CN107926526A - 一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法 - Google Patents

一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法 Download PDF

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CN107926526A
CN107926526A CN201711157155.6A CN201711157155A CN107926526A CN 107926526 A CN107926526 A CN 107926526A CN 201711157155 A CN201711157155 A CN 201711157155A CN 107926526 A CN107926526 A CN 107926526A
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焦杰彪
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Abstract

本发明涉及西瓜的种植技术领域,公开了一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,首先对种子进行消毒处理,消除病原体的潜伏,再从种植管理方式上促进西瓜生长健壮,增强抗病力,使用的化学药剂能够抑制西瓜枯姜病菌麦角兹醇合成,破坏细胞膜,引起形态和生理变化,最后导致细胞死亡,同时抑制西瓜枯萎病病菌致萎毒素的合成,有效降低了西瓜枯姜病菌的致病力,同时还能够提高西瓜根系活力,能够促进西瓜生长,改善西瓜周围土壤的微生物环境,增强自身的抵抗能力,逐步形成自身抗病基因。

Description

一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法
技术领域
本发明属于西瓜的种植技术领域,具体涉及一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法。
背景技术
西瓜,一年生蔓生藤本;茎、枝粗壮,具明显的棱。卷须较粗壮,具短柔毛,叶柄粗,密被柔毛;叶片纸质,轮廓三角状卵形,带白绿色,两面具短硬毛,叶片基部心形。雌雄同株。雌、雄花均单生于叶腋。雄花花梗长3-4厘米,密被黄褐色长柔毛;花萼筒宽钟形;花冠淡黄色;雄蕊近离生,花丝短,药室折曲。雌花:花萼和花冠与雄花同;子房卵形,柱头肾形。果实大型,近于球形或椭圆形,肉质,多汁,果皮光滑,色泽及纹饰各式。种子多数,卵形,黑色、红色,两面平滑,基部钝圆,通常边缘稍拱起,花果期夏季。
西瓜堪称“盛夏之王”,清爽解渴,味道甘味多汁,是盛夏佳果,西瓜除不含脂肪和胆固醇外,含有大量葡萄糖、苹果酸、果糖、蛋白氨基酸、番茄素及丰富的维生素C等物质,是一种富有很高的营养、纯净、食用安全食品。瓤肉含糖量一般为5-12%,包括葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖。甜度随成熟后期蔗糖的增加而增加。
西瓜病害的种类也很多,其中西瓜枯萎病极为常见和严重。西瓜枯萎病又称蔓割病、萎凋病、萎蔫病等,1894年Smith首次报道,是由半知菌亚门真菌西瓜尖镰抱菌引起的,国内外普遍发生的一种毁灭性的土传病害,西瓜枯萎病是国内外生产上西瓜连作障碍的主要病害之一。目前的防治方法多种,但仍然不能测底的消灭病菌,容易二次感染。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有的问题,提供了一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,极大的抑制了病菌的生长繁殖,降低给西瓜生产造成的损害。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先对西瓜种子进行消毒处理,浸泡消毒5-8分钟,使用的消毒液中含有质量分数为10-15%的高锰酸钾、质量分数为1.5-2.0%的双氧水,剩余为乙醇溶液,溶液消毒后在45-50℃的热水中浸泡12-15小时,然后埋入湿沙中进行催芽,种子处理过程中使用的物料均在紫外线灯下照射50-60秒;
(2)出芽后的种子转入苗床上培养,苗床每隔2-3天使用配制的植物杀菌液喷洒一次,该植物杀菌液由:艾叶、芦荟、银杏叶、白茶、蒲公英、蟾蜍草、紫花地丁制备得到,培养过程中不可接触雨水,使用无菌水稀释营养液浇灌,稀释比例为45-50:1,育苗过程中增大昼夜温差至8-10℃,逐步增加通风时间至6-7小时;
(3)育苗后进行移栽,移栽耕地选用西瓜和大蒜轮番种植的沙土地,大田管理中每隔15-20天施肥一次,每次用量为:氮肥22-24千克/亩、磷氮肥17-19千克/亩、钾肥15-16千克/亩,在开花坐果期间,每隔5-7天使用一次化学药剂500-600倍稀释液,该化学药剂含有以下成分:多菌灵15-20倍液、代森锌20-25倍液、甲基托布津25-30倍液、克菌丹40-50倍液、代森锰锌60-70倍液,混合质量比为10:7:5:4:2。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(1)中所述湿沙中含水量为80-85%,沙料中混合了质量分数为5-7%的麦饭石,粒径大小在2-4毫米之间。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述植物杀菌液的制备方法为:按照重量份称取干燥的艾叶11-12份、芦荟9.5-9.8份、银杏叶9.2-9.5份、白茶9.0-9.2份、蒲公英8.5-9.0份、蟾蜍草8.0-8.5份、紫花地丁7.5-8.0份,将所述重量份的物料搅碎至粉末状,加入10-12倍体积的水,加热蒸馏2-3小时,得到的蒸馏液兑入无菌水稀释280-300倍即可使用,用量为10-15毫升/每平方米。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述营养液中含有硝酸钙360-400毫克/升、硝酸钾320-330毫克/升、硝酸铵300-320毫克/升、磷酸二氢钾280-300毫克/升、硫酸镁250-260毫克/升、硫酸铜240-260毫克/升、三价铁盐210-230毫克/升。
本发明相比现有技术具有以下优点:为了解决现有西瓜枯萎病根治不彻底的问题,本发明提供了一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,首先对种子进行消毒处理,消除病原体的潜伏,再从种植管理方式上促进西瓜生长健壮,增强抗病力,使用的化学药剂能够抑制西瓜枯姜病菌麦角兹醇合成,破坏细胞膜,引起形态和生理变化,最后导致细胞死亡,同时抑制西瓜枯萎病病菌致萎毒素的合成,有效降低了西瓜枯姜病菌的致病力,同时还能够提高西瓜根系活力,能够促进西瓜生长,改善西瓜周围土壤的微生物环境,增强自身的抵抗能力。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
实施例1
一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先对西瓜种子进行消毒处理,浸泡消毒5-8分钟,使用的消毒液中含有质量分数为10%的高锰酸钾、质量分数为1.5%的双氧水,剩余为乙醇溶液,溶液消毒后在45℃的热水中浸泡12小时,然后埋入湿沙中进行催芽,种子处理过程中使用的物料均在紫外线灯下照射50秒;
(2)出芽后的种子转入苗床上培养,苗床每隔2天使用配制的植物杀菌液喷洒一次,该植物杀菌液由:艾叶、芦荟、银杏叶、白茶、蒲公英、蟾蜍草、紫花地丁制备得到,培养过程中不可接触雨水,使用无菌水稀释营养液浇灌,稀释比例为45:1,育苗过程中增大昼夜温差至8℃,逐步增加通风时间至6小时;
(3)育苗后进行移栽,移栽耕地选用西瓜和大蒜轮番种植的沙土地,大田管理中每隔15天施肥一次,每次用量为:氮肥22千克/亩、磷氮肥17千克/亩、钾肥15千克/亩,在开花坐果期间,每隔5天使用一次化学药剂500倍稀释液,该化学药剂含有以下成分:多菌灵15倍液、代森锌20倍液、甲基托布津25倍液、克菌丹40倍液、代森锰锌60倍液,混合质量比为10:7:5:4:2。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(1)中所述湿沙中含水量为80%,沙料中混合了质量分数为5%的麦饭石,粒径大小在2-4毫米之间。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述植物杀菌液的制备方法为:按照重量份称取干燥的艾叶11份、芦荟9.5份、银杏叶9.2份、白茶9.0份、蒲公英8.5份、蟾蜍草8.0份、紫花地丁7.5份,将所述重量份的物料搅碎至粉末状,加入10倍体积的水,加热蒸馏2小时,得到的蒸馏液兑入无菌水稀释280倍即可使用,用量为10毫升/每平方米。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述营养液中含有硝酸钙360毫克/升、硝酸钾320毫克/升、硝酸铵300毫克/升、磷酸二氢钾280毫克/升、硫酸镁250毫克/升、硫酸铜240毫克/升、三价铁盐210毫克/升。
实施例2
一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先对西瓜种子进行消毒处理,浸泡消毒6分钟,使用的消毒液中含有质量分数为12%的高锰酸钾、质量分数为1.8%的双氧水,剩余为乙醇溶液,溶液消毒后在48℃的热水中浸泡13小时,然后埋入湿沙中进行催芽,种子处理过程中使用的物料均在紫外线灯下照射55秒;
(2)出芽后的种子转入苗床上培养,苗床每隔2天使用配制的植物杀菌液喷洒一次,该植物杀菌液由:艾叶、芦荟、银杏叶、白茶、蒲公英、蟾蜍草、紫花地丁制备得到,培养过程中不可接触雨水,使用无菌水稀释营养液浇灌,稀释比例为48:1,育苗过程中增大昼夜温差至9℃,逐步增加通风时间至6.5小时;
(3)育苗后进行移栽,移栽耕地选用西瓜和大蒜轮番种植的沙土地,大田管理中每隔18天施肥一次,每次用量为:氮肥23千克/亩、磷氮肥18千克/亩、钾肥15.5千克/亩,在开花坐果期间,每隔6天使用一次化学药剂550倍稀释液,该化学药剂含有以下成分:多菌灵18倍液、代森锌22倍液、甲基托布津28倍液、克菌丹45倍液、代森锰锌65倍液,混合质量比为10:7:5:4:2。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(1)中所述湿沙中含水量为83%,沙料中混合了质量分数为6%的麦饭石,粒径大小在2-4毫米之间。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述植物杀菌液的制备方法为:按照重量份称取干燥的艾叶11.5份、芦荟9.6份、银杏叶9.3份、白茶9.1份、蒲公英8.8份、蟾蜍草8.3份、紫花地丁7.8份,将所述重量份的物料搅碎至粉末状,加入11倍体积的水,加热蒸馏2.5小时,得到的蒸馏液兑入无菌水稀释290倍即可使用,用量为12毫升/每平方米。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述营养液中含有硝酸钙380毫克/升、硝酸钾325毫克/升、硝酸铵310毫克/升、磷酸二氢钾290毫克/升、硫酸镁255毫克/升、硫酸铜250毫克/升、三价铁盐220毫克/升。
实施例3
一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先对西瓜种子进行消毒处理,浸泡消毒8分钟,使用的消毒液中含有质量分数为15%的高锰酸钾、质量分数为2.0%的双氧水,剩余为乙醇溶液,溶液消毒后在50℃的热水中浸泡15小时,然后埋入湿沙中进行催芽,种子处理过程中使用的物料均在紫外线灯下照射60秒;
(2)出芽后的种子转入苗床上培养,苗床每隔3天使用配制的植物杀菌液喷洒一次,该植物杀菌液由:艾叶、芦荟、银杏叶、白茶、蒲公英、蟾蜍草、紫花地丁制备得到,培养过程中不可接触雨水,使用无菌水稀释营养液浇灌,稀释比例为50:1,育苗过程中增大昼夜温差至10℃,逐步增加通风时间至7小时;
(3)育苗后进行移栽,移栽耕地选用西瓜和大蒜轮番种植的沙土地,大田管理中每隔20天施肥一次,每次用量为:氮肥24千克/亩、磷氮肥19千克/亩、钾肥16千克/亩,在开花坐果期间,每隔7天使用一次化学药剂600倍稀释液,该化学药剂含有以下成分:多菌灵20倍液、代森锌25倍液、甲基托布津30倍液、克菌丹50倍液、代森锰锌70倍液,混合质量比为10:7:5:4:2。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(1)中所述湿沙中含水量为85%,沙料中混合了质量分数为7%的麦饭石,粒径大小在2-4毫米之间。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述植物杀菌液的制备方法为:按照重量份称取干燥的艾叶12份、芦荟9.8份、银杏叶9.5份、白茶9.2份、蒲公英9.0份、蟾蜍草8.5份、紫花地丁8.0份,将所述重量份的物料搅碎至粉末状,加入12倍体积的水,加热蒸馏3小时,得到的蒸馏液兑入无菌水稀释300倍即可使用,用量为15毫升/每平方米。
作为对上述方案的进一步描述,步骤(2)中所述营养液中含有硝酸钙400毫克/升、硝酸钾330毫克/升、硝酸铵320毫克/升、磷酸二氢钾300毫克/升、硫酸镁260毫克/升、硫酸铜260毫克/升、三价铁盐230毫克/升。

Claims (4)

1.一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先对西瓜种子进行消毒处理,浸泡消毒5-8分钟,使用的消毒液中含有质量分数为10-15%的高锰酸钾、质量分数为1.5-2.0%的双氧水,剩余为乙醇溶液,溶液消毒后在45-50℃的热水中浸泡12-15小时,然后埋入湿沙中进行催芽,种子处理过程中使用的物料均在紫外线灯下照射50-60秒;
(2)出芽后的种子转入苗床上培养,苗床每隔2-3天使用配制的植物杀菌液喷洒一次,该植物杀菌液由:艾叶、芦荟、银杏叶、白茶、蒲公英、蟾蜍草、紫花地丁制备得到,培养过程中不可接触雨水,使用无菌水稀释营养液浇灌,稀释比例为45-50:1,育苗过程中增大昼夜温差至8-10℃,逐步增加通风时间至6-7小时;
(3)育苗后进行移栽,移栽耕地选用西瓜和大蒜轮番种植的沙土地,大田管理中每隔15-20天施肥一次,每次用量为:氮肥22-24千克/亩、磷氮肥17-19千克/亩、钾肥15-16千克/亩,在开花坐果期间,每隔5-7天使用一次化学药剂500-600倍稀释液,该化学药剂含有以下成分:多菌灵15-20倍液、代森锌20-25倍液、甲基托布津25-30倍液、克菌丹40-50倍液、代森锰锌60-70倍液,混合质量比为10:7:5:4:2。
2.如权利要求1所述一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中所述湿沙中含水量为80-85%,沙料中混合了质量分数为5-7%的麦饭石,粒径大小在2-4毫米之间。
3.如权利要求1所述一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述植物杀菌液的制备方法为:按照重量份称取干燥的艾叶11-12份、芦荟9.5-9.8份、银杏叶9.2-9.5份、白茶9.0-9.2份、蒲公英8.5-9.0份、蟾蜍草8.0-8.5份、紫花地丁7.5-8.0份,将所述重量份的物料搅碎至粉末状,加入10-12倍体积的水,加热蒸馏2-3小时,得到的蒸馏液兑入无菌水稀释280-300倍即可使用,用量为10-15毫升/每平方米。
4.如权利要求1所述一防治西瓜枯萎病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述营养液中含有硝酸钙360-400毫克/升、硝酸钾320-330毫克/升、硝酸铵300-320毫克/升、磷酸二氢钾280-300毫克/升、硫酸镁250-260毫克/升、硫酸铜240-260毫克/升、三价铁盐210-230毫克/升。
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