CN107862465B - Cost measurement method and system for power informatization project - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cost measurement method and a cost measurement system for an electric power informatization project, wherein the method comprises the steps of determining a project professional complexity coefficient and a project technology complexity coefficient; carrying out workload prediction on each level of subject of the project, and determining workload influence factors of each level of subject; obtaining the workload of each first-level subject according to the parameters, calculating to obtain the cost of each first-level subject according to the unit workload cost corresponding to the workload of each first-level subject, and accumulating the cost of each first-level subject to obtain the total cost of the project; the system comprises a first human-computer interaction unit, a second human-computer interaction unit, a third human-computer interaction unit and a fourth human-computer interaction unit, wherein the first human-computer interaction unit is used for acquiring a professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, each first-level subject estimation workload, each first-level subject workload influence factor and unit workload cost input by a user; the system comprises a workload calculation unit and a cost calculation unit, and is used for calculating the workload and the cost of each level of subject and outputting the total cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electric power informatization project evaluation, in particular to a cost measurement method and system for an electric power informatization project.
Background
The increasing development of the power industry is accompanied with the arrival of the internet information era, more power industry informatization projects occupy the proportion of the power industry projects, the cost measurement method of the power industry informatization projects is a difficult problem, resource waste or cost insufficiency is often caused by inaccurate cost measurement, the project cost is difficult to objectively and comprehensively reflect by only carrying out cost analysis from the technical angle or the flow angle, and the traditional methods such as the analogy method and the deduction method excessively depend on the cost estimation accuracy of the industry/historical project.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of inaccurate cost measurement of the power informatization project in the background technology, the invention provides a method and a system for measuring the cost of the power informatization project, the method and the system do not depend on the accuracy of cost measurement of other projects, can independently measure the cost of one information project, and have stronger objectivity and accuracy, and the method for measuring the cost of the power informatization project comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining project professional complexity coefficients according to professional complexity evaluation standards, and determining project technical complexity coefficients according to technical complexity evaluation standards;
step 2, determining the estimated workload related to each first-level subject, wherein the first-level subject comprises service diagnosis, demand analysis, scheme design, system development, system implementation, system integration, new technology application and project management;
step 3, determining a workload influence factor of each primary subject according to the project condition, wherein the workload influence factor is a proportional parameter for finely adjusting the workload of each primary subject according to the actual condition of the project;
step 4, obtaining the workload of each first-level subject, wherein the workload of the first-level subject is obtained by the product of a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, the estimated workload of the corresponding first-level subject and a workload influence factor;
step 5, obtaining the total project cost, wherein the total project cost is obtained by accumulating the cost of each primary subject, and the cost of each primary subject is obtained by the product of the workload of the corresponding primary subject and the cost of the unit workload;
further, the professional complexity evaluation criteria comprise analysis according to project classification, service span, early-stage preposition project achievement and management innovation; the technical complexity evaluation criteria comprise analysis according to technical maturity, data magnitude and integration interface;
further, the value range of the professional complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4; the value range of the technical complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4;
further, the value range of the workload influence factor is 0.8-1.5;
further, the primary subjects include secondary subjects; the estimated workload of the first-level subject is the sum of the estimated workloads of the corresponding second-level subjects; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and control and field management and control;
further, the unit workload cost includes a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost; the subjects using the workload cost of the development unit comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration; the subjects using the implementation unit workload cost include system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration.
The cost measurement system for the power informatization project comprises:
the first human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving a professional complexity coefficient and a technical complexity coefficient input by a user;
the second human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving the estimated workload of each level of subject input by the user; the first-level subjects comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, system implementation, system integration, new technology application and project management;
the third human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving workload influence factors of each level of subject input by a user, and the workload influence factors are proportional parameters for finely adjusting the workload of each level of subject according to the actual condition of a project;
the workload calculation unit is used for calculating the workload of each level of subject according to the information received by the first human-computer interaction unit, the second human-computer interaction unit and the third human-computer interaction unit, and the workload of each level of subject is obtained by the product of a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, the workload of the corresponding level of subject and a workload influence factor; the workload calculation unit is connected with the first human-computer interaction unit, the second human-computer interaction unit and the third human-computer interaction unit;
the fourth man-machine interaction unit is used for obtaining the unit workload cost input by the user;
the cost calculation unit is used for obtaining the cost of each grade of subject and the total cost of the project according to the workload of each grade of subject calculated by the workload calculation unit and the unit workload cost; the cost calculation unit is connected with the working capacity calculation unit and the fourth man-machine interaction unit;
furthermore, the professional complexity coefficient input by the first human-computer interaction unit is in a range of 0.6-1.4, and the technical complexity coefficient is in a range of 0.6-1.4; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts output error and prompts correct input range;
further, the range of workload influence factors input by a user of the third human-computer interaction unit is 0.8-1.5; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts output error and prompts correct input range;
furthermore, each first-level subject of the second human-computer interaction unit comprises a plurality of second-level subjects, and the second human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving the estimated workload of each second-level subject received by the user; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and control and field management and control;
further, the unit workload includes a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost; the fourth interaction unit is used for receiving the development unit workload cost and the implementation unit workload cost input by the user; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration by using the workload cost of a development unit; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration by using implementation unit workload cost.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the technical scheme of the invention provides a cost measurement method and a cost measurement system for an electric power informatization project, the method and the system do not depend on the measurement accuracy of other projects and are considered comprehensively, factors in the aspects of technology, business, process, management and the like are integrated to form an integrated measurement method, and the system directly obtains the total workload of the project and the cost measurement method according to indexes such as estimated cost input by a user, so that the early preparation of project implementation is more rapid and efficient.
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A more complete understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be had by reference to the following drawings in which:
fig. 1 is a flowchart of a cost measurement method for an electric power informatization project according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a block diagram of a cost measurement system for an electric power informatization project according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein, which are provided for complete and complete disclosure of the present invention and to fully convey the scope of the present invention to those skilled in the art. The terminology used in the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In the drawings, the same units/elements are denoted by the same reference numerals.
Unless otherwise defined, terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Further, it will be understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a cost measurement method for an electric power informatization project according to an embodiment of the present invention; the measuring method does not depend on the accuracy of cost measurement of other prior projects, independently measures the cost of an information project, and has stronger objectivity and accuracy, and the cost measuring method of the power information project comprises the following steps:
further, the value range of the professional complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4; the value range of the technical complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4;
further, the primary subjects include secondary subjects; the estimated workload of the first-level subject is the sum of the estimated workloads of the corresponding second-level subjects; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and control and field management and control;
103, determining a workload influence factor of each primary subject according to a project condition, wherein the workload influence factor is a proportional parameter for finely adjusting the workload of each primary subject according to the actual condition of the project; the value range of the workload influence factor is 0.8-1.5;
104, acquiring the workload of each first-level subject, wherein the workload of the first-level subject is obtained by the product of a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, the estimated workload of the corresponding first-level subject and a workload influence factor;
105, obtaining the total project cost, wherein the total project cost is obtained by accumulating the cost of each primary subject, and the cost of each primary subject is obtained by the product of the workload of the corresponding primary subject and the cost of the unit workload;
the unit workload cost comprises a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost; the subjects using the workload cost of the development unit comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration; the subjects using the implementation unit workload cost comprise system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration;
furthermore, the project management cost generally accounts for a low proportion of the total cost, and can be obtained in a form of not being suitable for the product of the workload of the first-level subject and the unit workload cost, and the whole workload and the whole cost are directly estimated;
preferably, the unit of the workload may be day or hour; selecting 1600 yuan/person day as the workload cost of a development unit by referring to per-capita standard rate published by China software industry Association; selecting 1100 yuan/person day as the cost of the workload of the implementation unit;
furthermore, the investigation of the current business situation refers to the workload generated by investigating the current business situation related to the information project, the difference degree of the current business of each unit and the existing problems; the service problem diagnosis and analysis refers to diagnosis and analysis of the reasons of the service problems and the workload caused by the possible influences, and the service optimization and integration refers to the workload generated by service flow reconstruction and optimization and integration according to diagnosis and analysis results;
furthermore, the requirement investigation refers to the workload generated by the service requirement that an investigation project unit needs to realize an information project; the demand analysis is the workload generated by analyzing and abstracting various demand information and establishing a conceptual model for an information project target; the requirement confirmation refers to the workload generated by researching, determining and measuring the requirement document by the project unit and the construction unit together;
further, the functional design refers to the workload generated by designing the system functions according to the requirements confirmed by the project units; the database design is to construct an optimal database mode, establish a database and an application system thereof, enable the database to effectively store, process and analyze data and meet the workload generated by the application requirements of users; the safety protection design refers to the workload generated by developing the safety protection design according to the safety protection requirements of the project information; the disaster recovery design refers to the workload generated by the disaster recovery design according to the project disaster recovery construction requirements; the visual design refers to the workload generated by system design from the interface angle according to the requirements of project units;
further, the database development refers to the workload generated by encoding the database according to the database design result; the function development refers to the workload generated by the function realization according to the function design result; the internal test refers to the workload generated by unit test, integration test, acceptance test, system test and user acceptance test for ensuring the software development quality;
further, the difference analysis and scheme design means analyzing the difference between the current business situation and the system design and compiling the workload generated by the specific implementation scheme; the data collection and processing refers to collecting basic data required by project implementation and carrying out necessary verification and processing to generate workload; the system deployment and configuration refers to workload generated by installation, deployment and initialization of software products; the system test refers to the function and performance test after the system is deployed and debugged; the training refers to the workload generated by performing function training on a user and performing technical training on maintenance personnel; the online preparation and switching refers to the workload generated by preparing the scheme, strategy and emergency plan required by the system for switching online; the online test operation support refers to the workload generated by technical support of a behavior period of three months after the system is online;
furthermore, the integrated design research and development refers to the workload of designing an integrated route, formulating an integrated scheme and realizing an integrated interface in the system design research and development process; the integrated implementation refers to the workload generated by the basic configuration (such as data exchange, data center, operation monitoring and the like), interface implementation and technical service corresponding to data in the system implementation process;
furthermore, the new technology application refers to the workload generated by adopting a new technical means inside and outside the industry to improve the service processing capacity or performance of the information system; the new technology is used for the first time in the international, domestic, electric power industry or enterprise and can solve new technical problems; the new technology practical research workload refers to the workload generated by the practical research of the new technology in enterprises; the new technology application workload refers to the workload generated by the trial and popularization of the research result of the new technology;
further, the centralized management and control means that project management teams of the enterprise centralized organization provide workload generated by management and coordination for project construction; the field management and control refers to the workload generated by providing management and coordination for project construction by field project managers.
Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a cost measurement system for an electric power informatization project according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cost measurement system for the power informatization project comprises:
a first human-machine interaction unit 201, wherein the first human-machine interaction unit 201 is used for receiving a professional complexity coefficient and a technical complexity coefficient input by a user;
the second human-computer interaction unit 202, where the second human-computer interaction unit 202 is configured to receive the estimated workload of each level of subject input by the user; the first-level subjects comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, system implementation, system integration, new technology application and project management;
a third human-computer interaction unit 203, where the third human-computer interaction unit 203 is configured to receive a workload influence factor of each level of subject input by a user, and the workload influence factor is a proportional parameter for performing fine adjustment on the workload of each level of subject according to an actual condition of a project;
the workload calculation unit 204 is configured to calculate workloads of each level of subject according to information received by the first human-computer interaction unit 201, the second human-computer interaction unit 202, and the third human-computer interaction unit 203, where the workload of each level of subject is obtained by multiplying a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, and a corresponding workload of each level of subject by a workload influence factor; the workload calculation unit 204 is connected with the first human-computer interaction unit 201, the second human-computer interaction unit 202 and the third human-computer interaction unit 203;
a fourth human-computer interaction unit 205, where the fourth human-computer interaction unit 205 is configured to obtain a unit workload cost input by a user;
a cost calculating unit 206, wherein the cost calculating unit 206 is used for obtaining each level of subject cost and project total cost according to each level of subject workload and unit workload cost calculated by the workload calculating unit; the cost calculation unit 206 is connected with the workload calculation unit 204 and the fourth human-computer interaction unit 205;
further, the range of the professional complexity coefficient input by the user of the first human-computer interaction unit 201 is 0.6-1.4, and the range of the technical complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts output error and prompts correct input range;
further, the range of the workload influence factor input by the user of the third human-computer interaction unit 203 is 0.8-1.5; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts output error and prompts correct input range;
further, each first-level subject of the second human-computer interaction unit 202 includes a plurality of second-level subjects, and the second human-computer interaction unit 202 is configured to receive the estimated workload of each second-level subject received by the user; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and control and field management and control;
further, the unit workload includes a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost; the fourth interaction unit 205 is configured to receive a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost input by a user; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration by using the workload cost of a development unit; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration by using implementation unit workload cost.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A method of cost-metric of a power informatization project, the method comprising:
step 1, determining project professional complexity coefficients according to professional complexity evaluation standards, and determining project technical complexity coefficients according to technical complexity evaluation standards; the professional complexity evaluation standard comprises analysis according to project classification, service span, early-stage preposed project results and management innovation; the technical complexity evaluation criteria comprise analysis according to technical maturity, data magnitude and integration interface;
step 2, determining the estimated workload related to each first-level subject, wherein the first-level subject comprises service diagnosis, demand analysis, scheme design, system development, system implementation, system integration, new technology application and project management;
step 3, determining a workload influence factor of each primary subject according to the project condition, wherein the workload influence factor is a proportional parameter for finely adjusting the workload of each primary subject according to the actual condition of the project;
step 4, obtaining the workload of each first-level subject, wherein the workload of the first-level subject is obtained by the product of a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, the estimated workload of the corresponding first-level subject and a workload influence factor;
and 5, acquiring the total project cost, wherein the total project cost is obtained by accumulating the cost of each primary subject, and the cost of each primary subject is obtained by the product of the workload of the corresponding primary subject and the cost of the unit workload.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the professional complexity coefficient is taken as a value range of 0.6-1.4; the value range of the technical complexity coefficient is 0.6-1.4.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the workload influence factor is taken as a value range of 0.8-1.5.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first-level subjects comprise second-level subjects; the estimated workload of the first-level subject is the sum of the estimated workloads of the corresponding second-level subjects; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; and the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and field management and control.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein: the unit workload cost comprises a development unit workload cost and an implementation unit workload cost; the subjects using the workload cost of the development unit comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration; the subjects using the implementation unit workload cost include system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration.
6. A cost metric system for a power informatization project, the system comprising:
the first human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving a professional complexity coefficient and a technical complexity coefficient input by a user;
the second human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving the estimated workload of each level of subject input by the user; the first-level subjects comprise service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, system implementation, system integration, new technology application and project management; the third human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving workload influence factors of each level of subject input by a user, and the workload influence factors are proportional parameters for finely adjusting the workload of each level of subject according to the actual condition of a project;
the workload calculation unit is used for calculating the workload of each level of subject according to the information received by the first human-computer interaction unit, the second human-computer interaction unit and the third human-computer interaction unit, and the workload of each level of subject is obtained by the product of a project professional complexity coefficient, a technical complexity coefficient, the workload of the corresponding level of subject and a workload influence factor; the workload calculation unit is connected with the first human-computer interaction unit, the second human-computer interaction unit and the third human-computer interaction unit;
the fourth man-machine interaction unit is used for obtaining the unit workload cost input by the user;
the cost calculation unit is used for obtaining the cost of each grade of subject and the total cost of the project according to the workload of each grade of subject calculated by the workload calculation unit and the unit workload cost; and the cost calculation unit is connected with the workload calculation unit and the fourth man-machine interaction unit.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein: the range of professional complexity coefficients input by the first human-computer interaction unit for a user is 0.6-1.4, and the range of technical complexity coefficients is 0.6-1.4; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts for an output error and prompts for a correct input range.
8. The system of claim 6, wherein: the range of workload influence factors input by the user by the third human-computer interaction unit is 0.8-1.5; when the input coefficient exceeds the range, the system prompts for an output error and prompts for a correct input range.
9. The system of claim 6, wherein: each first-level subject of the second human-computer interaction unit comprises a plurality of second-level subjects, and the second human-computer interaction unit is used for receiving the estimated workload of each second-level subject received by a user; the second-level subjects under the service diagnosis comprise service current situation investigation, service problem diagnosis and analysis and service optimization and integration; the secondary subjects under the requirement analysis comprise requirement investigation, requirement analysis and requirement confirmation; the second-level subjects under the scheme design comprise a function design, a database design, a safety protection design, a disaster recovery design and a visual design; the secondary subjects under the system development comprise database development, function development and internal test; the secondary subjects implemented by the system comprise difference analysis, scheme design, data collection and arrangement, system deployment and configuration, system test, training, online preparation and switching and online test operation support; the secondary subjects under the system integration comprise integrated design research and development and integrated implementation; the second-level subjects under the application of the new technology comprise practical research and application of the new technology; and the secondary subjects under the project management comprise centralized management and field management and control.
10. The system of claim 6, wherein: the unit workload comprises development unit workload cost and implementation unit workload cost; the fourth man-machine interaction unit is used for receiving the development unit workload cost and the implementation unit workload cost input by the user; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of service diagnosis, requirement analysis, scheme design, system development, new technology application and secondary subject integration design research and development under system integration by using the workload cost of a development unit; the cost calculation unit calculates the cost of system implementation, project management and secondary subject integration implementation under system integration by using implementation unit workload cost.
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| CN104331779A (en) * | 2014-11-21 | 2015-02-04 | 苏州天地微易智能科技有限公司 | Development area construction project management system and method |
| WO2017143263A1 (en) * | 2016-02-17 | 2017-08-24 | Silverthread, Inc. | Computer-implemented methods and systems for measuring, estimating, and managing economic outcomes and technical debt in software systems and projects |
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| WO2017143263A1 (en) * | 2016-02-17 | 2017-08-24 | Silverthread, Inc. | Computer-implemented methods and systems for measuring, estimating, and managing economic outcomes and technical debt in software systems and projects |
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