CN107904496A - A kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel and its manufacture method - Google Patents
A kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel and its manufacture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107904496A CN107904496A CN201711320420.8A CN201711320420A CN107904496A CN 107904496 A CN107904496 A CN 107904496A CN 201711320420 A CN201711320420 A CN 201711320420A CN 107904496 A CN107904496 A CN 107904496A
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- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0205—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips of ferrous alloys
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- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel and its manufacture method, the chemical composition mass percent of the carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel includes:C:0.02%~0.04%, Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.003%, Cr:0.5%~2.0%, Mo:0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.The present invention breaches requirement of the conventional pipeline steel to Cr elements, coordinate the optimization design of other alloying elements at the same time, under conditions of less addition microalloy element, by accordingly smelting, the control of rolling mill practice, acquisition carbon dioxide corrosion resistant is functional, the less pipe line steel of anisotropy, compared with common X65, carbon dioxide corrosion rate reduction more than 40%.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of steel production, more particularly to a kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel and its manufacturer
Method.
Background technology
In recent years, as petroleum resources demand is more and more, the exploitation in marine oil gas field is increasing, for CO2Oil
The exploitation ratio of gas-bearing formation gradually expands, containing CO2Oil gas is also more and more prominent to the etching problem of oil/gas well and delivery pipe.Due to
Submerged pipeline laying is costly, and economic loss caused by after accident occurs and destroys is huge.Ordinary carbon steel is in high temperature and pressure
CO2Under conditions of corrosion, corrosion rate is very fast, can not meet use demand.For CO2The problem of corrosion, the protection mainly taken
Measure is included using resistant material, filling corrosion inhibiter and using corrosion-inhibiting coating.Wherein most safely and effectively method is using resistance to
Corrosion material.More at present to solve etching problem using stainless steel or nickel-base alloy, the type material price is expensive, and cost is excessive.
It is poor using expensive stainless steel or nickel-base alloy economy and the offshore oil and gas field exploitation service life is shorter.Therefore with one
Determining the low-carbon alloy pipe line steel of high temperature high voltage resistant carbon dioxide corrosion ability becomes optimal selection.
Existing research is mostly to concentrate on tubing and casing, and for its carbon content more than 0.1%, the type tubing is mostly seamless pipe, system
Need to be heat-treated after pipe, production cost is higher.Further, since the carbon equivalent of material in itself is higher, welding can not be passed through
Mode be attached and be laid with, therefore petroleum casing pipe is connected and is laid with by the way of screw thread, which can not adapt to
With the requirement for meeting feed-line.
Tube steel is conveyed for low chromium, wherein with the addition of more Cu, Ni element, causes the rise of cost of alloy, and
And its applicable elements is only the CO under room temperature condition of normal pressure2Corrosion, the CO not being suitable under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions2Corrode military service bar
Part.The pipe line steel of research and development carbon dioxide corrosion resistant has great importance.
The content of the invention
For drawbacks described above of the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe
Line steel and its manufacture method, obtained pipe line steel, compared to the common resistance to CO of X65 pipe line steels2Corrosion rate reduces by more than 40%,
So as to improve the service life of pipeline.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that:A kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, it is changed
Learning ingredient percent includes:C:0.02%~0.04%, Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤
0.015%, S≤0.003%, Cr:0.5%~2.0%, Mo:0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01
~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is for iron and unavoidably
Impurity.
As further preferably, the carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, its chemical composition mass percent includes:C:
0.02%~0.03%, Si:0.10~0.20%, Mn:0.95%~1.5%, P≤0.01%, S≤0.002%, Cr:0.8%
~2.0%, Mo:0.12%~0.25%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~
0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.
As further preferably, the thickness of the carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel is 10.0mm~20.0mm.
The preparation method of above-mentioned carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, includes the following steps:Including for continuous casting acquisition will be smelted
After the slab of the chemical composition is heated, roughing and finish rolling are carried out, to obtain hot rolled plate;The hot rolled plate is subjected to laminar flow
Cooling;The hot rolled plate is coiled into hot rolled coil, obtains finished product;
Wherein, roughing outlet temperature be 960 DEG C~1050 DEG C, finish rolling stage inlet temperature control at 910 DEG C~950 DEG C,
Finishing temperature control is at 840 DEG C~880 DEG C, finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~70%.
As further preferably, roughing outlet temperature is 980 DEG C~1020 DEG C, and finish rolling stage inlet temperature control exists
910 DEG C~950 DEG C, finishing temperature control is at 840 DEG C~860 DEG C, finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~60%.
Preferably the slab includes heating twice as further, the tapping temperature after the heating for 1180 DEG C~
1240 DEG C, heating time is controlled in 200min~350min.
As further, preferably, the rough rolling step, which amounts to, rolls 6~8 passages.
As further preferably, the rough rolling step uses the pattern of " 1+5 " or " 3+5 ".
As further preferably, the coiling temperature is 560 DEG C~680 DEG C.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:Carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel of the present invention, its chemical composition mass percent bag
Include:C:0.02%~0.04%, Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.003%,
Cr:0.5%~2.0%, Mo:0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~
0.06%, Cu:0~0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.The present invention
Requirement of the conventional pipeline steel to Cr elements is breached, while coordinates the optimization design of other alloying elements, it is micro- in less addition
Under conditions of alloying element, by accordingly smelting, the control of rolling mill practice, obtain carbon dioxide corrosion resistant it is functional, respectively to
The less pipe line steel of the opposite sex, compared with common X65, carbon dioxide corrosion rate reduction more than 40%.
Embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention solves existing pipe by providing a kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel and its manufacture method
The resistance to CO of line steel2The defects of corrosion difference.
Under high temperature and high pressure environment, CO2Protectiveness, synthesis speed and the stability of corrosion products film have together decided on corrosion
Speed and type.The formation of corrosion products film is not only related with the environmental factor such as temperature, pressure, flow velocity, medium solution, also and material
The factors such as the component of material itself, microscopic structure are related.The embodiment of the present invention passes through targetedly composition design and technique control
System can effectively improve the protectiveness of corrosion products film, reduce corrosion rate.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the main thought of the embodiment of the present invention is:
Carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel of the embodiment of the present invention, its chemical composition mass percent include:C:0.02%~
0.04%, Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.003%, Cr:0.5%~
2.0%, Mo:0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~
0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.
Cr elements are in high temperature and pressure CO2CO can be improved under etching condition2The stability and protectiveness of corrosion products film, with
The rise of Cr constituent contents, corrosion rate reduces.Unlike low-carbon micro steel-alloy, the Product Films table after low Cr steel corrosion
Amorphous state mud shape cracking pattern is usually presented in face.Due to the FeCO in film3Dissolving and Fe (OH)3Stability, Cr (OH)3
So that corrosion products film has anion selectivity, corrosion products film and steel matrix interface anion concentration are reduced, so that
Anode reaction is suppressed, and finally makes the rate of dissolution of matrix reduce.Reduce Cl at the same time-The possibility that ion is reunited in interface
Property, local corrosion is eliminated, so as to improve the corrosion resistance of material.In addition, Cr or important solution strengthening element, Ke Yiti
The tensile strength of high material.But according to carbon equivalent calculation formula, when excessive after with the addition of Cr elements, welding performance will dislike
Change.Therefore corrosion resistance and solderability are considered, the content of selection Cr elements of the embodiment of the present invention is 0.5%~2.0%.
Since C element and Cr element affinity are larger, after with the addition of more Cr elements in steel, the easy shape of C, Cr element
Into the carbide of Cr.Substantial amounts of chromium carbide can be formed when C content is excessive, so that reduce the Cr elements being dissolved in matrix, into
And reduce the corrosion resistance of material.In addition, the carbide that C element is formed with Fe, Cr element is with the extension of etching time
Exposed to matrix surface, the area ratio between cathode and anode is added, increases corrosion rate.And appropriate reduction C contains
Amount is conducive to improve the solderability of material, so on the premise of steel strength is ensured, reduces the content of carbon as far as possible, therefore
The embodiment of the present invention have selected 0.02%~0.04% C content.
According to the resistance to spot corrosion of the bigger steel of value of the equivalent of resistance to spot corrosion of stainless steel calculation formula PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%, PRE
Performance is better, and Mo elements can effectively improve the performance of the resistance to spot corrosion of steel, and more prominent compared to the effect of Cr elements Mos
Go out.Mo can also promote the formation of granular bainite and acicular ferrite, and the formation to pearlite has strong inhibitory action.Together
Shi Tigao quenching degree, is conducive to the uniformity on roll bending thickness direction.Therefore the content of the Mo elements of selection of the embodiment of the present invention
For 0.10%~0.50%.
Mn elements are important solution strengthening elements, and under low-carbon component system, material is improved by the addition of Mn elements
Intensity.Mn elements also there is certain refined crystalline strengthening to act at the same time, improve structural homogenity.Therefore Mn elements are according to actual feelings
Condition addition 0.90%~1.65%.
Nb elements are important refined crystalline strengthening and precipitation strength element.Nb elements can form the high-melting-point Nb of high degree of dispersion
(C, N), suppresses the generation of austenite recrystallization in hot stage.In the operation of rolling, the drageffect and Nb of Nb elements are dissolved
The inhibition that (C, N) is separated out, the recovery and recrystallization and crystal grain for suppressing austenite grow up, can significant refining grain size,
Improve the comprehensive mechanical property of roll bending.Therefore the embodiment of the present invention uses 0.03~0.08% Nb contents.
In addition, the element such as appropriate addition V, Ti, Cu, Ni according to demand, meets that mechanical property and corrosion resistance will
Ask.For welded tube, solderability, mechanical property and the corrosion resistance of commissure are weak links, therefore in alloy member
When element addition and design, to ensure good welding performance, it need to meet Pcm≤0.22, wherein:
Pcm=C+Si/30+ (Mn+Cr+Cu)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B.
The preparation method of above-mentioned carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, includes the following steps:Including for continuous casting acquisition will be smelted
After the slab of the chemical composition is heated, roughing and finish rolling are carried out, to obtain hot rolled plate;The hot rolled plate is subjected to laminar flow
Cooling;The hot rolled plate is coiled into hot rolled coil, obtains finished product;
Wherein, roughing outlet temperature be 960 DEG C~1050 DEG C, finish rolling stage inlet temperature control at 910 DEG C~950 DEG C,
Finishing temperature control is at 840 DEG C~880 DEG C, finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~70%.
Above by control roughing outlet temperature and finish rolling stage inlet temperature, it can suitably raise austenite and not tie again
Crystalline region rolling temperature advantageously reduces { 112 }<110>Texture orientation density, so as to reduce the anisotropy of hot rolling pipe line steel.Drop
Low austenite Unhydrated cement finishing temperature, Main Texture component include { 112 }<110>Texture can strengthen, and then can cause
Anisotropic enhancing.Rise austenite Unhydrated cement finishing temperature advantageously reduces anisotropy, but excessive raising
Unhydrated cement finishing temperature, can bring the reduction of intensity.Therefore, raising appropriate on the basis of ensureing that structure property is excellent
Unhydrated cement finishing temperature advantageously reduces the anisotropy of mechanical property of steel plate, therefore, the finish rolling stage of the embodiment of the present invention
Finishing temperature control is at 840 DEG C~880 DEG C.
Advantageously reduced { 112 } in addition, suitably reducing Unhydrated cement drafts<110>Texture component, and strengthen other
Component, while reduce finish rolling section compression ratio and advantageously reduce yield tensile ratio, therefore the finish rolling stage that the embodiment of the present invention uses always becomes
Shape amount is 50%~70%.
A kind of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant feed-line steel provided in an embodiment of the present invention and its manufacture method, are closed by optimizing
Golden composition design, is carried out at the same time controlled rolling, Controlled cooling process cooperation, obtains good mechanical performance, resistance to carbon dioxide is rotten
Erosion and good, the of low cost hot-rolled coil of welding performance.
The embodiment of the present invention is suitable for 10.0mm~20.0mm specification carbon dioxide corrosion resistant feed-line steel hot rolled coils
Plate.
After tested, the embodiment of the present invention production carbon dioxide corrosion resistant feed-line steel with hot-rolled coil performance requirement such as
Under:
Tensile property:
Laterally:Yield strength:480MPa~620MPa, tensile strength:595MPa~720MPa, elongation percentage >=27%, bends
Strong ratio≤0.90;
Longitudinal direction:Yield strength:450MPa~590MPa, tensile strength:575MPa~700MPa, elongation percentage >=27%, bends
Strong ratio≤0.90;
V-notch impact property:Test temperature:- 30 DEG C, specimen size:10 × 10 × 5.5mm, v-notch ballistic work >=
200J。
Hardness test:HV10:200~260
Metallographic structure:Grain size is 12 grades or thinner
The roll bending that the embodiment of the present invention is produced is tested through corrosion of high-temperature high-pressure carbon dioxide and detected, compared to common X65
Pipe line steel improves more than 40%.
Above and other purpose, feature and advantage in order to allow the present invention can become apparent, and number cited below particularly is implemented
Example, to illustrate carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel of the present invention and its manufacture method.
1-4 of the embodiment of the present invention provides carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, its chemical composition mass percent such as institute of table 1
Show.
1 chemical composition of table (wt%)
The preparation method of above-described embodiment 1-4 carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steels, technological process are as follows:Molten iron pretreatment →
Converter → refining → continuous casting → heating of plate blank → thick de-scaling → fixed-width pressure machine → roughing → flying shear → essence de-scaling → finish rolling → layer
Stream cools down → batches → smooth → finished product.
Each step described in detail below;
1) heating of plate blank
Slab is heated using walking beam furnace, the tapping temperature after heating of plate blank is 1180 DEG C~1240 DEG C,
Heating time is controlled in 200min~350min.Be conducive to the abundant solid solution of alloying element under the conditions of this, while do not cause Austria again
Family name's body excessive grain is thick, and good organization foundation is provided for follow-up rolling process.
2) controlled rolling
Slab is rolled using the method for two-phase control rolling, during two-phase control rolling, passes through controlled rolling
Temperature and the mode of drafts are controlled rolling.
For rough rolling step using the pattern of " 1+5 " or " 3+5 ", rough rolling step, which amounts to, rolls 6~8 passages.Roughing outlet temperature
Control is at 960 DEG C~1050 DEG C, and finish rolling stage inlet temperature control is at 910 DEG C~950 DEG C.Suitably rise austenite is not tied again
Crystalline region rolling temperature advantageously reduces { 112 }<110>Texture orientation density, so as to reduce the anisotropy of hot rolling pipe line steel.
Austenite Unhydrated cement finishing temperature is reduced, Main Texture component includes { 112 }<110>Texture can strengthen,
And then anisotropic enhancing can be caused.Rise austenite Unhydrated cement finishing temperature advantageously reduces anisotropy, still
Excessive raising Unhydrated cement finishing temperature, can bring the reduction of intensity.Therefore, on the basis of ensureing that structure property is excellent
Appropriate raising Unhydrated cement finishing temperature advantageously reduces the anisotropy of mechanical property of steel plate, and the finish rolling stage of the present invention is whole
Temperature control is rolled at 840 DEG C~880 DEG C.
Advantageously reduced { 112 } in addition, suitably reducing Unhydrated cement drafts<110>Texture component, and strengthen other
Component, while reduce finish rolling section compression ratio and advantageously reduce yield tensile ratio, therefore finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~70%.
3) control is cooled down and batched
Cooled down after rolling by way of section cooling, coiling temperature is 560 DEG C~680 DEG C.
Specifically, the hot-rolled process parameter in 1-4 of embodiment of the present invention preparation methods is as shown in table 2:
2 technological parameter of table
Specifically, the finished product mechanical property in 1-4 of embodiment of the present invention preparation methods is as shown in table 3:
3 mechanical property of table
Yield strength (ReL), tensile strength (Rm) and elongation percentage (A50) are surveyed by tension test in the embodiment of the present invention
, testing standard is GB/T228.1;Yield tensile ratio is yield strength/tensile strength, is calculated.
Present invention experiment steel has good comprehensive mechanical property and resistance to based on granular bainite+ferritic structure
Carbon dioxide corrosion performance.Corrosion experiment condition is as shown in table 4, and the results are shown in Table 5 for corrosion experiment, pipeline of the embodiment of the present invention
Steel corrosion speed reduces more than 50% compared to common X65, and without generation spot corrosion.
Table 4
Examination criteria | GB/T 19291-2003 |
Experimental temperature | 60℃ |
Total gas pressure | 5MPa |
CO2Partial pressure | 0.3MPa |
Flow velocity | Dynamic 1m/s |
Experimental period | 168 it is small when (one week) |
Testing liquid | 3%NaCl |
PH value | 7.0 |
Table 5
Technical solution in above-mentioned the embodiment of the present application, at least has the following technical effect that or advantage:
Carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel of the present invention, its chemical composition mass percent include:C:0.02%~0.04%,
Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.003%, Cr:0.5%~2.0%, Mo:
0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~0.50%, Ni:0
~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.The present invention breaches conventional pipeline steel to Cr elements
Requirement, while coordinate the optimization design of other alloying elements, under conditions of less addition microalloy element, by corresponding
Smelt, the control of rolling mill practice, acquisition carbon dioxide corrosion resistant is functional, the less pipe line steel of anisotropy, with common X65
Compare, carbon dioxide corrosion rate reduction more than 40%.
Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, but those skilled in the art once know basic creation
Property concept, then can make these embodiments other change and modification.So appended claims be intended to be construed to include it is excellent
Select embodiment and fall into all change and modification of the scope of the invention.Obviously, those skilled in the art can be to the present invention
Carry out various modification and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.If in this way, these modifications and changes of the present invention
Belong within the scope of the claims in the present invention and its equivalent technologies, then the present invention is also intended to exist comprising these modification and variations
It is interior.
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel, it is characterised in that:Its chemical composition mass percent includes:C:0.02%~ 0.04%, Si:0.10~0.50%, Mn:0.90%~1.65%, P≤0.015%, S≤0.003%, Cr:0.5%~ 2.0%, Mo:0.10%~0.50%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~0.06%, Cu:0~ 0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.
- 2. carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Its chemical composition mass percent Including:C:0.02%~0.03%, Si:0.10~0.20%, Mn:0.95%~1.5%, P≤0.01%, S≤0.002%, Cr:0.8%~2.0%, Mo:0.12%~0.25%, Nb:0.03~0.08%, Ti:0.01~0.05%, V:0~ 0.06%, Cu:0~0.50%, Ni:0~0.50%, Pcm≤0.22, remaining is iron and inevitable impurity.
- 3. carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that:The resistance to carbon dioxide is rotten The thickness for losing pipe line steel is 10.0mm~20.0mm.
- 4. such as the preparation method of claim 1-3 any one of them carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steels, it is characterised in that:Including Following steps:After the slab comprising the chemical composition for smelting continuous casting acquisition is heated, roughing and finish rolling are carried out, to obtain Obtain hot rolled plate;The hot rolled plate is subjected to section cooling;The hot rolled plate is coiled into hot rolled coil, obtains finished product;Wherein, roughing outlet temperature is 960 DEG C~1050 DEG C, and finish rolling stage inlet temperature control is at 910 DEG C~950 DEG C, finish to gauge Temperature control is at 840 DEG C~880 DEG C, finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~70%.
- 5. the preparation method of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The roughing goes out Mouth temperature is 980 DEG C~1020 DEG C, and finish rolling stage inlet temperature control is at 910 DEG C~950 DEG C, and finishing temperature control is at 840 DEG C ~860 DEG C, finish rolling stage total deformation 50%~60%.
- 6. the preparation method of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The slab bag Include and heat twice, the tapping temperature after the heating is 1180 DEG C~1240 DEG C, and heating time is controlled in 200min~350min.
- 7. the preparation method of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The roughing rank Duan Gongji rolls 6~8 passages.
- 8. the preparation method of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:The roughing rank The pattern of Duan Caiyong " 1+5 " or " 3+5 ".
- 9. the preparation method of carbon dioxide corrosion resistant pipe line steel according to claim 4, it is characterised in that:It is described to batch temperature Spend for 560 DEG C~680 DEG C.
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