CN107887904A - A kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system - Google Patents

A kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107887904A
CN107887904A CN201711082863.8A CN201711082863A CN107887904A CN 107887904 A CN107887904 A CN 107887904A CN 201711082863 A CN201711082863 A CN 201711082863A CN 107887904 A CN107887904 A CN 107887904A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
module
load
voltage
virtual synchronous
power
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CN201711082863.8A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
侍红兵
袁德刚
唐华
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
Yancheng Power Supply Co of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
Original Assignee
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
Yancheng Power Supply Co of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd
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Application filed by State Grid Corp of China SGCC, State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd, Yancheng Power Supply Co of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co Ltd filed Critical State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Priority to CN201711082863.8A priority Critical patent/CN107887904A/en
Publication of CN107887904A publication Critical patent/CN107887904A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks

Abstract

The invention provides a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system, and it includes dispatching of power netwoks end, system-level concentration tuning controller, Active Power Filter-APF APF, AC power and environment monitoring module;Also include photovoltaic generating module, power electronics load module, energy-storage system module, reactive compensation module, customer charge module and device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller;The device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is controlled the power electronics load module and the energy-storage system module in real time, the system-level concentration tuning controller is controlled to whole system, load virtual synchronous machine is reached the control targe of primary frequency modulation and frequency modulation frequency modulation.Response time of the present invention according to different load virtual synchronous machine, controlled range, propose the device level controllable burden decentralised control methodology based on virtual synchronous frequency modulation and voltage modulation technology, realize in the short time or during communication failure system virtual synchronous machine autonomous operation.

Description

A kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system
Technical field
The invention belongs to motor control technology field, more particularly to a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinates control system System.
Background technology
With being continuously increased for new energy permeability, the installation ratio of conventional synchronization generator will be reduced gradually, power train Spinning reserve capacity and rotary inertia in system are relative to be reduced, and this safe and stable operation to power network brings severe challenge.Again Person, combining inverter control strategy is different, and distributed power source output power has the characteristics that fluctuation, uncertain in addition, very Difficulty realizes its plug and play and autonomous coordinated operation.Synchronous generator has friendly advantage natural to power network, if using for reference tradition Operation of Electric Systems experience, make combining inverter that there is the operation characteristic of similar synchronous generator, then distributed power source can be achieved Friendly access and improve stability of power system.In addition, the related control strategies of conventional synchronization generator and theory analysis side Method can be also effectively introduced into wherein.
Therefore, domestic and foreign scholars propose virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology, the synchronous hair of combining inverter simulation can be made Motor operation mechanism.Specifically, main ontology model, active frequency modulation and idle pressure regulation by simulating synchronous generator etc. Characteristic, make combining inverter can be comparable with conventional synchronization generator from operating mechanism and external characteristics.VSG is because being integrated with synchronization The advantages of generator and enjoy scholar to favor, its application in modern power systems also will be increasingly extensive.VSG essence is to pass through The operation principle of inverter simulation synchronous generator is controlled, so as to obtain the operation characteristic of similar synchronous generator.VSG control with The essential distinction of conventional inverter control is that the former simulates the operating mechanism of synchronous generator by control algolithm, but it still may be used Part retains traditional inverter control link.
The content of the invention
Response time of the present invention according to different load virtual synchronous machine, controlled range, proposition are based on virtual synchronous frequency modulation The device level controllable burden decentralised control methodology of voltage-regulating technique, the virtual synchronous of system when realizing interior short time or communication failure Machine autonomous operation.
The present invention is specially a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system, and the building type load is virtually same Step machine coordinated control system includes dispatching of power netwoks end, system-level concentration tuning controller, Active Power Filter-APF APF, alternating current Source and environment monitoring module;The dispatching of power netwoks end is carried out with the system-level concentration tuning controller by signal transmssion line It is bi-directionally connected;The system-level concentration tuning controller is bi-directionally connected with signal transmission bus;The active power filtering Device APF is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, and the Active Power Filter-APF APF and corresponding grid-connected switch pass through signal Transmission line is connected to signal transmission bus;The AC power is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, and the grid-connected switch is also Signal transmission bus is connected to by signal transmssion line;The environment monitoring module is connected to signal by signal transmssion line and transmitted Bus;
The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also includes photovoltaic generating module, power electronics load mould Block, energy-storage system module, reactive compensation module and customer charge module;The photovoltaic generating module include photovoltaic module array, Header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the photovoltaic module array pass sequentially through header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected opened Connection is connected to electrical bus, and it is total that header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to signal transmission by signal transmssion line Line;The power electronics load module includes cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch, the cold heat load and led to successively Over commutation device and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to electrical bus;The energy-storage system module includes battery management system BMS, battery Heap, bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the battery pile pass sequentially through bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected opened Connection is connected to electrical bus, and the battery management system BMS is connected to battery pile by signal transmssion line;The reactive-load compensation mould Block is connected to electrical bus by corresponding grid-connected switch, and the grid-connected switch is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line; The customer charge module include electric automobile charging pile, general load and can cutting load, it is electric automobile charging pile, general negative Lotus and can cutting load electrical bus is connected to by respective grid-connected switch, each corresponding grid-connected switch passes through letter Number transmission line is connected to signal transmission bus;
The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also includes device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller, described to set Standby level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line, and the device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is also It is connected by signal transmssion line to the cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch of power electronics load module, it is described to set Standby level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is also inverse by signal transmssion line and the battery management system BMS and biphase rectification of energy-storage system module Become device to be connected;
The device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is carried out to the power electronics load module and the energy-storage system module Control in real time, the system-level concentration tuning controller are controlled to whole system, load virtual synchronous machine is reached once The control targe of frequency modulation and frequency modulation frequency modulation.
Further, the voltage-regulating system of virtual synchronous machine is the voltage control system of a closed loop, same by measuring The terminal voltage of generator is walked, excitation voltage is controlled according to the change of terminal voltage, to keep the stabilization of generator voltage.
Further, the voltage-regulating system includes voltage tune difference module and proportional, integral adjustment module;The electricity Pressure adjusts the formula of voltage difference coefficient of difference module to beWherein, Δ UDChange for the terminal voltage of generator, Δ IQ Change for reactive current, the value of difference coefficient is smaller, and the fluctuation of voltage is each in parallel to ensure with regard to smaller during sudden load change Inverter undertakes corresponding load by rated capacity, and lower relation of plane is also met between difference coefficient and distribution power:K1Q1= K2Q2=...=KnQn, difference coefficient is smaller, and the power of distribution is bigger;The proportional, integral adjustment module share three it is defeated Enter, respectively the rated voltage U of virtual synchronous generatorref, voltage adjust difference module output U 'refAnd inverter output U0, Its specific regulation process is:Work as QNDuring=Q, that is, virtual synchronous generator operation is in the state of nominal reactive, U 'ref =Uref, the output voltage of system is rated voltage, when reactive load is mutated, Δ Q ≠ 0, and by the regulation of excitation controller, System operation is in a new voltage level.
Further, the detailed process of the frequency regulation of virtual synchronous machine is:It is synchronous when system operation is in rated frequency Power input to machine changes delta PmIt is zero, the output of functions combination device is rated power PmN, now balanced with electromagnetic power;Work as load When uprushing, virtual synchronous motor output electromagnetic power increases therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now become therewith Change, virtual synchronous generator power is unbalance, and system frequency reduces therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system is adjusted by frequency System call interception inputs mechanical output, until it is balanced with electromagnetic power again, frequency settles out again;When load dump, Virtual synchronous motor output electromagnetic power reduces therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now change therewith, virtual same Step generator power is unbalance, and system frequency increases therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system is defeated by functions combination system call interception Enter mechanical output, until it is balanced with electromagnetic power again, frequency settles out again;When load is uprushed, inputted in increase Frequency is also diminishing while mechanical output, and this is primary frequency modulation;System is set to come back to volume by changing frequency adjustment curve Determine frequency, as frequency modulation frequency modulation.
Further, for the different inverter of capacity, it loads distribution and meets R1P1=R2P2=...=RnPn, RnFor Difference coefficient, PnFor the load of n-th inverter distribution.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structure composition schematic diagram of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structured flowchart of voltage-regulating system of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the structured flowchart of frequency regulating system of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to a kind of specific embodiment party of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system of the present invention Formula elaborates.
As shown in figure 1, the building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system of the present invention includes dispatching of power netwoks end, system Level concentrates tuning controller, Active Power Filter-APF APF, AC power and environment monitoring module;The dispatching of power netwoks end with The system-level concentration tuning controller is bi-directionally connected by signal transmssion line;It is described it is system-level concentration tuning controller with Signal transmission bus is bi-directionally connected;The Active Power Filter-APF APF is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, described Active Power Filter-APF APF and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line;The alternating current Source is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, and the grid-connected switch is also connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line;Institute State environment monitoring module and signal transmission bus is connected to by signal transmssion line.
The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also includes photovoltaic generating module, power electronics load mould Block, energy-storage system module, reactive compensation module and customer charge module;The photovoltaic generating module include photovoltaic module array, Header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the photovoltaic module array pass sequentially through header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected opened Connection is connected to electrical bus, and it is total that header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to signal transmission by signal transmssion line Line;The power electronics load module includes cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch, the cold heat load and led to successively Over commutation device and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to electrical bus;The energy-storage system module includes battery management system BMS, battery Heap, bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the battery pile pass sequentially through bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected opened Connection is connected to electrical bus, and the battery management system BMS is connected to battery pile by signal transmssion line;The reactive-load compensation mould Block is connected to electrical bus by corresponding grid-connected switch, and the grid-connected switch is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line; The customer charge module include electric automobile charging pile, general load and can cutting load, it is electric automobile charging pile, general negative Lotus and can cutting load electrical bus is connected to by respective grid-connected switch, each corresponding grid-connected switch passes through letter Number transmission line is connected to signal transmission bus.
The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also includes device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller, described to set Standby level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line, and the device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is also It is connected by signal transmssion line to the cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch of power electronics load module, it is described to set Standby level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is also inverse by signal transmssion line and the battery management system BMS and biphase rectification of energy-storage system module Become device to be connected.
The device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is carried out to the power electronics load module and the energy-storage system module Control in real time, the system-level concentration tuning controller are controlled to whole system, load virtual synchronous machine is reached once The control targe of frequency modulation and frequency modulation frequency modulation.
As shown in Fig. 2 the voltage-regulating system of virtual synchronous machine is the voltage control system of a closed loop, it is same by measuring The terminal voltage of generator is walked, excitation voltage is controlled according to the change of terminal voltage, to keep the stabilization of generator voltage.
The voltage-regulating system includes voltage and adjusts difference module and proportional, integral adjustment module;The voltage adjusts differential mode The formula of the voltage difference coefficient of block isWherein, Δ UDChange for the terminal voltage of generator, Δ IQFor idle electricity Rheology, the value of difference coefficient is smaller, and the fluctuation of voltage is with regard to smaller during sudden load change, to ensure each inverter in parallel Corresponding load is undertaken by rated capacity, lower relation of plane is also met between difference coefficient and distribution power:K1Q1=K2Q2=... =KnQn, difference coefficient is smaller, and the power of distribution is bigger;The proportional, integral adjustment module shares three inputs, is respectively The rated voltage U of virtual synchronous generatorref, voltage adjust difference module output U 'refAnd inverter output U0, its specific tune Section process is:Work as QNDuring=Q, that is, virtual synchronous generator operation is in the state of nominal reactive, U 'ref=Uref, system Output voltage be rated voltage, when reactive load is mutated, Δ Q ≠ 0, by the regulation of excitation controller, system operation exists One new voltage level.
As shown in figure 3, the detailed process of the frequency regulation of virtual synchronous machine is:When system operation is in rated frequency, together Walk power input to machine changes delta PmIt is zero, the output of functions combination device is rated power PmN, now balanced with electromagnetic power;When negative When load is uprushed, virtual synchronous motor output electromagnetic power increases therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now become therewith Change, virtual synchronous generator power is unbalance, and system frequency reduces therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system is adjusted by frequency System call interception inputs mechanical output, until it is balanced with electromagnetic power again, frequency settles out again;When load dump, Virtual synchronous motor output electromagnetic power reduces therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now change therewith, virtual same Step generator power is unbalance, and system frequency increases therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system is defeated by functions combination system call interception Enter mechanical output, until it is balanced with electromagnetic power again, frequency settles out again;When load is uprushed, inputted in increase Frequency is also diminishing while mechanical output, and this is primary frequency modulation;System is set to come back to volume by changing frequency adjustment curve Determine frequency, as frequency modulation frequency modulation.
For the different inverter of capacity, it loads distribution and meets R1P1=R2P2=...=RnPn, RnTo adjust difference system Number,PnFor the load of n-th inverter distribution.
Finally it should be noted that only illustrating technical scheme rather than its limitations with reference to above-described embodiment.Institute The those of ordinary skill in category field is it is to be understood that those skilled in the art can repair to the embodiment of the present invention Change or equivalent substitution, but these modifications or change are among pending claims are applied for.

Claims (5)

  1. A kind of 1. building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system, it is characterised in that the building type load virtual synchronous Machine coordinated control system includes dispatching of power netwoks end, system-level concentration tuning controller, Active Power Filter-APF APF, AC power And environment monitoring module;The dispatching of power netwoks end is carried out double with the system-level concentration tuning controller by signal transmssion line To connection;The system-level concentration tuning controller is bi-directionally connected with signal transmission bus;The Active Power Filter-APF APF is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, and the Active Power Filter-APF APF and corresponding grid-connected switch are passed by signal Defeated line is connected to signal transmission bus;The AC power is connected to electrical bus by grid-connected switch, and the grid-connected switch is also logical Cross signal transmssion line and be connected to signal transmission bus;The environment monitoring module is connected to signal transmission always by signal transmssion line Line;
    The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also include photovoltaic generating module, power electronics load module, Energy-storage system module, reactive compensation module and customer charge module;The photovoltaic generating module includes photovoltaic module array, confluxed Case, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the photovoltaic module array pass sequentially through header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch and connected Electrical bus is connected to, header box, inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line;Institute Stating power electronics load module includes cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch, and the cold heat load passes sequentially through whole Stream device and corresponding grid-connected switch are connected to electrical bus;The energy-storage system module include battery management system BMS, battery pile, Bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch, the battery pile passes sequentially through bidirectional rectifying inverter and corresponding grid-connected switch connects Electrical bus is connected to, the battery management system BMS is connected to battery pile by signal transmssion line;The reactive compensation module leads to Cross corresponding grid-connected switch and be connected to electrical bus, the grid-connected switch is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line;It is described Customer charge module include electric automobile charging pile, general load and can cutting load, electric automobile charging pile, general load with And can cutting load electrical bus is connected to by respective grid-connected switch, each corresponding grid-connected switch is passed by signal Defeated line is connected to signal transmission bus;
    The building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system also includes device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller, the device level Frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller is connected to signal transmission bus by signal transmssion line, and the device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller also passes through Signal transmssion line is connected to the cold heat load, rectifier and corresponding grid-connected switch of power electronics load module, the device level Frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller also passes through signal transmssion line and the battery management system BMS and bidirectional rectifying inverter of energy-storage system module It is connected;
    The device level frequency modulation and voltage modulation controller carries out real-time to the power electronics load module and the energy-storage system module Control, the system-level concentration tuning controller are controlled to whole system, load virtual synchronous machine is reached primary frequency modulation With the control targe of frequency modulation frequency modulation.
  2. 2. a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that virtual The voltage-regulating system of synchronous machine is the voltage control system of a closed loop, by measuring the terminal voltage of synchronous generator, according to The change control excitation voltage of terminal voltage, to keep the stabilization of generator voltage.
  3. 3. a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that described Voltage-regulating system includes voltage and adjusts difference module and proportional, integral adjustment module;It is poor that the voltage adjusts the voltage of difference module to adjust The formula of coefficient isWherein, Δ UDChange for the terminal voltage of generator, Δ IQChange for reactive current, it is poor to adjust The value of coefficient is smaller, and the fluctuation of voltage is with regard to smaller during sudden load change, to ensure that each inverter in parallel presses rated capacity Corresponding load is undertaken, lower relation of plane is also met between difference coefficient and distribution power:K1Q1=K2Q2=...=HnQn, it is poor to adjust Coefficient is smaller, and the power of distribution is bigger;The proportional, integral adjustment module shares three inputs, and respectively virtual synchronous is sent out The rated voltage U of motorref, voltage adjust difference module output U 'refAnd inverter output U0, it specifically adjusts process and is: Work as QNDuring=Q, that is, virtual synchronous generator operation is in the state of nominal reactive, U 'ref=Uref, the output voltage of system For rated voltage, when reactive load is mutated, Δ Q ≠ 0, by the regulation of excitation controller, system operation is in a new electricity Voltage levels.
  4. 4. a kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that virtual Synchronous machine frequency regulation detailed process be:When system operation is in rated frequency, synchronous motor input power changes delta Pm It is zero, the output of functions combination device is rated power PmN, now balanced with electromagnetic power;When load is uprushed, virtual synchronous motor Output electromagnetic power increases therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now change therewith, virtual synchronous generator power Unbalance, system frequency reduces therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system adjusts input mechanical output by frequency regulating system, Until it is balanced with electromagnetic power again, frequency settles out again;When load dump, virtual synchronous motor output electromagnetic work Rate reduces therewith, but mechanical output control lag, can not now change therewith, and virtual synchronous generator power is unbalance, system Frequency increases therewith, and after detecting frequency change, system inputs mechanical output by functions combination system call interception, until it is again Balanced with electromagnetic power, frequency settles out again;When load is uprushed, frequency also exists while increase inputs mechanical output Diminish, this is primary frequency modulation;System is set to come back to rated frequency, as frequency modulation frequency modulation by changing frequency adjustment curve.
  5. A kind of 5. building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system according to claim 4, it is characterised in that for The different inverter of capacity, it loads distribution and meets R1P1=R2P2=...=RnPn, RnFor difference coefficient, PnFor n-th inversion The load of power distribution.
CN201711082863.8A 2017-11-07 2017-11-07 A kind of building type load virtual synchronous machine coordinated control system Pending CN107887904A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108832657A (en) * 2018-06-22 2018-11-16 太原理工大学 Alternating current-direct current mixing micro-capacitance sensor bidirectional power converter virtual synchronous motor control method
CN110336330A (en) * 2019-06-06 2019-10-15 东南大学 An a kind of air conditioner load virtual synchronous group of planes participates in the regulation method of power grid interaction

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102355057A (en) * 2011-09-25 2012-02-15 国网电力科学研究院 Computer monitoring method for microgrid system
CN202651785U (en) * 2012-04-28 2013-01-02 中国电力科学研究院 AC/DC mixed type micro-grid system
CN105305491A (en) * 2015-11-03 2016-02-03 国家电网公司 Virtual synchronous generator-based photovoltaic power control strategy

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102355057A (en) * 2011-09-25 2012-02-15 国网电力科学研究院 Computer monitoring method for microgrid system
CN202651785U (en) * 2012-04-28 2013-01-02 中国电力科学研究院 AC/DC mixed type micro-grid system
CN105305491A (en) * 2015-11-03 2016-02-03 国家电网公司 Virtual synchronous generator-based photovoltaic power control strategy

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108832657A (en) * 2018-06-22 2018-11-16 太原理工大学 Alternating current-direct current mixing micro-capacitance sensor bidirectional power converter virtual synchronous motor control method
CN108832657B (en) * 2018-06-22 2021-03-02 太原理工大学 Control method for virtual synchronous motor of alternating current-direct current hybrid microgrid bidirectional power converter
CN110336330A (en) * 2019-06-06 2019-10-15 东南大学 An a kind of air conditioner load virtual synchronous group of planes participates in the regulation method of power grid interaction

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