CN107907238A - A wide range of temperature sensor and production method based on optical fiber connector inclination angle - Google Patents
A wide range of temperature sensor and production method based on optical fiber connector inclination angle Download PDFInfo
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- CN107907238A CN107907238A CN201710899518.7A CN201710899518A CN107907238A CN 107907238 A CN107907238 A CN 107907238A CN 201710899518 A CN201710899518 A CN 201710899518A CN 107907238 A CN107907238 A CN 107907238A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B19/00—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group
- B24B19/22—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground
- B24B19/226—Single-purpose machines or devices for particular grinding operations not covered by any other main group characterised by a special design with respect to properties of the material of non-metallic articles to be ground of the ends of optical fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B9/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor
- B24B9/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding edges or bevels on work or for removing burrs; Accessories therefor characterised by a special design with respect to properties of materials specific to articles to be ground
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of a wide range of temperature sensor and production method based on optical fiber connector, structure has the optical fiber (1) of 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes (4) for an end;30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes are ground in optical fiber connector using optic fiber polishing machine, incident beam is set to be divided into two-beam in fibre core and clad interface, and being returned after multiple reflections along original optical path makes two-beam merge into light beam, small Michelson's interferometer is formd in optical fiber connector, two relevant light beam light path differences are fiber radius and the function of refractive index, in temperature change, since thermal expansion effects and thermo-optic effect can change fiber radius and refractive index, so as to change the interference spectrum pattern of output, anti-temperature can be released from interference light spectrogram.Compared with prior art, present invention introduces Michelson interference, spectrum variation with temperature is produced with thermo-optic effect using fiber core and covering thermal expansion, there is theory innovation;Simple in structure, processing cost is low;And there is larger temperature measurement range.
Description
Technical field
It is big more particularly to a kind of all -fiber based on 30 ° of inclination angles of optical fiber connector the present invention relates in sensory field of optic fibre
Range temperature sensor and production method.
Background technology
Full fiber type sensor is typically that micro-structure is designed directly on optical fiber to realize sensing.The sensor has miniature
Change advantage and be widely used in the measurement of the physical quantitys such as temperature, pressure, strain and refractive index.Wherein, in terms of temperature sensor,
Full fiber type sensor overcomes general non-full-fiber sensor (such as MEMS sensor) due to the thermal expansion between different materials
CTE mismatch and the defects of limit temperature-measuring range, its composition material is single, and there is no Coefficient of Thermal Expansion mismatch problem, has higher
Temperature-responsive dynamic range, thus paid close attention to be subject to lot of domestic and foreign researcher.
General fiber-optical grating temperature sensor, its temperature measurement range are inscribed principle by grating and are limited, and high temperature is general
At 200 DEG C or so.Fiber-optical grating temperature sensor based on interference-type, is imitated using the thermo-optic effect of fiber optic materials and thermal expansion
The phase difference of interference signal should be changed, can realize larger temperature sensitive range.Mainly there are two kinds according to material, i.e., it is a kind of
It is common silica optical fiber, its high-temperature response can reach close to 1000 DEG C;Another kind is sapphire fiber, its high temperature is rung
It should can reach 1600 DEG C.Three types are mainly had according to interference type, are method amber type, Mach Zehnder type and Michelson respectively
Type.For method amber type fiber-optical grating temperature sensor, generally use special fiber (such as hollow optical fiber, hollow photonic crystal light
Fibre etc.) or femto-second laser direct structured approach amber microcavity on optical fiber, this structure is influenced smaller by extraneous factor, and performance is steady
It is fixed, it is most widely used full fiber type sensor, but special fiber or special installation (such as femto-second laser) are needed, need
Cost of manufacture and technology difficulty that will be higher.Mach Zehnder type is typically that another type fiber is fused between two sections of optical fiber,
Its transmission interference spectrum noise is higher, but optical fiber structure intensity is subject to certain destruction, and easily bent, stress because
The influence of element.Pass through its high-temperature response characteristic of high temperature experimental analysis.Michelson interference type uses fiber coupler by light beam
Assign in two-way optical fiber, realize displacement measurement by modulating light path of the light beam in two-way optical fiber, can equally be well applied to measure it
He can be converted into the physical quantity of displacement.In the type, in order to realize that the light path of two-way optical fiber matches, it usually needs use machinery
Moving parts, therefore measurement accuracy and repeatability are often influenced by Mechanical Moving part, are only applicable to measurement accuracy and stability will
Seek relatively low occasion.
The content of the invention
In order to reduce the volume of sensor, reduce technique manufacture difficulty and cost of manufacture, the present invention propose one kind and be based on
The a wide range of temperature sensor and production method at optical fiber connector inclination angle, grind 30 ° of inclination angles introducings in optical fiber connector using grinding and step
Ke Erxun interferes, and produces spectrum variation with temperature with thermo-optic effect using fiber core and covering thermal expansion, realizes temperature
Measurement.
A kind of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle of the present invention, which is an end
Optical fiber 1 with 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes 4, the optical fiber are made of fibre cladding 2 and fiber core 3;Incident beam 5 is fine in optical fiber
Incident beam and fibre core inclined plane intersection point 7 are formed by 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes 4 in core 3, in fiber core 3 and light after total reflection
The light beam that fine covering 2 is formed is separated and closes at beam position 8 due to reflecting and reflecting difference two in fiber core with clad interface
Shu Guang:A branch of is the reflected beams 61, and normal incidence is reflected back to 30 ° of inclined planes of fibre core, 4 Hou Yuan roads, its again by fiber core 3 with
The light intensity that fiber core separated and closed the light after beam position 8 reflects with clad interface is denoted as I1;Another beam deflecting light beams 62 are in light
Normal incidence is to 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes of covering and according to former road after beam reflects at fibre cladding and the reflection point position of Air Interface 9
It is reflected back, the light intensity of its light after covering and fibre core interface 8 reflect is denoted as I2, the two-beam I1、I2According to former road
The light of return meet merging after two-beam interference can occur.
The interference signal light intensity of the two-beam interference is expressed as:
In formula,For the phase difference between two interfering beams,
For the optical path difference between two interfering beams, λ is the wavelength of incident light 5;rclFor the radius of fibre cladding 2, rcoFor fiber core 3
Radius, nclFor the refractive index of fibre cladding 2, ncoFor the refractive index of fiber core 3;
In Δ φ=(2m+1) π, trough occurs in interference fringe, and wherein m is integer, and the wavelength of corresponding trough isWavelength difference is expressed as between two neighboring trough
The temperature control of the interference signal is expressed as:
In formula, ξ and α are respectively the thermo-optical coeffecient and thermal coefficient of expansion of fibre cladding material, and fiber radius is bigger, will obtain
Temperature control it is higher.
A kind of production method of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle of the present invention, passes through the side of grinding
Formula causes 1 end of optical fiber to become 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes, and specific processing and fabricating step is as follows:
Fiber stub 12 is fixed on card slot, is adjusted the angle as 30 °;Grind on turntable 13 is first 9 μm of optical fiber by particle diameter
Pouncing paper 14 is close to, and it is 120 revs/min to set 13 rotating speed of turntable, and fiber stub, Zhi Daoguang are constantly moved down during grinding
Fine lock pin hollow core portion is thoroughly ground to;Then the optical fiber lapping paper 15 and particle diameter that replacement particle diameter is 3 μm successively are 1 μm
Optical fiber lapping paper 16, each grinding 10 minutes, 120 revs/min of the rotating speed holding of grinding turntable 13 is constant, to the light at this 30 ° of inclination angles
Fine lock pin grinding is completed;When optical fiber lapping paper 14,15,16 is close to grinding turntable 13, uniformly sprayed on grinding turntable 13
Water mist, to grind turntable 13 and optical fiber lapping paper 14,15,16 seamless fittings;Grinding when in time optical fiber lapping paper 14,
15th, spray water, the powder under grinding is rinsed out, while ensure the surface quality of grinding between 16 and fiber stub 12;Optical fiber is inserted
After core is ground, optical fiber 1 is inserted into ground fiber stub 12, and causes 1 end of optical fiber to stretch out fiber stub 12 about
111 μm, optical fiber 1 is fixed;The optical fiber lapping paper that particle diameter is 1 μm is clung on grinding turntable, grinding 13 rotating speed of turntable is set
100 revs/min are set to, fiber stub 12 is slowly adjusted and causes optical fiber connector and pouncing paper exactly in contact with, during grinding
Fiber stub constantly is moved down, until the optical fiber for stretching out fiber stub part is thoroughly ground away;Replace the optical fiber that particle diameter is 0.3 μm
Polishing paper 17, is polished 5 minutes, so far, 30 ° of inclination angle grindings of optical fiber connector are completed with 100 revs/min of speed.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following good effect:
1st, the present invention is formed by once grinding optical fiber fabrication, and processing technology is simple, without other special optical fibers of welding, knot
Structure is simple, dependable performance;Without using expensive manufacturing process such as femtosecond laser cuttings, there is good cost advantage;
2nd, temperature sensing principle of the invention is that grinding 30 ° of inclination angles introducing Michelsons in optical fiber connector using grinding does
Relate to, spectrum variation with temperature produced using fiber core and covering thermal expansion and thermo-optic effect, compared to traditional method amber or
Person's Mach once moral temperature sensing, has theory innovation.
3rd, due to utilize be optical fiber thermal expansion effects and thermo-optic effect, and ordinary optic fibre -200 DEG C to 1000 DEG C tool
There are good thermal coefficient of expansion and thermo-optical coeffecient, therefore inventive sensor can be surveyed at -200 DEG C to 1000 DEG C into trip temperature
Amount, has larger temperature measurement range.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a wide range of arrangement of temperature sensor schematic diagram based on optical fiber connector inclination angle;
Fig. 2 to Fig. 4 is a wide range of temperature sensor production method schematic diagram based on optical fiber connector inclination angle;
Fig. 5 is the experimental system schematic diagram of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle;
Fig. 6 is the interference signal spectrogram of a wide range of temperature sensor output based on optical fiber connector inclination angle;
Fig. 7 be based on a wide range of temperature sensor at optical fiber connector inclination angle in -40 DEG C to 140 DEG C of temperature range output light
Spectrum peak is with temperature drift figure;
Fig. 8 be based on a wide range of temperature sensor at optical fiber connector inclination angle in 250 DEG C to 900 DEG C of temperature range output light
Spectrum peak is with temperature drift figure;
In figure, 1, optical fiber, 2, fibre cladding, 3, fiber core, 4,30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes, 5, incident beam, 61, reflected light
Beam, 62, deflecting light beams, 7, incident beam and fibre core inclined plane intersection point, 8, light beam separates and close with clad interface in fiber core
Beam position, 9, light beam in fibre cladding and the reflection point position of Air Interface, 10, light beam in fibre core inclined plane normal incidence position,
11st, light beam is in covering inclined plane normal incidence position, 12, fiber stub, 13, grinder turntable, 14,9um optical fiber lapping paper, 15,
3um optical fiber lapping paper, 16,1um optical fiber lapping paper, 17,0.3um fiber finish paper, 18, ASE wideband light sources, 19, fiber annular
Device, 20, spectroanalysis instrument, 21, sensing head, 22, temperature stove, 23, interference fringe, 24, interference fringe peak value with temperature drift
Curve.
Embodiment
Embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below in conjunction with attached drawing.
The present invention grinds 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes using optic fiber polishing machine in optical fiber connector, makes incident beam in fibre core and covering
Interface is divided into two-beam, and being returned after multiple reflections along original optical path makes two-beam merge into light beam, in optical fiber connector shape
Into small Michelson's interferometer, two relevant light beam light path differences are fiber radius and the function of refractive index, in temperature change,
Since thermal expansion effects and thermo-optic effect can change fiber radius and refractive index, so as to change the interference spectrum pattern of output.From
Interference light spectrogram counter can release temperature.The temperature control of All-Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor proposed by the invention is by optical fiber half
Footpath, refractive index, thermo-optical coeffecient and thermal coefficient of expansion together decide on.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle of the present invention, the knot of the sensor
Structure has the optical fiber 1 on 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes 4 for an end, and the optical fiber is made of fibre cladding 2 and fiber core 3;Incident light
Beam 5 forms incident beam and fibre core inclined plane intersection point 7 in fiber core 3 by 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes 4, in light after total reflection
The light beam that long and slender core 3 and fibre cladding 2 are formed with clad interface separate and close at beam position 8 due to reflection in fiber core and
Refraction difference two-beam:A branch of is the reflected beams 61, and normal incidence is reflected back to 30 ° of inclined planes of fibre core, 4 Hou Yuan roads, it passes through light again
The light intensity that long and slender core 3 separated and closed the light after beam position 8 reflects with fiber core with clad interface is denoted as I1;Another beam reflects light
Beam 62 after light beam reflects at fibre cladding and the reflection point position of Air Interface 9 normal incidence to 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes of covering simultaneously
It is reflected back according to former road, the light intensity of its light after covering and fibre core interface 8 reflect is denoted as I2.This two-beam I1、I2According to
The light of backtracking meet merging after two-beam interference can occur, interference light intensity is expressed as:
In formula,For the phase difference between two interfering beams,
For the optical path difference between two interfering beams, λ is the wavelength of incident light 5;rclFor the radius of fibre cladding 2, rcoFor fiber core 3
Radius, nclFor the refractive index of fibre cladding 2, ncoFor the refractive index of fiber core 3.
In Δ φ=(2m+1) π, trough occurs in interference fringe, and wherein m is integer, and the wavelength of corresponding trough isWavelength difference is expressed as between two neighboring troughFor multimode fibre and single mode optical fiber, light
The refractive index of fine covering and fibre core is very close, therefore optical path difference OPD is mainly influenced by optical fiber cladding radius and refractive index.Optical fiber
The thermo-optic effect and thermal expansion effects of covering 2 are to change two principal elements of interference signal optical path difference, therefore interference signal
Temperature control is expressed as:
In formula, ξ and α are respectively the thermo-optical coeffecient and thermal coefficient of expansion of fibre cladding material.For silica fibre, folding
It is approximate constant to penetrate rate, thermo-optical coeffecient and thermal coefficient of expansion, and therefore, fiber radius is bigger, and the temperature control of acquisition is got over
It is high.
The sensor is by being 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes by 1 end attrition process of optical fiber, is formed in inclined plane region miniature
Michelson interference realizes the measurement of temperature.
As shown in Figures 2 to 4, a kind of a wide range of temperature sensor making side based on optical fiber connector inclination angle of the invention
Method, becomes 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes, specific processing and fabricating step is as follows by 1 end of mode optical fiber of grinding:
Fiber stub 12 is fixed on card slot, is adjusted the angle as 30 °;Grind on turntable 13 is first 9 μm of optical fiber by particle diameter
Pouncing paper 14 is close to, and it is 120 revs/min to set 13 rotating speed of turntable, and fiber stub, Zhi Daoguang are constantly moved down during grinding
Fine lock pin hollow core portion is thoroughly ground to;Then the optical fiber lapping paper 15 and particle diameter that replacement particle diameter is 3 μm successively are 1 μm
Optical fiber lapping paper 16, each grinding 10 minutes, 120 revs/min of the rotating speed holding of grinding turntable 13 is constant, to the light at this 30o inclination angle
Fine lock pin grinding is completed.When optical fiber lapping paper 14,15,16 is close to grinding turntable 13, it is necessary on grinding turntable 13 uniformly
Water mist is sprayed, to grind turntable 13 and optical fiber lapping paper 14,15,16 seamless fittings;Needed in grinding in time in optical fiber
Spray water, the powder under grinding can so be rinsed out, while can ensure and grind between pouncing paper 14,15,16 and fiber stub 12
The surface quality of mill.Optical fiber 1 is inserted into ground fiber stub 12 by fiber stub after ground according to shown in Fig. 3,
And cause 1 end of optical fiber to stretch out about 111 μm of fiber stub 12, and optical fiber 1 is fixed.By the optical fiber lapping paper that particle diameter is 1 μm
Cling on grinding turntable, grinding 13 rotating speed of turntable is arranged to 100 revs/min, slowly adjusts fiber stub 12 so that optical fiber end
End and pouncing paper exactly in contact with, constantly move down fiber stub during grinding, the optical fiber until stretching out fiber stub part
Thoroughly ground away;It is 0.3 μm of fiber finish paper 17 to replace particle diameter, and 5 minutes are polished with 100 revs/min of speed, so far,
30 ° of inclination angle grindings of optical fiber connector are completed, as shown in Figure 4.
As shown in figure 5, the experimental system of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle, wideband light source (ASE)
18 light sent incide optical fiber connector temperature sensor 21 by circulator 19, and reflected light signal again passes by circulator 19
Incide spectroanalysis instrument 20.Fig. 6 is the interference fringe 23 that spectroanalysis instrument receives.Sensor 21 is placed in temperature stove 22
In, provide temperature change with temperature stove 22.Using the temperature stove secret service temperature change of two kinds of different range.One kind is opened from -40 DEG C
Begin, 140 DEG C are gradually increased to using temperature gradient as 10 DEG C;Another kind is gradually increased to for 50 DEG C since 250 DEG C with temperature gradient
900℃.Fig. 7, Fig. 8 are respectively the drift that sensor interferometer spectrum peak varies with temperature.It is specific on interference spectrum by tracking
Peak value, by calculating the drift value of the peak value under different temperatures, can obtain corresponding temperature.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle, it is characterised in that the sensor construction is an end
Optical fiber (1) of the end with 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes (4), the optical fiber are made of fibre cladding (2) and fiber core (3);Incident beam
(5) incident beam and fibre core inclined plane intersection point (7) are formed by 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes 4 in fiber core (3), after total reflection
Beam position (8) place is separated and closed with clad interface in fiber core in the light beam that fiber core (3) and fibre cladding (2) are formed
Due to reflecting and reflecting two-beam respectively:A branch of is the reflected beams (61), and normal incidence is anti-to 30 ° of inclined plane (4) Hou Yuan roads of fibre core
It is emitted back towards, the light intensity of its light after fiber core (3) with fiber core with clad interface separates and close beam position (8) reflection again
It is denoted as I1;Another beam deflecting light beams (62) light beam fibre cladding and the reflection point position of Air Interface (9) place reflection after just
Incide 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes of covering and be reflected back according to former road, the light intensity of its light after covering and fibre core interface (8) refraction
It is denoted as I2, the two-beam I1、I2The light according to backtracking meet merging after two-beam interference can occur.
2. a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that double light
The interference signal light intensity of beam interferometer is expressed as:
In formula,For the phase difference between two interfering beams,For two
Optical path difference between interfering beam, λ are the wavelength of incident light (5);rclFor the radius of fibre cladding (2), rcoFor fiber core (3)
Radius, nclFor the refractive index of fibre cladding (2), ncoFor the refractive index of fiber core (3);
In Δ φ=(2m+1) π, trough occurs in interference fringe, and wherein m is integer, and the wavelength of corresponding trough isWavelength difference is expressed as between two neighboring trough
3. a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the interference
The temperature control of signal is expressed as:
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In formula, ξ and α are respectively the thermo-optical coeffecient and thermal coefficient of expansion of fibre cladding material, and fiber radius is bigger, by the temperature of acquisition
It is higher to spend sensitivity.
4. a kind of production method of a wide range of temperature sensor based on optical fiber connector inclination angle, passes through the mode optical fiber of grinding
(1) end becomes 30 ° of angle lapping inclined-planes, it is characterised in that specific processing and fabricating step is as follows:
Fiber stub (12) is fixed on card slot, is adjusted the angle as 30 °;Grind optical fiber that particle diameter is 9 μm on turntable (13) first
Pouncing paper (14) is close to, and setting turntable, (13 rotating speeds are 120 revs/min, fiber stub are constantly moved down during grinding, directly
Thoroughly it is ground to fiber stub hollow core portion;Then the optical fiber lapping paper (15) and particle diameter that replacement particle diameter is 3 μm successively are 1
μm optical fiber lapping paper (16), each grinding 10 minutes, the rotating speed of grinding turntable (13) keep 120 revs/min it is constant, to this 30 °
The fiber stub grinding at inclination angle is completed;When optical fiber lapping paper (14) (15) (16) is close to grinding turntable (13), turn in grinding
Uniform sprinkling water mist on disk (13), to grind turntable (13) and optical fiber lapping paper (14) (15) (16) is seamless is bonded;Grinding
Spray water, the powder under grinding is rinsed out, together between optical fiber lapping paper (14) (15) (16) and fiber stub (12) in time during mill
When ensure grinding surface quality;By fiber stub it is ground after, optical fiber 1 is inserted into ground fiber stub (12),
And cause optical fiber (1) end to stretch out about 111 μm of fiber stub (12), optical fiber (1) is fixed;The optical fiber that particle diameter is 1 μm is ground
Mill paper is clung on grinding turntable, and grinding turntable (13) rotating speed is arranged to 100 revs/min, and slowly adjusting fiber stub (12) makes
Optical fiber connector and pouncing paper exactly in contact with are obtained, fiber stub is constantly moved down during grinding, until stretching out fiber stub portion
The optical fiber divided is thoroughly ground away;The fiber finish paper (17) that particle diameter is 0.3 μm is replaced, 5 are polished with 100 revs/min of speed
Minute, so far, 30 ° of inclination angle grindings of optical fiber connector are completed.
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CN115308183A (en) * | 2022-08-29 | 2022-11-08 | 兰州大学 | Optical fiber oxygen sensing system based on fluorescence quenching mechanism and coherent detection principle |
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