also have the following additional technical features:
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,所述阶梯波信号的数学表达式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical expression of the step wave signal is:
其中,A1,A2,N为阶梯波函数的参数。Among them, A 1 , A 2 , and N are parameters of the step wave function.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,所述第一生成模块还用于通过以下公式对所述阶梯波信号的参数进行限制,以使阶梯波序列的取值范围为(-1,1),公式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the first generation module is further configured to limit the parameters of the staircase wave signal by the following formula, so that the value range of the staircase wave sequence is (-1,1 ), the formula is:
其中,fm为阶梯波信号的频率。Among them, f m is the frequency of the staircase wave signal.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,所述载波信号的频率用如下公式表示,其值在预设范围内变化。Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of the carrier signal is represented by the following formula, and its value changes within a preset range.
fc=fr+xi·Δf,xi∈(-1,1),i=1,2,...,f c = f r + x i ·Δf, x i ∈ (-1,1), i=1,2,...,
其中,fc为混沌载波信号的频率,fr为基准载波频率,Δf为最大频率波动值,xi为所述阶梯波序列。Among them, f c is the frequency of the chaotic carrier signal, f r is the reference carrier frequency, Δf is the maximum frequency fluctuation value, and xi is the ladder wave sequence.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据电力电子变换器的参数获取所述阶梯波函数的参数A1,A2以达到最优的电磁干扰抑制效果。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the parameters A1 and A2 of the step wave function are obtained according to the parameters of the power electronic converter to achieve an optimal electromagnetic interference suppression effect.
本发明附加的方面和优点将在下面的描述中部分给出,部分将从下面的描述中变得明显,或通过本发明的实践了解到。Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
附图说明Description of drawings
本发明上述的和/或附加的方面和优点从下面结合附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解,其中:The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and easy to understand from the following description of the embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
图1为根据本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法的流程图;1 is a flow chart of a periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on a ladder wave sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为根据本发明一个实施例的阶梯波信号示意图;FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a ladder wave signal according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图3为根据本发明一个实施例的阶梯波调制信号示意图;FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a ladder wave modulation signal according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图4为根据本发明一个具体实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法的流程图;Fig. 4 is the flow chart of the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the ladder wave sequence according to a specific embodiment of the present invention;
图5为根据本发明一个实施例的Boost变换器拓扑图及其EMI干扰路径的示意图;5 is a schematic diagram of a Boost converter topology and an EMI interference path thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图6为根据本发明一个实施例的不同控制方式下Boost变换器Vds频谱示意图;6 is a schematic diagram of the V ds spectrum of the Boost converter under different control modes according to an embodiment of the present invention;
图7为根据本发明另一个实施例的不同控制方式下Boost变换器Vds频谱示意图;7 is a schematic diagram of the V ds spectrum of the Boost converter under different control modes according to another embodiment of the present invention;
图8为根据本发明再一个实施例的不同控制方式下Boost变换器Vds频谱示意图;8 is a schematic diagram of the V ds spectrum of the Boost converter under different control modes according to another embodiment of the present invention;
图9为根据本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置的结构示意图。FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on a staircase wave sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面详细描述本发明的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出,其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,旨在用于解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are shown in the drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals designate the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the figures are exemplary and are intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
在介绍本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法及装置之前,先来简单介绍下传统扩频PWM实现方法。Before introducing the periodic spread-spectrum PWM control method and device based on the ladder wave sequence in the embodiment of the present invention, let us briefly introduce the traditional spread-spectrum PWM implementation method.
对于电力电子变换器的扩频PWM控制,其开关频率不再是一个恒值,而是在一定范围内变化的,开关频率fs可由式(1)表达。For the spread-spectrum PWM control of the power electronic converter, its switching frequency is no longer a constant value, but changes within a certain range, and the switching frequency f s can be expressed by formula (1).
fc=fr+xi·Δf,xi∈(-1,1),i=1,2,... (1)f c =f r +x i ·Δf,x i ∈(-1,1),i=1,2,... (1)
其中,fr为基准开关频率,Δf为开关频率波动范围,xi为调制信号序列,通过在基准开关频率的基础上迭加一个扰动频率值,以实现开关频率在一定范围内变化。在扩频PWM控制中,调制信号通常采用周期信号(正弦波信号、三角波信号、方波信号等)、随机信号、混沌信号(logistic映射、tent映射、chebyshev映射等)。Among them, f r is the reference switching frequency, Δf is the switching frequency fluctuation range, and xi is the modulation signal sequence. By superimposing a disturbance frequency value on the basis of the reference switching frequency, the switching frequency can be changed within a certain range. In spread spectrum PWM control, the modulation signal usually adopts periodic signal (sine wave signal, triangular wave signal, square wave signal, etc.), random signal, chaotic signal (logistic mapping, tent mapping, chebyshev mapping, etc.).
根据电力电子变换器PWM控制原理,调制波信号与载波信号比较产生开关器件的控制信号,在扩频PWM控制中,利用调制波信号与频率变化的载波信号比较产生PWM控制信号,控制电力电子变换器工作,以此实现扩频PWM控制。According to the PWM control principle of the power electronic converter, the control signal of the switching device is generated by comparing the modulation wave signal with the carrier signal. The device works, so as to realize the spread spectrum PWM control.
下面参照附图描述根据本发明实施例提出的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法及装置,首先将参照附图描述根据本发明实施例提出的种基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法。The following describes the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method and device based on the ladder wave sequence according to the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. method.
图1是本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法的流程图。FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on a staircase wave sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention.
如图1所示,该基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法包括以下步骤:As shown in Figure 1, the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the ladder wave sequence comprises the following steps:
在步骤S101中,根据阶梯波函数生成阶梯波信号。In step S101, a staircase wave signal is generated according to a staircase wave function.
其中,在本发明的一个实施例中,阶梯波信号的数学表达式为:Wherein, in one embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical expression of the step wave signal is:
其中,A1,A2,N为阶梯波函数的参数。Among them, A 1 , A 2 , and N are parameters of the step wave function.
可以理解的是,在上述的公式参数中,N可以决定f(x)的阶梯个数,生成的阶梯波数量为2N+2,N=1,2,3,...,A1和A2决定各个阶梯波的高度和宽度;对于中间值位于坐标原点的阶梯波信号,其一般数学表达式如式(2)所示。It can be understood that in the above formula parameters, N can determine the number of steps of f(x), and the number of generated step waves is 2N+2, N=1,2,3,..., A 1 and A 2 Determine the height and width of each step wave; for the step wave signal whose intermediate value is located at the coordinate origin, its general mathematical expression is shown in formula (2).
式中,N,M=1,2,3,...,N决定f(x)为正值时的阶梯个数,M决定f(x)为负值时的阶梯个数,A1和A2决定各个阶梯波的高度和宽度。In the formula, N, M=1, 2, 3,..., N determines the number of steps when f(x) is positive, M determines the number of steps when f(x) is negative, A 1 and A 2 determines the height and width of each staircase wave.
可选地,根据式(1)中xi的取值范围:xi∈(-1,1),则应取N=M,因此式(2)可以改写为:Optionally, according to the value range of xi in formula (1): x i ∈ (-1,1), N=M should be taken, so formula (2) can be rewritten as:
式(3)中由N决定整体阶梯波信号中阶梯个数。若取N=3,则生成的阶梯波信号如图2所示。In formula (3), N determines the number of steps in the overall step wave signal. If N=3, the generated staircase wave signal is shown in Figure 2.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据以下公式对阶梯波函数的参数进行限制,以使阶梯波序列的取值范围为(-1,1),公式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the parameters of the step wave function are restricted according to the following formula, so that the value range of the step wave sequence is (-1, 1), the formula is:
其中,fm为阶梯波信号的频率。Among them, f m is the frequency of the staircase wave signal.
可以理解的是,若将图2所示信号用于电力电子变换器扩频PWM控制中,需要对阶梯波函数的参数做如下限定:It can be understood that if the signal shown in Figure 2 is used in the spread spectrum PWM control of the power electronic converter, the parameters of the step wave function need to be limited as follows:
其中,fm定义为阶梯波信号的频率,即阶梯波扩频PWM控制中调制信号的频率。则在实际控制中,阶梯波调制信号的波形如图3所示。Among them, f m is defined as the frequency of the ladder wave signal, that is, the frequency of the modulation signal in the ladder wave spread spectrum PWM control. Then in actual control, the waveform of the step wave modulation signal is shown in Figure 3.
在步骤S102中,对阶梯波信号进行采样,得到呈阶梯波分布的阶梯波序列。In step S102, the step wave signal is sampled to obtain a step wave sequence in a step wave distribution.
在步骤S103中,根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值。In step S103, the disturbance frequency value is obtained according to the staircase wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation.
在步骤S104中,根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号。In step S104, a frequency-changing carrier signal is obtained according to the reference switching frequency and the disturbance frequency value.
在步骤S105中,根据载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号。In step S105, a spread-spectrum PWM control signal is generated according to the comparison between the carrier signal and the modulated wave signal.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,载波信号的频率用如下公式表示,其值在预设范围内变化。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of the carrier signal is represented by the following formula, and its value changes within a preset range.
fc=fr+xi·Δf,xi∈(-1,1),i=1,2,...,f c = f r + x i ·Δf, x i ∈ (-1,1), i=1,2,...,
其中,fc为混沌载波信号的频率,fr为基准载波频率,Δf为最大频率波动值,xi为所述阶梯波序列。Among them, f c is the frequency of the chaotic carrier signal, f r is the reference carrier frequency, Δf is the maximum frequency fluctuation value, and xi is the ladder wave sequence.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据电力电子变换器的参数获取阶梯波函数的参数A1,A2以达到最优的电磁干扰抑制效果。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the parameters A1 and A2 of the step wave function are obtained according to the parameters of the power electronic converter to achieve an optimal electromagnetic interference suppression effect.
可以理解的是,阶梯波函数的参数A1,A2,N值的选取对扩频PWM控制抑制电力电子变换器效果影响很大,需要对所应用的电力电子变换器合理的选取参数A1,A2,N值以达到最优的电磁干扰抑制效果。It can be understood that the selection of the parameters A 1 , A 2 , and N values of the ladder wave function has a great influence on the effect of the spread-spectrum PWM control to suppress the power electronic converter, and it is necessary to select the parameter A 1 reasonably for the applied power electronic converter , A 2 , N value in order to achieve the best electromagnetic interference suppression effect.
具体地,对于阶梯波扩频PWM,式(1)中的xi可以由阶梯波信号产生。其中,阶梯波扩频PWM实现原理流程图如图4所示,本发明实施例的方法首先根据阶梯波公式生成阶梯波信号;其次对阶梯波信号进行采样,以得到呈阶梯波分布的序列值,从而替代式(1)中的xi;再次利用式(1)产生频率在一定范围内变化的载波信号与调制波比较,产生扩频PWM控制信号,进而控制电力电子变换器开关器件的通断,以实现电力电子变换器的阶梯波扩频PWM控制。Specifically, for step-wave spread-spectrum PWM, x i in formula (1) can be generated by a step-wave signal. Among them, the flow chart of the implementation principle of step wave spread spectrum PWM is shown in Figure 4. The method of the embodiment of the present invention first generates a step wave signal according to the step wave formula; secondly, the step wave signal is sampled to obtain sequence values in a step wave distribution , so as to replace x i in formula (1); use formula (1) again to generate a carrier signal whose frequency changes within a certain range and compare it with the modulating wave to generate a spread-spectrum PWM control signal, and then control the switching device of the power electronic converter. Off, in order to realize the step wave spread spectrum PWM control of the power electronic converter.
举例而言,为了分析阶梯波扩频PWM控制对于抑制电力电子变换器EMI的效果,本发明实施例以常用的Boost变换器为例,将阶梯波扩频PWM应用于Boost变换器的控制中,Boost变换器的拓扑图如图5所示。For example, in order to analyze the effect of step-wave spread-spectrum PWM control on suppressing EMI of power electronic converters, the embodiment of the present invention takes a commonly used Boost converter as an example, and applies step-wave spread-spectrum PWM to the control of Boost converters, The topology diagram of the Boost converter is shown in Figure 5.
对于Boost变换器,EMI的主要成分为传导EMI,传导EMI按照其干扰路径可以分为共模EMI和差模EMI,其干扰路径如图5所示。根据共模EMI和差模EMI的产生机理,开关器件Q的栅源电压Vds为Boost变换器的主要电磁干扰源。在开关器件开通与关断过程中,Vds为脉动电压,通过Boost变换器电感、电压源、线路以及寄生参数形成干扰电流,进而产生共模EMI与差模EMI,共模EMI与差模EMI最终由干扰源和干扰路径阻抗共同决定。由于扩频PWM控制抑制电力电子变换器EMI的机理是改善电磁干扰源的频谱分布,在图5所示的Boost变换器中,扩频PWM控制能够改变EMI源电压Vds的频谱分布,所以本发明实施例的方法在下文只针对电压Vds的频谱进行分析。For Boost converters, the main component of EMI is conducted EMI. Conducted EMI can be divided into common-mode EMI and differential-mode EMI according to its interference path. The interference path is shown in Figure 5. According to the generation mechanism of common-mode EMI and differential-mode EMI, the gate-source voltage V ds of switching device Q is the main electromagnetic interference source of Boost converter. During the turn-on and turn-off process of the switching device, V ds is a pulsating voltage, which forms an interference current through the boost converter inductance, voltage source, line and parasitic parameters, thereby generating common-mode EMI and differential-mode EMI, common-mode EMI and differential-mode EMI Ultimately, it is jointly determined by the interference source and the interference path impedance. Since the mechanism of spread-spectrum PWM control to suppress EMI of power electronic converters is to improve the spectrum distribution of electromagnetic interference sources, in the Boost converter shown in Figure 5, spread-spectrum PWM control can change the spectrum distribution of EMI source voltage V ds , so this The method of the embodiment of the invention will only analyze the frequency spectrum of the voltage V ds below.
本发明实施例的方法利用Matlab/Simulink搭建了扩频PWM控制下的Boost仿真电路,表1为Boost变换器系统仿真参数表。The method of the embodiment of the present invention utilizes Matlab/Simulink to set up the Boost simulation circuit under the control of the spread-spectrum PWM, and Table 1 is the simulation parameter table of the Boost converter system.
表1Table 1
根据式(3)可以生成不同阶梯数量、不同频率的阶梯波调制信号,同时为了说明阶梯波扩频PWM控制对于抑制EMI有效性,本发明实施例的方法分别将阶梯波扩频PWM与传统定频PWM、三角波扩频PWM、混沌扩频PWM进行对比,另外,还对不同阶梯数量时,阶梯波扩频PWM对于Boost变换器频谱的影响进行分析。According to formula (3), step wave modulation signals with different step numbers and different frequencies can be generated. At the same time, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of step wave spread-spectrum PWM control for suppressing EMI, the method of the embodiment of the present invention respectively combines step wave spread-spectrum PWM with traditional constant Frequency PWM, triangular-wave spread-spectrum PWM, and chaotic spread-spectrum PWM are compared. In addition, the impact of step-wave spread-spectrum PWM on the frequency spectrum of the Boost converter is analyzed when the number of steps is different.
首先介绍的是阶梯波扩频PWM与传统定频PWM、三角波扩频PWM之间的对比。Firstly, the comparison between ladder wave spread spectrum PWM and traditional fixed frequency PWM and triangular wave spread spectrum PWM is introduced.
设置公式(3)中N=14,从而可以生成阶梯数量为30的阶梯波作为阶梯波调制信号应用于Boost变换器的控制中。三角波扩频PWM采用三角波信号,需要说明的是,三角波信号和阶梯波信号的频率相同。Set N=14 in formula (3), so that a step wave with a step number of 30 can be generated as a step wave modulation signal and applied to the control of the Boost converter. The triangular wave spread spectrum PWM uses a triangular wave signal. It should be noted that the frequencies of the triangular wave signal and the ladder wave signal are the same.
利用仿真对定频PWM、三角波扩频PWM、阶梯波扩频PWM控制下的Boost变换器Vds进行测量。三种控制方式下的Boost变换器Vds频谱图如图6(a)所示,其在0~50kHz的放大图如图6(b)所示。Using simulation to measure the V ds of the Boost converter under the control of fixed frequency PWM, triangular wave spread spectrum PWM and ladder wave spread spectrum PWM. The V ds spectrum diagram of the Boost converter under the three control modes is shown in Fig. 6(a), and its enlarged diagram at 0-50kHz is shown in Fig. 6(b).
如图6所示,三角波扩频PWM和阶梯波扩频PWM与定频PWM控制下的Boost变换器相比,三角波扩频PWM和阶梯波扩频PWM均能减小开关频率及其倍数次的谐波峰值,且二者的扩频宽度也基本相同,但是在阶梯波扩频PWM控制下,开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值更低,在20kHz处,定频PWM控制下幅值为144.5dBμV,在三角波扩频PWM控制下幅值为130dBμV,定频PWM控制下幅值为127dBμV,说明阶梯波扩频PWM在改善Vds频谱的效果更好。As shown in Figure 6, compared with the Boost converter under the control of fixed-frequency PWM, the triangular wave spread PWM and ladder wave spread PWM can reduce the switching frequency and its multiple times. Harmonic peak, and the spreading width of the two is basically the same, but under the control of ladder wave spreading PWM, the amplitude of switching frequency and its multiple sub-harmonic is lower. At 20kHz, the amplitude under constant frequency PWM control is 144.5dBμV, the amplitude is 130dBμV under the control of triangular wave spread spectrum PWM, and the amplitude is 127dBμV under the control of fixed frequency PWM, which shows that the effect of ladder wave spread spectrum PWM on improving V ds spectrum is better.
其次介绍的是阶梯波扩频PWM与传统定频PWM、混沌扩频PWM之间的对比。The second is the comparison between ladder wave spread spectrum PWM and traditional fixed frequency PWM and chaotic spread spectrum PWM.
同样设置公式(3)中N=14,从而生成阶梯数量为30的阶梯波作为阶梯波调制信号应用于Boost变换器的控制中。混沌扩频PWM控制采用Logistic混沌映射,其表达式如式(5)所示:Also set N=14 in the formula (3), so as to generate a step wave with a step number of 30 as a step wave modulation signal and apply it to the control of the Boost converter. Chaotic spread spectrum PWM control adopts Logistic chaotic mapping, and its expression is shown in formula (5):
ξi=μξi-1(1-ξi-1),ξi∈(0,1),i=1,2,... (5)ξ i = μξ i-1 (1-ξ i-1 ), ξ i ∈ (0, 1), i = 1, 2,... (5)
当参数μ=4,初始条件ξ=0.6时,Logistic混沌映射将处于混沌状态,将此映射应用于式(1),实现混沌扩频PWM控制。When the parameter μ = 4 and the initial condition ξ = 0.6, the Logistic chaos map will be in a chaotic state. Apply this map to formula (1) to realize chaotic spread spectrum PWM control.
利用仿真对定频PWM、混沌扩频PWM、阶梯波扩频PWM控制下的Boost变换器Vds进行测量。三种控制方式下的Boost变换器Vds频谱图如图7(a)所示,其中,在0~50kHz的放大图如图7(b)所示。The V ds of the Boost converter under the control of fixed-frequency PWM, chaotic spread-spectrum PWM and step-wave spread-spectrum PWM are measured by simulation. The V ds spectrum diagram of the Boost converter under the three control modes is shown in Fig. 7(a), among them, the enlarged diagram at 0-50kHz is shown in Fig. 7(b).
如图7所示,与定频PWM控制下的Boost变换器相比,混沌扩频PWM也能减小开关频率及其倍数次的谐波峰值,但是在混沌扩频PWM控制下,在减小开关频率及其倍数次谐波峰值的同时,会在开关频率及其倍数次周围产生大范围、高幅值的次谐波,如图7(b)所示,阶梯波扩频PWM只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小频带范围内有谐波幅值的增加,而且在20kHz处,混沌扩频PWM控制下幅值为136dBμV,比阶梯波扩频PWM控制下幅值要高9dBμV。综上分析,对比混沌扩频PWM,阶梯波扩频PWM抑制EMI效果更好。As shown in Figure 7, compared with the Boost converter under constant frequency PWM control, chaotic spread spectrum PWM can also reduce the harmonic peak value of the switching frequency and its multiple times, but under the control of chaotic spread spectrum PWM, the reduction At the same time as the peak value of the switching frequency and its multiple sub-harmonics, large-scale, high-amplitude sub-harmonics will be generated around the switching frequency and its multiples. There is an increase in the harmonic amplitude in the small frequency band near the frequency and its multiples, and at 20kHz, the amplitude under the control of chaotic spread spectrum PWM is 136dBμV, which is 9dBμV higher than that under the control of ladder wave spread spectrum PWM. In summary, compared with chaotic spread-spectrum PWM, step-wave spread-spectrum PWM has a better effect on suppressing EMI.
最后介绍的是阶梯数量不同时阶梯波扩频PWM控制的对比。The last one is the comparison of step wave spread spectrum PWM control when the number of steps is different.
分别设置公式(3)中N=14和N=19,从而生成阶梯数量为30和阶梯数量为40的阶梯波作为阶梯波调制信号,将其应用于Boost变换器的控制中,进而对比阶梯数量对于频谱分布的影响。Set N=14 and N=19 in the formula (3) respectively, so as to generate a step wave with a step number of 30 and a step number of 40 as a step wave modulation signal, apply it to the control of the Boost converter, and then compare the step number effect on the spectrum distribution.
仿真结果如图8(a)所示,其在0~50kHz的放大图如图8(b)所示,从图中可以看到当阶梯数量增加时,对于开关频率及其倍数次谐波峰值的抑制效果更好,在20kHz处,N=19时阶梯波扩频PWM控制下幅值为124dBμV,比N=14时降低了3dBμV。The simulation result is shown in Figure 8(a), and its enlarged view at 0-50kHz is shown in Figure 8(b). From the figure, it can be seen that when the number of steps increases, the peak value of the switching frequency and its multiple sub-harmonic The suppression effect is better, at 20kHz, when N=19, the amplitude under step wave spread spectrum PWM control is 124dBμV, which is 3dBμV lower than that when N=14.
根据本发明实施例提出的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法,可以通过对阶梯波信号进行采样得到阶梯波序列,从而根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值,并根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号,以对载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号,更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。According to the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the step wave sequence proposed in the embodiment of the present invention, the step wave sequence can be obtained by sampling the step wave signal, so as to obtain the disturbance frequency value according to the step wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation, and according to the reference switch Frequency and disturbance frequency value to obtain the carrier signal with frequency change, to generate a spread spectrum PWM control signal by comparing the carrier signal and the modulation wave signal, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter. In terms of suppression effect, not only can the The reduction of switching frequency and its multiple harmonic amplitude, more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increase only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiple times, the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding low-frequency noise and sub-harmonic The generation of wave noise can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic converters.
其次参照附图描述根据本发明实施例提出的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置。Next, the periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on the ladder wave sequence proposed according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
图9是本发明实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置的结构示意图。FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on a staircase wave sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention.
如图9所示,该基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置10包括:第一生成模块100、采集模块200、第一获取模块300、第二获取模块400和第二生成模块500。As shown in FIG. 9 , the step-wave sequence-based periodic spread spectrum PWM control device 10 includes: a first generation module 100 , an acquisition module 200 , a first acquisition module 300 , a second acquisition module 400 and a second generation module 500 .
其中,第一生成模块100用于根据阶梯波函数生成阶梯波信号。采集模块200用于对阶梯波信号进行采样,得到呈阶梯波分布的阶梯波序列。第一获取模块300用于根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值。第二获取模块400用于根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号。第二生成模块500用于根据载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号。本发明实施例的装置10可以根据载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号,更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。Wherein, the first generating module 100 is used for generating a staircase wave signal according to a staircase wave function. The acquisition module 200 is used to sample the staircase wave signal to obtain a staircase wave sequence in a staircase wave distribution. The first acquisition module 300 is used to obtain the disturbance frequency value according to the ladder wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation. The second obtaining module 400 is used to obtain the carrier signal with frequency change according to the reference switching frequency and the disturbance frequency value. The second generating module 500 is used for generating a spread-spectrum PWM control signal according to the comparison between the carrier signal and the modulating wave signal. The device 10 of the embodiment of the present invention can generate a spread-spectrum PWM control signal according to the comparison between the carrier signal and the modulating wave signal, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter. In terms of suppression effect, it can not only reduce the switching frequency and The amplitude of its multiple sub-harmonics, more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increases only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiples, and the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding the generation of low-frequency noise and sub-harmonic noise. The electromagnetic compatibility of the power electronic converter can be further improved.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,阶梯波信号的数学表达式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the mathematical expression of the step wave signal is:
其中,A1,A2,N为阶梯波函数的参数。Among them, A 1 , A 2 , and N are parameters of the step wave function.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,第一生成模块100还用于通过以下公式对阶梯波函数的参数进行限制,以使阶梯波序列的取值范围为(-1,1),公式为:Further, in one embodiment of the present invention, the first generation module 100 is also used to limit the parameters of the step wave function by the following formula, so that the value range of the step wave sequence is (-1, 1), the formula for:
其中,fm为阶梯波信号的频率。Among them, f m is the frequency of the staircase wave signal.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,载波信号的频率用如下公式表示,其值在预设范围内变化。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the frequency of the carrier signal is represented by the following formula, and its value changes within a preset range.
fc=fr+xi·Δf,xi∈(-1,1),i=1,2,...,f c = f r + x i ·Δf, x i ∈ (-1,1), i=1,2,...,
其中,fc为混沌载波信号的频率,fr为基准载波频率,Δf为最大频率波动值,xi为所述阶梯波序列。Among them, f c is the frequency of the chaotic carrier signal, f r is the reference carrier frequency, Δf is the maximum frequency fluctuation value, and xi is the ladder wave sequence.
进一步地,在本发明的一个实施例中,根据电力电子变换器的参数获取阶梯波函数的参数A1,A2以达到最优的电磁干扰抑制效果。Further, in an embodiment of the present invention, the parameters A1 and A2 of the step wave function are obtained according to the parameters of the power electronic converter to achieve an optimal electromagnetic interference suppression effect.
需要说明的是,前述对基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制方法实施例的解释说明也适用于该实施例的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置,此处不再赘述。It should be noted that, the foregoing explanations on the embodiment of the periodic spread spectrum PWM control method based on the staircase wave sequence are also applicable to the periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on the staircase wave sequence in this embodiment, and will not be repeated here.
根据本发明实施例提出的基于阶梯波序列的周期扩频PWM控制装置,可以通过对阶梯波信号进行采样得到阶梯波序列,从而根据阶梯波序列和最大频率波动得到扰动频率值,并根据基准开关频率和扰动频率值得到频率变化的载波信号,以对载波信号和调制波信号比较生成扩频PWM控制信号,更为有效的抑制电力电子变换器电磁干扰,在抑制效果上,不仅能够更大幅度的降低开关频率及其倍数次谐波幅值,更重要的是只在开关频率及其倍数次附近小范围内有谐波幅值的增加,频谱频率扩展范围窄,避免了低频噪声及次谐波噪声的产生,能够进一步提高电力电子变换器的电磁兼容性。According to the periodic spread spectrum PWM control device based on the step wave sequence proposed in the embodiment of the present invention, the step wave sequence can be obtained by sampling the step wave signal, thereby obtaining the disturbance frequency value according to the step wave sequence and the maximum frequency fluctuation, and according to the reference switch Frequency and disturbance frequency value to obtain the carrier signal with frequency change, to generate a spread spectrum PWM control signal by comparing the carrier signal and the modulation wave signal, which can more effectively suppress the electromagnetic interference of the power electronic converter. In terms of suppression effect, not only can the The reduction of switching frequency and its multiple harmonic amplitude, more importantly, the harmonic amplitude increase only in a small range near the switching frequency and its multiple times, the spectrum frequency expansion range is narrow, avoiding low-frequency noise and sub-harmonic The generation of wave noise can further improve the electromagnetic compatibility of power electronic converters.
在本发明的描述中,需要理解的是,术语“中心”、“纵向”、“横向”、“长度”、“宽度”、“厚度”、“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“水平”、“顶”、“底”“内”、“外”、“顺时针”、“逆时针”、“轴向”、“径向”、“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。In describing the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "transverse", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", " Back", "Left", "Right", "Vertical", "Horizontal", "Top", "Bottom", "Inner", "Outer", "Clockwise", "Counterclockwise", "Axial", The orientation or positional relationship indicated by "radial", "circumferential", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying the referred device or element Must be in a particular orientation, be constructed in a particular orientation, and operate in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the invention.
此外,术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此,限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括至少一个该特征。在本发明的描述中,“多个”的含义是至少两个,例如两个,三个等,除非另有明确具体的限定。In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only, and cannot be interpreted as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of indicated technical features. Thus, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of these features. In the description of the present invention, "plurality" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically defined.
在本发明中,除非另有明确的规定和限定,术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”、“固定”等术语应做广义理解,例如,可以是固定连接,也可以是可拆卸连接,或成一体;可以是机械连接,也可以是电连接;可以是直接相连,也可以通过中间媒介间接相连,可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系,除非另有明确的限定。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, terms such as "installation", "connection", "connection" and "fixation" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection , or integrated; it may be mechanically connected or electrically connected; it may be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediary, and it may be the internal communication of two components or the interaction relationship between two components, unless otherwise specified limit. Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention according to specific situations.
在本发明中,除非另有明确的规定和限定,第一特征在第二特征“上”或“下”可以是第一和第二特征直接接触,或第一和第二特征通过中间媒介间接接触。而且,第一特征在第二特征“之上”、“上方”和“上面”可是第一特征在第二特征正上方或斜上方,或仅仅表示第一特征水平高度高于第二特征。第一特征在第二特征“之下”、“下方”和“下面”可以是第一特征在第二特征正下方或斜下方,或仅仅表示第一特征水平高度小于第二特征。In the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the first feature may be in direct contact with the first feature or the first and second feature indirectly through an intermediary. touch. Moreover, "above", "above" and "above" the first feature on the second feature may mean that the first feature is directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is higher in level than the second feature. "Below", "beneath" and "beneath" the first feature may mean that the first feature is directly below or obliquely below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is less horizontally than the second feature.
在本说明书的描述中,参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中,对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且,描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。此外,在不相互矛盾的情况下,本领域的技术人员可以将本说明书中描述的不同实施例或示例以及不同实施例或示例的特征进行结合和组合。In the description of this specification, descriptions referring to the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "example", "specific examples", or "some examples" mean that specific features described in connection with the embodiment or example , structure, material or characteristic is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily directed to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the described specific features, structures, materials or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, those skilled in the art can combine and combine different embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification without conflicting with each other.
尽管上面已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,可以理解的是,上述实施例是示例性的,不能理解为对本发明的限制,本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的范围内可以对上述实施例进行变化、修改、替换和变型。Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it can be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make the above-mentioned The embodiments are subject to changes, modifications, substitutions and variations.
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