CN107959276A - A kind of adaptive reclosing method of single loop line - Google Patents

A kind of adaptive reclosing method of single loop line Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107959276A
CN107959276A CN201711401458.8A CN201711401458A CN107959276A CN 107959276 A CN107959276 A CN 107959276A CN 201711401458 A CN201711401458 A CN 201711401458A CN 107959276 A CN107959276 A CN 107959276A
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mrow
msub
mover
fault
line
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CN107959276B (en
Inventor
谢华
陆金凤
崔玉
曹海欧
赵青春
朱晓彤
沈军
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State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
NR Engineering Co Ltd
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State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
NR Engineering Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/06—Details with automatic reconnection
    • H02H3/066—Reconnection being a consequence of eliminating the fault which caused disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
    • H02H7/262—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations involving transmissions of switching or blocking orders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
    • H02H7/263—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations involving transmissions of measured values

Abstract

The present invention discloses a kind of adaptive reclosing method of single loop line, and the reclosing method uses the adaptive reclosing criterion of single loop line, and the content of the criterion is more than setting valve for line fault phase fault point voltage；If criterion is set up, for transient fault, route protection starts reclosing；If criterion is invalid, for permanent fault, route protection lock-reclosing lock.Such a method recovers voltage failure judgement property using failure phase fault point, has great advantage on heavy load long transmission line；In addition, the present invention calculates floating threshold by perfecting phase fault point real-time voltage and actual track parameter, accuracy is high, suitable for the single loop line of various shaft tower parameters.

Description

Single-loop self-adaptive reclosing method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of relay protection of power systems, and particularly relates to a single-loop self-adaptive reclosing method.
Background
In the power system fault, the overhead line fault is mostly instantaneous, and the success rate of automatic reclosing is about 60-90%. The reclosing device of the main flow line operated on site does not judge whether the main flow line is an instantaneous fault or a permanent fault, and recloses the breaker after a preset time delay after protection tripping. When coincident with a permanent fault, it will cause greater damage to the power system and electrical equipment. In recent years, the power receiving ratio of the direct current of a power grid is increasing day by day, and in order to fundamentally reduce the risk of two phase change failures in a short time caused by multiple direct currents due to permanent faults, research on a self-adaptive reclosing technology of a power transmission line is urgently needed.
The invention relates to a voltage compensation judging method for single-phase adaptive reclosing of a power transmission line, which is called as a voltage compensation judging method for single-phase adaptive reclosing of the power transmission line, and is characterized in that an instantaneous fault model is established, and the instantaneous fault and the permanent fault are judged by calculating the difference value of the voltage value of a fault phase end and the voltage of an actual fault phase end according to the Chinese patent application number CN200910311210.1, the application date of 12 and 10 days in 2009, the publication number CN101877480A and the publication date of 11 and 3 days in 2010. However, when a permanent fault occurs near the outlet at one end of a heavy-load long line, the voltage at the fault phase end at the other end approaches the voltage at the fault phase end under the transient fault model, and the fault phase end may be erroneously determined as a transient fault.
The invention relates to a self-adaptive reclosing judging method for a single-phase earth fault of a power transmission line, which is characterized in that Chinese patent application No. CN201710123414.7, application date 2017, 3 and 3 days, publication No. CN106908692A, and publication date 2017, 6 and 30 days, and three-phase voltage and three-phase current at two moments are collected at one side of the power transmission line to serve as input quantities; calculating corresponding positive, negative and zero sequence voltage and current phasors by using the measured voltage and current at two moments; based on a distribution parameter model of the power transmission line, aiming at two possible fault types of a permanent single-phase earth fault and an instantaneous single-phase earth fault, establishing equations to describe the relation between voltage and current at two sides of the power transmission line, and obtaining two groups of nonlinear equations; the method comprises the steps that power supply potential, equivalent system impedance, fault distance and transition resistance of a point-to-side system are measured and used as unknown quantities, established nonlinear equation sets are solved, fault distance measurement results for two sets of nonlinear equation sets are obtained respectively, the ratio of the fault distance measurement results is obtained, if the ratio is smaller than a threshold value, it is judged that a single-phase permanent ground fault occurs, and a reclosing function is locked; otherwise, judging that the single-phase transient earth fault occurs, and implementing reclosing. The mathematical treatment process of the invention is complex and is not suitable for practical engineering application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a single-loop self-adaptive reclosing method, which judges the fault property by using the recovery voltage of a fault phase fault point and has great advantages on a heavy-load long line; in addition, the floating threshold is calculated through the real-time voltage of the healthy and full-phase fault point and the actual line parameters, the accuracy is high, and the method is suitable for single circuit lines of various tower parameters.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the solution of the invention is:
a single-loop line adaptive reclosing method adopts a single-loop line adaptive reclosing criterion, wherein the criterion is that the voltage of a fault point of a line fault phase is greater than a setting value; if the criterion is established, the fault is an instantaneous fault, and the circuit protection starts reclosing; if the criterion is not satisfied, the fault is a permanent fault, and the line protection is locked and reclosed.
The setting value is a floating setting value and is obtained by calculating the actual capacitance parameter of the line and the voltage of the fault point of the sound phase of the line.
The method for calculating the voltage of the fault point of the sound phase of the line comprises the following steps: obtaining local side healthy and complete phase voltage through AC input plug-in or SV plug-inObtaining opposite side fault phase voltage through optical fiber channelObtaining a fault distance x through a fault distance measuring function, wherein the total length of the line is L, and then the voltage of a fault point of a sound phase of the line is obtainedComprises the following steps:
the floating setting value U set The calculation method comprises the following steps:
U set ＝k×U instant +(1-k)×U perpetual
wherein, C m The lines are mutually compatible; c 0 Is a zero sequence capacitor of the line; r f The maximum value of the transition resistance of each voltage class considered for relay protection; taking the amplitude value to calculate | I; u shape instant The theoretical voltage value of a fault phase fault point during transient fault of the line is obtained; u shape perpetual Considering the theoretical value of the fault phase fault point voltage of the maximum transition resistance when the line is in permanent fault; k is a proportionality coefficient and has a value range of 0<k<1；The voltage is the fault point voltage of the sound phase of the line.
The method for calculating the voltage of the fault point of the line fault phase comprises the following steps: obtaining local side fault phase voltage through AC input plug-in or SV plug-inObtaining opposite side fault phase voltage through optical fiber channelObtaining a fault distance x through a fault distance measuring function, wherein the total length of the line is L, and then the voltage of a fault point of a fault phase of the lineComprises the following steps:
after the scheme is adopted, the fault property is judged by comparing the voltage of the fault point of the line fault phase with the setting value, the setting value is calculated in real time by utilizing the actual capacitance parameter of the line and the voltage of the fault point of the sound phase of the line, and the method is suitable for single-loop lines of various tower parameters and particularly has great advantages on heavy-load long lines.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is explained in detail in the following with the accompanying drawings.
The invention provides a single-loop self-adaptive reclosing method, which compares the voltage of a fault point of a line fault phase with the magnitude of a setting value to judge the nature of the fault, and calculates the setting value in real time by utilizing the actual capacitance parameter of the line and the voltage of the fault point of a sound phase of the line.
Referring to fig. 1, the present invention provides a single-loop adaptive reclosing method, which includes the following steps:
the line protection obtains the local three-phase voltage through an alternating current input plug-in or an SV plug-in, wherein the fault phase voltage isA healthy phase voltage ofThe line protection obtains the opposite side three-phase voltage through the optical fiber channel, wherein the fault phase voltage isA healthy phase voltage ofThe line protection obtains a fault distance x through a fault distance measuring function, and the total length of the line is L.
Line protection via two-side fault phase voltageCalculating fault phase fault point voltage according to fault distance x
Line protection through two-side robust phase voltageCalculating fault phase fault point voltage according to fault distance x
The line protection is carried out by the actual capacitance parameter C of the line m 、C 0 Fault point voltage of sound phase with lineReal-time calculation of floating setting value U set ：
U set ＝k×U instant +(1-k)×U perpetual
Wherein: u shape set The floating setting value is obtained; c m The lines are mutually compatible; c 0 Is a zero sequence capacitor of the line; r f The maximum value of the transition resistance of each voltage class considered for relay protection; taking the amplitude value to calculate | I; u shape instant The theoretical voltage value of a fault phase fault point during transient fault of the line is obtained; u shape perpetual Considering the theoretical value of the fault phase fault point voltage of the maximum transition resistance when the line is in permanent fault; k is a proportionality coefficient and has a value range of 0<k&1; ω =2 π f, f being the line electrical quantity frequency.
The line protection carries out criterion judgment, and whether the fault point voltage of the fault phase is greater than a setting value is judged, namely:
if the criterion is established, the fault is an instantaneous fault, and the circuit protection starts reclosing; if the criterion is not satisfied, the fault is a permanent fault, and the line protection is locked and reclosed.
The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modifications made on the basis of the technical scheme according to the technical idea of the present invention fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1.一种单回线自适应重合闸方法，其特征在于：采用单回线自适应重合闸判据，所述判据为线路故障相故障点电压大于整定值；若判据成立，则为瞬时性故障，线路保护启动重合闸；若判据不成立，则为永久性故障，线路保护闭锁重合闸。1. A single-circuit adaptive reclosing method is characterized in that: the single-circuit adaptive reclosing criterion is adopted, and the criterion is that the line fault phase fault point voltage is greater than a set value; if the criterion is established, then it is In case of instantaneous fault, the line protection starts reclosing; if the criterion is not established, it is a permanent fault, and the line protection blocks reclosing. 2.如权利要求1所述的一种单回线自适应重合闸方法，其特征在于：所述整定值为浮动整定值，由线路实际电容参数与线路健全相故障点电压计算而得。2. A method for self-adaptive reclosing of a single circuit line according to claim 1, characterized in that: said setting value is a floating setting value, which is calculated from the actual capacitance parameters of the line and the fault point voltage of the healthy phase of the line. 3.如权利要求2所述的一种单回线自适应重合闸方法，其特征在于：所述线路健全相故障点电压的计算方法是：通过交流输入插件或SV插件获取本侧健全相电压通过光纤通道获取对侧故障相电压通过故障测距功能获取故障距离x，线路全长为L，则线路健全相故障点电压为：3. A single-circuit adaptive reclosing method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the calculation method of the fault point voltage of the sound phase of the line is: obtain the healthy phase voltage of the side through the AC input plug-in or SV plug-in Obtain the faulty phase voltage of the opposite side through the fiber channel Obtain the fault distance x through the fault distance measurement function, and the total length of the line is L, then the fault point voltage of the healthy phase of the line is for: <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> <mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>.</mo></mrow> 4.如权利要求2所述的一种单回线自适应重合闸方法，其特征在于：所述浮动整定值Uset的计算方法是：4. A kind of single circuit adaptive reclosing method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that: the calculating method of described floating setting value U set is: <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>tan</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>tan</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mrow><mo>|</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msub> <mi>j&amp;omega;R</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow><msub><mi>U</mi><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mrow><mo>|</mo><mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>C</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><msub><mi>j&amp;omega;R</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mfrac></mrow> Uset＝k×Uinstant+(1-k)×Uperpetual U set ＝k×U instant +(1-k)×U perpetual 其中，Cm为线路相间互容；C0为线路零序电容；Rf为继电保护考虑的各电压等级的过渡电阻的最大值；||为取幅值运算；Uinstant为线路瞬时性故障时故障相故障点电压理论值；Uperpetual为线路永久性故障时考虑最大过渡电阻的故障相故障点电压理论值；k为比例系数，取值范围为0<k<1；为线路健全相故障点电压。Among them, C m is the mutual capacitance between the lines; C 0 is the zero-sequence capacitance of the line; R f is the maximum value of the transition resistance of each voltage level considered by the relay protection; || is the amplitude calculation; U instant is the line instantaneous The theoretical value of the fault point voltage of the fault phase at the time of fault; U perpetual is the theoretical value of the fault point voltage of the fault phase considering the maximum transition resistance when the line is permanently faulted; k is the proportional coefficient, and the value range is 0<k<1; It is the fault point voltage of the line sound phase. 5.如权利要求1所述的一种单回线自适应重合闸方法，其特征在于：所述线路故障相故障点电压的计算方法是：通过交流输入插件或SV插件获取本侧故障相电压通过光纤通道获取对侧故障相电压通过故障测距功能获取故障距离x，线路全长为L，则线路故障相故障点电压为：5. A single-circuit adaptive reclosing method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the calculation method of the line fault phase fault point voltage is: obtain the fault phase voltage of this side through the AC input plug-in or SV plug-in Obtain the faulty phase voltage of the opposite side through the fiber channel Obtain the fault distance x through the fault distance measurement function, and the total length of the line is L, then the line fault phase fault point voltage for: <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> <msub> <mover> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mi>&amp;Phi;</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> <mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>L</mi></mfrac><msub><mover><mi>U</mi><mo>&amp;CenterDot;</mo></mover><mrow><mi>&amp;Phi;</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>.</mo></mrow>
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Cited By (2)

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