CN107888489A - Route advertising method and device - Google Patents
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- CN107888489A CN107888489A CN201711461723.1A CN201711461723A CN107888489A CN 107888489 A CN107888489 A CN 107888489A CN 201711461723 A CN201711461723 A CN 201711461723A CN 107888489 A CN107888489 A CN 107888489A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/24—Multipath
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0803—Configuration setting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/28—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks using route fault recovery
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- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
Abstract
This disclosure relates to a kind of route advertising method and device.Methods described is applied to router, and methods described includes:For any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;The route to be released is grouped according to destination address;For any packet, a route of route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router is therefrom selected to be distributed to the neighbor router.Any one in a plurality of route that can will reach same destination address according to the route advertising method of the disclosure and device is noticed away, more flexible Path selection and network configuration are provided the user, simultaneously, the a plurality of route being communicated to for different neighbor routers up to same destination address can be realized, an if wherein route break, it can be quickly switched on other paths, avoid causing the interruption of flow as far as possible, can also realize and non-optimal route be configured to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
Description
Technical field
This disclosure relates to network technique field, more particularly to a kind of route advertising method and device.
Background technology
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol, Border Gateway Protocol) is that one kind both can be used for different AS
Between (Autonomous System, autonomous system), the dynamic routing protocol that can be used for again inside same AS.It is currently used
Bgp version be BGP-4, BGP-4 is as Internet exterior routing protocol standards, by ISP (Internet Service
Provider, ISP) extensive use.
Provided according to bgp protocol, when router receives a plurality of route of destination address and mask all same, Zhi Nengtong
A route is accused, for example, noticing optimal route.If optimal route break, flow can not be quickly switched on other paths, made
Into the interruption of flow.
In addition, in current bgp protocol is realized, bgp router is merely able to send plan for optimal matched routings route
Slightly.This processing mode of bgp protocol has lacked flexibility under some network environments.For example, networking as shown in Figure 1
In, router RT2, RT3, RT5, RT6 respectively with RT4 (RT4 RR, English:Route Reflector, Chinese:Route reflection
Device) IBGP neighborhoods are established, ebgp neighbor relation is established between router RT1 and RT2, RT3, RT7 establishes with RT5, RT6
Ebgp neighbor relation.
Assuming that on RT1, it is desirable to which flow goes to RT7 by following two paths, and this two paths is as follows:
Path 1:RT1—>RT2—>RT5—>RT7.
Path 2:RT1—>RT3—>RT6—>RT7.
In the case of existing, bgp protocol have no idea realize because RT7 by route be distributed to RT5 and RT6 it
Afterwards, the route can be distributed to RT4 by RT5 and RT6, and on RT4, its optimal route either comes from RT5 or come from
RT6 (assuming that route optimal on RT4 comes from RT5).When RT4 by route reflection to RT2 and RT3 when, acquire on RT2 and RT3
Route both from RT5.The forward-path of its flow is:
Path 1:RT1—>RT2—>RT5—>RT7.
Path 2:RT1—>RT3—>RT5—>RT7.
Therefore, existing technology can not be communicated to according to the demand of reality up to appointing in a plurality of route of same destination address
One route of meaning, user can not be configured to non-optimal route to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
The content of the invention
In view of this, the present disclosure proposes a kind of route advertising method and device, same destination address will can be reached
Any one in a plurality of route is noticed away, can provide the user more flexible Path selection and network configuration.
According to the one side of the disclosure, there is provided a kind of route advertising method, methods described are applied to router, the side
Method includes:
For any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;
The route to be released is grouped according to destination address;
For any packet, the Yi Tiaolu for therefrom selecting route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router to match
By being distributed to the neighbor router.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a kind of advertising of route device, described device is applied to router, described
Device includes:
Determining module, for for any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;
Grouping module, for the route to be released to be grouped according to destination address;
Matching module, for for any packet, therefrom selecting route outlet corresponding with neighbor router plan
The route slightly matched is distributed to the neighbor router.
Egress policy is route by the way that setting is corresponding with neighbor router, is route for destination address identical, therefrom
One route of selection route egress policy matching corresponding with neighbor router is distributed to the neighbor router.
Can be by appointing in a plurality of route for reaching same destination address according to the route advertising method of the disclosure and device
Meaning one is noticed away, has provided the user more flexible Path selection and network configuration, simultaneously, it is possible to achieve for difference
Neighbor router be communicated to a plurality of route up to same destination address, if a wherein route break, can be switched fast
Onto other paths, avoid causing the interruption of flow as far as possible, can also realize and non-optimal route is configured to meet reality
Flow forwarding demand.
According to below with reference to the accompanying drawings becoming to detailed description of illustrative embodiments, the further feature and aspect of the disclosure
It is clear.
Brief description of the drawings
Comprising in the description and the accompanying drawing of a part for constitution instruction and specification together illustrate the disclosure
Exemplary embodiment, feature and aspect, and for explaining the principle of the disclosure.
Fig. 1 shows the BGP networking schematic diagrams of an example.
Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of the route advertising method according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.
Fig. 3 shows the application scenarios schematic diagram of the route advertising method according to the example of the disclosure one.
Fig. 4 shows the flow chart of the route advertising method according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.
Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the advertising of route device according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.
Fig. 6 shows the block diagram of the advertising of route device according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.
Fig. 7 shows the block diagram of the advertising of route device according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.
Embodiment
Describe various exemplary embodiments, feature and the aspect of the disclosure in detail below with reference to accompanying drawing.It is identical in accompanying drawing
Reference represent the same or analogous element of function.Although the various aspects of embodiment are shown in the drawings, remove
Non-specifically point out, it is not necessary to accompanying drawing drawn to scale.
Special word " exemplary " is meant " being used as example, embodiment or illustrative " herein.Here as " exemplary "
Illustrated any embodiment should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.
In addition, in order to better illustrate the disclosure, numerous details is given in embodiment below.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that without some details, the disclosure can equally be implemented.In some instances, for
Method, means, element and circuit well known to those skilled in the art are not described in detail, in order to highlight the purport of the disclosure.
In order to solve the above technical problems, present disclose provides a kind of route advertising method, Fig. 2 is shown according to the disclosure one
The flow chart of the route advertising method of embodiment, this method can apply to router.As shown in Fig. 2 this method includes:
Step S11, for any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released.
Router will issue the route after from neighbor router study to route to other neighbor routers.Fig. 3 is shown
According to the application scenarios schematic diagram of the route advertising method of the example of the disclosure one, as shown in figure 3, five neighbours of router RT ' connections
Router RT1 ', RT2 ', RT3 ', RT4 ', RT5 ' are occupied, RT ' learns to learn to route 1, from router RT2 ' from router RT1 '
Learn to route 2, from router RT3 ' study to route 3, from router RT4 ' to route 4, from router RT5 ' study to road
By 5, wherein, route 1 is identical with the destination address of route 2, and (2) destination address 1, route 1 are better than route, route 3, route 4 and road
Destination address by 5 is identical, and (destination address 2, route 3 is better than route 4 better than route 5);So, for the route 1 learnt,
RT ' will issue the route to neighbor router RT2 ', RT3 ', RT4 ', RT5 ', will be to neighbours for the route 2, RT ' learnt
Router RT1 ', RT3 ', RT4 ', RT5 ' issue the route ..., likewise, for the route that each learns, Ke Yixiang
Neighbor router in addition to the neighbor router for sending the route issues the route.
Therefore, for neighbor router RT1 ', it may be determined that the route to be released to neighbor router RT1 ' for route 2,
Route 3, route 4, route 5;For neighbor router RT3 ', it may be determined that the route to be released to neighbor router RT3 ' is road
By 1, route 2, route 4, route 5, same any neighbor router for RT ' can be true according to the route learnt
Orient neighbor router route to be released.
Step S12, the route to be released is grouped according to destination address.
As described above, destination address identical route is there may be in the route to be released, for example, being route to neighbours
In route 2 to be released device RT1 ', route 3, route 4, route 5, route 3, route 4 are identical with the destination address of route 5, route
2 destination address and route 3, route 4 and route are 5 different, and route to be released can be divided into two groups according to destination address, the
One group is route 2, and second group is route 3, route 4 and route 5;To route 1 to be released neighbor router RT3 ', route 2, road
By in 4, route 5, route 1 is identical with the destination address of route 2, route 4 is identical with the destination address of route 5, according to destination
Route to be released can be divided into two groups by location, and first group is route 1 and route 2, and second group is route 4 and route 5.
Step S13, for any packet, therefrom select route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router
A route be distributed to the neighbor router.
Wherein, route egress policy refers to the route publishing policy pre-set for neighbor router, route outlet plan
The attribute information of route, such as the source-information of route, destination address, next-hop etc. can slightly be included.For a neighbours road
One or more route egress policys can be pre-set by device, that is to say, that route outlet plan corresponding to a neighbor router
In slightly can include one or more route attribute information, each routing property information include route source-information,
Destination address, next-hop etc..
Wherein, the source-information of route is the information for the neighbor router that route is issued to this router, for example, neighbours road
By the identification information of device.
In a kind of possible implementation, if the attribute information of route to be released includes with route egress policy
The route attribute information it is all identical, then this it is to be released route with route egress policy match.
In one example, routeing egress policy includes the source-information and destination address of route, that is to say, that to neighbours
The source-information and destination address phase for the route that router issue route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router includes
Same route.
Such as route to be released neighbor router RT1 ', first group is route 2, if the route of route 2 is come
The route that source information (router RT2 ') and the route egress policy corresponding with neighbor router RT1 ' of destination address 1 include is come
Source information (router RT2 ') is identical with destination address, then to neighbor router RT1 ' issues route 2, if it is different, then not to neighbour
Occupy router RT1 ' issues route 2.Second group is route 3, route 4 and route 5, it is assumed that route corresponding to neighbor router RT1 '
Egress policy includes:The source-information of route is neighbor router RT4 ', destination address is purpose address 2, then from second group
Middle selection route 4 is sent to neighbor router RT1 '.
Say for another example, for route to be released neighbor router RT3 ', first group is route 1 and route 2, it is assumed that adjacent
Occupying route egress policy corresponding to router RT3 ' includes:The source-information of route is neighbor router RT1 ', destination address is
Destination address 1, then selection route 1 is sent to neighbor router RT3 ' from first group;Second group is route 4 and route 5, vacation
If route egress policy includes corresponding to neighbor router RT3 ':The source-information of route is neighbor router RT5 ', destination
Location is purpose address 2, then selection route 5 is sent to neighbor router RT3 ' from second group.
Therefore, according to the route advertising method of the disclosure, setting route outlet plan corresponding with neighbor router is passed through
Any one in a plurality of route that slightly can will reach same destination address is noticed away, it is possible to achieve to it is non-optimal route into
Row is configured to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
For a plurality of route of destination address identical (for example, route 3, route 4 and route 5), different neighbours can be directed to
Occupy router advertisement and reach a plurality of route of same destination address (for example, sending route 4, to neighbours to neighbor router RT1 '
5) router RT3 ' sends route, if a wherein route break, can be quickly switched on other paths, avoid making as far as possible
Into the interruption of flow, it can also realize and non-optimal route be configured to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
For Fig. 1 example showns, the method shown in Fig. 2 is applied to the RR in Fig. 1, RR can be received from RT5 and RT6
The route of destination address (being assumed to be destination address 3) identical two, it is assumed that pre-set on RR for neighbor router RT3
Route egress policy includes:The source-information of route is neighbor router RT6, destination address is purpose address 3, then, RR exists
Learn to after two routes that from RT5 and RT6, destination address is purpose address 3, the route from RT6 can be selected to send out
Cloth gives neighbor router RT3.
Assuming that include on RR for the route egress policy that neighbor router RT2 is pre-set:The source-information of route is
Neighbor router RT5, destination address are purpose address 3, then, RR is mesh in study to from RT5 and RT6, destination address
Two of address 3 routes after, the route from RT5 can be selected to be distributed to neighbor router RT2.
So, RT2 study learns to the route for coming from RT6 to the route for coming from RT5, RT3, you can to obtain as above
Two described paths.
Path 1:RT1—>RT2—>RT5—>RT7.
Path 2:RT1—>RT3—>RT6—>RT7.
Egress policy is route by the way that setting is corresponding with neighbor router, is route for destination address identical, therefrom
One route of selection route egress policy matching corresponding with neighbor router is distributed to the neighbor router.According to the disclosure
Route advertising method can will reach same destination address a plurality of route in any one notice away, provide the user
More flexible Path selection and network configuration;Simultaneously, it is possible to achieve be communicated to for different neighbor routers up to same
The a plurality of route of destination address, if a wherein route break, can be quickly switched on other paths, avoid causing as far as possible
The interruption of flow, it can also realize and non-optimal route be configured to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
Fig. 4 shows the flow chart of the route advertising method according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.As shown in figure 4, step S13, right
In any packet, a route of route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router is therefrom selected to be distributed to this
Neighbor router, it can include:
Step S131, the route to be released in packet is subjected to priority ranking.
For a plurality of route of destination address identical, according to routing priority can to it is grouped it is to be released route into
Row sequence, for example, still illustrated by taking Fig. 3 as an example, for route to be released neighbor router RT1 ', the first Zu Wei roads
By 2, it is not necessary to be ranked up, second group, to route 3, routeing 4 and route 5, route 3 better than routeing 4 and be better than route 5, then can
To be ranked up from high to low according to priority, can also be ranked up from low to high according to priority, the disclosure is not done to this
Limit;For to route to be released neighbor router RT3 ', first group is route 1 and route 2, and route 1 is better than route 2, the
Two groups are route 4 and route 5, and route 4 is better than route 5.
Step S132, the route to be released route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router of highest priority is selected to enter
Row matching.
Step S133, if the match is successful, the neighbor router is distributed to, and terminate and the neighbours road for the packet
The matching of egress policy is route as corresponding to device.
Step S134, if it fails to match, highest priority is selected in remaining route to be released from the packet
The route to be released egress policy that route corresponding with the neighbor router is matched.
As above, for route to be released neighbor router RT1 ', for first group of route, directly 2 can will be route
Route egress policy corresponding with neighbor router RT1 ' is matched, if the match is successful, is distributed to neighbor router RT1 ',
And terminate the matching of route egress policy corresponding with neighbor router RT1 ', if it fails to match, end operation;For second
Group route can select the route egress policy corresponding with neighbor router RT1 ' of route 3 to be matched, due to neighbor router
Route egress policy includes corresponding to RT1 ':The source-information of route is neighbor router RT4 ', destination address is purpose address
2, therefore, it fails to match;Remaining route (route 4 and route 5) selection highest priority to be released is treated from second group again
Issue route (route 4) route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router is matched, and the match is successful, then is distributed to neighbours
Router RT1 ', and terminate the matching of second group of route route egress policy corresponding with RT1 '.
For to route to be released neighbor router RT3 ', first group is route 1 and route 2, and route 1 is better than route 2,
Route egress policy includes corresponding to neighbor router RT3 ':The source-information of route is neighbor router RT1 ', purpose
Address is purpose address 1, and therefore, the match is successful, then is distributed to neighbor router RT3 ', and first group of route of termination and RT3 ' are right
The matching for the route egress policy answered;Second group is route 4 and route 5, and route 4 is better than route 5, due to neighbor router RT3 '
Corresponding route egress policy includes:The source-information of route is neighbor router RT5 ', destination address is purpose address 2, because
This, it fails to match, then remaining route (route 5) to be released selects the route (road to be released of highest priority from second group
Matched by 5) route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router, the match is successful, then is distributed to neighbor router RT3 ',
And terminate the matching of second group of route route egress policy corresponding with RT3 '.
According to the route advertising method of the disclosure so that when a plurality of route of identical destination address be present, router is not
Optimal path therein is simply sent, but can be flexible to determine what bgp neighbor was sent according to the route egress policy of configuration
Path.
Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the advertising of route device according to the embodiment of the disclosure one, and the device can apply to router.
As shown in figure 5, the device can include:
Determining module 51, for for any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;
Grouping module 52, for the route to be released to be grouped according to destination address;
Matching module 53, for for any packet, therefrom selecting route outlet corresponding with the neighbor router
One route of strategy matching is distributed to the neighbor router.
By setting route processing strategy corresponding with neighbor router, it is route for destination address identical, therefrom
One route of selection route egress policy matching corresponding with neighbor router is distributed to the neighbor router.According to the disclosure
Advertising of route device can will reach same destination address a plurality of route in any one notice away, provide the user
More flexible Path selection and network configuration, simultaneously, it is possible to achieve be communicated to for different neighbor routers up to same
The a plurality of route of destination address, if a wherein route break, can be quickly switched on other paths, avoid causing as far as possible
The interruption of flow, it can also realize and non-optimal route be configured to meet that actual flow forwards demand.
In a kind of possible implementation, the route egress policy includes the attribute information of route;The route
Attribute information includes one or several in the source-information, destination address, next-hop of route;The source-information of the route is
To the information of the neighbor router of this router issue route;
The selection route for routeing egress policy and matching corresponding with the neighbor router, including:
If the attribute information for the route that the attribute information of route to be released includes with route egress policy is complete
Portion is identical, then the route to be released matches with route egress policy.
Fig. 6 shows the block diagram of the advertising of route device according to the embodiment of the disclosure one.As shown in fig. 6,
In a kind of possible implementation, the matching module includes:
Sequencing unit 531, for the route to be released in packet to be carried out into priority ranking;
Matching unit 532, for selecting the route to be released of highest priority is corresponding with the neighbor router to route out
Mouth strategy is matched;
Release unit 533, if for the match is successful, be distributed to the neighbor router, and for the packet terminate with
The matching of route egress policy corresponding to the neighbor router.
In a kind of possible implementation, if the matching unit 532 is additionally operable to, it fails to match, from the packet
The route to be released route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router of highest priority is selected in remaining route to be released
Matched.
Fig. 7 is a kind of block diagram for advertising of route device 900 according to an exemplary embodiment.Reference picture 7, should
Device 900 may include processor 901, be stored with the machinable medium 902 of machine-executable instruction.Processor 901 with
Machinable medium 902 can communicate via system bus 903.Also, processor 901 passes through read machine readable storage medium
Machine-executable instruction corresponding with advertising of route logic is to perform route advertising method described above in matter 902.
Machinable medium 902 referred to herein can be any electronics, magnetic, optics or other physical stores
Device, can be included or storage information, such as executable instruction, data, etc..For example, machinable medium can be:
RAM (Radom Access Memory, random access memory), volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, flash memory, storage are driven
Dynamic device (such as hard disk drive), solid state hard disc, any kind of storage dish (such as CD, dvd), or similar storage are situated between
Matter, or combinations thereof.
It is described above the presently disclosed embodiments, described above is exemplary, and non-exclusive, and
It is not limited to disclosed each embodiment.In the case of without departing from the scope and spirit of illustrated each embodiment, for this skill
Many modifications and changes will be apparent from for the those of ordinary skill in art field.The selection of term used herein, purport
The principle of each embodiment, practical application or technological improvement to the technology in market are best being explained, or is leading this technology
Other those of ordinary skill in domain are understood that each embodiment disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of route advertising method, it is characterised in that methods described is applied to router, and methods described includes:
For any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;
The route to be released is grouped according to destination address;
For any packet, a route of route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router is therefrom selected to send out
Cloth gives the neighbor router.
2. route advertising method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The route egress policy includes the attribute information of route;Source-information of the attribute information of the route including route,
One or several in destination address, next-hop;The source-information of the route is the neighbours road that route is issued to this router
By the information of device;
The route for selecting default route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router, including:
If the attribute information for the route that the attribute information of route to be released includes with default route egress policy
All identical, then the route to be released matches with default route egress policy.
3. route advertising method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that described for any packet, Cong Zhongxuan
A route for selecting default route egress policy matching corresponding with the neighbor router is distributed to the neighbor router, wraps
Include:
Route to be released in packet is subjected to priority ranking;
The route to be released route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router of highest priority is selected to be matched;
If the match is successful, the neighbor router is distributed to, and road corresponding with the neighbor router is terminated for the packet
By the matching of egress policy.
4. route advertising method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that this method also includes:
If it fails to match, the route to be released of highest priority is selected in remaining route to be released from the packet with being somebody's turn to do
Route egress policy is matched corresponding to neighbor router.
5. a kind of advertising of route device, it is characterised in that described device is applied to router, and described device includes:
Determining module, for for any neighbor router, it is determined that to neighbor router route to be released;
Grouping module, for the route to be released to be grouped according to destination address;
Matching module, for for any packet, therefrom selecting route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router
The route matched somebody with somebody is distributed to the neighbor router.
6. advertising of route device according to claim 5, it is characterised in that
The route egress policy includes the attribute information of route;Source-information of the attribute information of the route including route,
One or several in destination address, next-hop;The source-information of the route is the neighbours road that route is issued to this router
By the information of device;
The selection route for routeing egress policy and matching corresponding with the neighbor router, including:
If the attribute information whole phase for the route that the attribute information of route to be released includes with route egress policy
Together, then the route to be released matches with route egress policy.
7. advertising of route device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that the matching module includes:
Sequencing unit, for the route to be released in packet to be carried out into priority ranking;
Matching unit, for selecting the route to be released of highest priority route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router to enter
Row matching;
Release unit, if for the match is successful, the neighbor router is distributed to, and terminate and the neighbours road for the packet
The matching of egress policy is route as corresponding to device.
8. advertising of route device according to claim 7, it is characterised in that
If the matching unit is additionally operable to, it fails to match, and priority is selected most in remaining route to be released from the packet
High route to be released route egress policy corresponding with the neighbor router is matched.
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CN114124780A (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2022-03-01 | 迈普通信技术股份有限公司 | Route publishing method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
CN114143807A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2022-03-04 | 中盈优创资讯科技有限公司 | Method and device for evaluating integrity rate of route registration |
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CN114143807A (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2022-03-04 | 中盈优创资讯科技有限公司 | Method and device for evaluating integrity rate of route registration |
CN114143807B (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2023-08-08 | 中盈优创资讯科技有限公司 | Route registration integrity rate evaluation method and device |
CN114124780A (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2022-03-01 | 迈普通信技术股份有限公司 | Route publishing method, device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
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