CN107862375A - A kind of two stage equipment fault diagnosis method - Google Patents
A kind of two stage equipment fault diagnosis method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107862375A CN107862375A CN201711033505.8A CN201711033505A CN107862375A CN 107862375 A CN107862375 A CN 107862375A CN 201711033505 A CN201711033505 A CN 201711033505A CN 107862375 A CN107862375 A CN 107862375A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of two stage equipment fault diagnosis method, it is related to Diagnosis Technique field.The present invention can be according to different response times, the requirement of computing capability, fault diagnosis type details, the step of adjusting forecast model, the dependence to maintenance personal's human factor can be reduced, improve the efficiency of equipment fault diagnosis, important reference is provided to the judgement of equipment fault for maintenance personal, can be played a significant role in the equipment fault type diagnostic under adapting to different condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of equipment fault diagnosis, in particular to a two-stage equipment fault diagnosis method.
Background
In the whole process of equipment maintenance and guarantee, the relationship between the fault phenomenon (or fault symptom) and the fault reason (or fault unit) of the equipment is complex, and the equipment maintenance and guarantee method has the characteristics of randomness, uncertainty and the like.
The traditional fault diagnosis method has the defects of low fault diagnosis efficiency, high cost and the like due to the lack of reasoning ability and autonomous learning ability under inaccurate conditions.
Early fault diagnosis methods rely heavily on the judgment of field experts or experienced maintenance personnel, resulting in a very subjective and costly process of diagnosing faults.
In a general prediction method, all the acquisition time sequence factors of the feature sequences are ignored, so that time information is lost, and the accuracy and the rationality of prediction are greatly reduced.
Most fault diagnosis methods treat the fault type and the no fault as data of the same layer, however, in the real situation, the normal situation is far more than the fault situation. Processing unbalanced data together will cause an over-fitting phenomenon to occur, making the failure prediction effect unreliable.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: how to design a fault diagnosis method aiming at equipment maintenance guarantee, and the accuracy and the interpretability of prediction are improved.
(II) technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a two-stage equipment fault diagnosis method, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, data processing: according to the data collected by the sensor, cleaning and unifying the data;
step 2, fault diagnosis based on case search: searching the acquired data in a case base established in advance through a K neighbor method, returning corresponding fault type information to the searched case based on a preset threshold value, ending, and continuing to execute the step 3 for the case which is not searched;
step 3, fault judgment based on time characteristics: calculating the obtained equipment state characteristic data according to the generalized autoregressive conditional variance model, and judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the value; if judging that the fault exists, continuing to execute the step 4, otherwise, returning to the information that the fault does not exist and ending;
step 4, a deep neural network fault prediction step based on the hierarchy: according to the characteristics of the diagnosis object, decomposing the system, establishing a proper hierarchical classification model, and calculating by using the hierarchical classification model to obtain the corresponding fault type.
Preferably, step 1 specifically comprises:
step 11: and (3) processing missing data by adopting a mean value-based data completion method: storing 5 pieces of data before and after the current time, and taking the average value as a filling basis of the data;
step 12: for redundant data, a sequence similarity method is adopted to eliminate the redundant data: the sequence similarity adopts the sum of Euclidean distances between the characteristic vectors as a measurement standard, a threshold value is set, data larger than the threshold value is judged to be redundant data to be discarded, and a sequence similarity calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, a f Representing the f-th received feature vector, a e Denotes a f The e-th, sim (a) of the previously received 10 feature vectors f ,a e ) Denotes a f And a e The Euclidean distance between;
step 13: discretizing the data by a 0-1 value method: an average value is calculated for each dimension of all the collected data as a threshold, data greater than or equal to the threshold is set as 1, and data smaller than the threshold is set as 0.
Preferably, step 2 specifically comprises:
step 21: and (3) reasoning steps: inputting basic information of current equipment, searching similar cases in a case library, giving fault diagnosis results and solving measures if the similar cases exist, switching to a deep neural network model based on a time sequence if the similar cases do not exist, searching the cases by adopting a searching mode based on K-neighbor matching, and searching the cases by adopting a searching mode based on the K-neighbor matching specifically comprises the following steps:
each case containing m kinds of features, fault case C i (i =1,2.., n) may be represented by an m-dimensional vector: a. The i ＝(a i1 ，a i2 ，...，a im )，a ij (j =1,2,.., m) is fault case C i The value of the jth feature of (1);
the similarity between cases is defined as:
wherein 0 is less than or equal to Sim (C) i ，C j )≤1；ω k Represents the weight of the kth feature in the case feature vector, an
Preferably, step 3 specifically comprises:
step 31: aiming at the characteristic of time serialization of the acquired equipment state information sequence, modeling the data characteristic vector fed back by the equipment according to the time sequence by adopting a generalized autoregressive conditional variance model GARCH, and judging whether the equipment fails according to the obtained calculation result;
the modeling of the data characteristic vector fed back by the equipment according to the time sequence by adopting the generalized autoregressive conditional covariance model GARCH specifically comprises the following steps:
time series X t ：
X t ＝E{X t |Ψ t-1 }+ε t (3)
Wherein psi t-1 Represents all time series X obtained at time t-1 1 ,…,X t-1 ，ε t Representing the residual error, establishing a description equation for the residual error:
in the formula: z t Is a random variable with a mean value of zero and a variance of 1; p and q are respectively the orders of the model; alpha is alpha i And beta j As a parameter to be estimated of the model, for making the conditional variance h t >, 0 requires alpha i And beta j Are all greater than 0, and alpha is used to make the model wide and smooth i And beta j The conditions also need to be satisfied:
∑ i α i +∑ j β j <1 (6)
in the GARCH model, the parameter alpha of the conditional variance is determined by adopting the maximum likelihood principle 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 Make an estimate if { X } 1 ,X 2 ,…X T Is the signal produced by the GARCH model, then the likelihood function is defined by the equation:
where h is t The logarithm of the above formula is taken to obtain a log-likelihood function which is obtained by a recursion method as follows:
wherein: x = (X) 1 ,…,X j ) T ，h＝(h 1 ,…,h j ) T The limiting condition is formula (6), and the parameter alpha of the model 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 Solving by a maximization formula (9);
judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the result obtained by the model; if no fault is diagnosed, the information of no fault is directly returned, and if the fault is diagnosed, the step 4 is carried out.
Preferably, in step 4, a neural network is used to construct a classification model corresponding to the fault classification level, each artificial neural network uses a three-layer BP network, and the result obtained by calculation using the hierarchical neural network matches the specific type of the fault.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention provides a two-stage intelligent fault diagnosis method for equipment maintenance support. On the basis of case-based search, a time-series-based fault judgment method is introduced, and fault type analysis of a multi-level neural network is combined. The invention fully utilizes the time characteristics of the equipment state information and separately judges whether the equipment fails or not and predicts the specific types of the faults, so that the data can effectively avoid the condition that the fault data and the non-fault data are unbalanced, and the accuracy and the interpretability of the prediction are improved. The prediction method based on the time sequence is mainly used in the financial field, and is applied to the field of equipment fault diagnosis for the first time. In addition, the multi-step self-adaptive prediction method can also effectively make adaptation according to the program running environment, and is well suitable for various hardware environments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the method of the present invention for building a hierarchical fault diagnosis model.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, contents, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples.
As shown in fig. 1, the two-stage device failure diagnosis method of the present invention includes the steps of:
step 1, data processing: according to data collected by the sensor, cleaning and unifying the data;
step 2, fault diagnosis based on case search: and searching the acquired data in a fault case library established in advance by a K neighbor method. Based on a preset threshold value, for the searched cases, returning corresponding fault type information and then ending, and for the cases which are not searched, continuing to execute the step 3;
step 3, fault judgment based on time characteristics: calculating the obtained equipment state characteristic data according to a generalized autoregressive conditional variance model, and judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the value; if judging that the fault exists, continuing to execute the step 4, otherwise, returning the information that the fault does not exist, and ending;
step 4, neural network fault prediction based on hierarchy: according to the characteristics of the diagnosis object, decomposing the system, establishing a proper comprehensive hierarchical classification model, and calculating by using the model to obtain the corresponding fault type.
The data acquisition step 1 includes:
step 11: and (3) processing missing data by adopting a mean value-based data completion method: and storing 5 pieces of data before and after the current time, and taking the average value as a filling basis of the data. The step makes up for the data loss on the basis of saving space and calculating time.
Step 12: for redundant data, a sequence similarity method is implemented to eliminate the redundant data: the sequence similarity adopts the sum of Euclidean distances between the characteristic vectors as a measurement standard, a threshold value is set according to experience, and data larger than the threshold value is judged to be discarded. The sequence similarity calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, a f Representing the f-th received feature vector, a e Denotes a f The e-th of the previously received 10 feature vectors. Sim (a) f ,a e ) Denotes a f And a e The euclidean distance between them.
Step 13: discretizing the data by a 0-1 value method: and calculating an average value for each dimension of all the collected data to serve as a threshold, setting the data which are greater than or equal to the threshold to be 1, and setting the data which are smaller than the threshold to be 0.
The step 2 of fault diagnosis based on case search comprises the following steps:
step 21: and (5) reasoning steps. Inputting basic information of current equipment, searching similar cases in a case library, giving fault diagnosis conclusions and solving measures if the similar cases exist, and transferring the similar cases into a time sequence-based deep neural network model if the similar cases do not exist. The case is searched by adopting a KNN (K-nearest neighbor) matching search mode. The KNN method is introduced as follows:
each case containing m kinds of features, fault case C i = (i =1,2.., n) can be represented by an m-dimensional vector: a. The i ＝(a i1 ，a i2 ，...，a im )，a ij (j =1,2,.. M) is fault case C i The value of the jth feature of (1).
The similarity between cases is defined as:
wherein 0 is less than or equal to Sim (C) i ，C j )≤1；ω k Represents the weight of the kth feature in the case feature vector, an
The time characteristic-based fault determination step 3 includes:
step 31: for the characteristic of time-series of the acquired device state information sequence, a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (abbreviated as GARCH model) is implemented. In the invention, GARCH modeling is carried out on the data characteristic vector fed back by the equipment according to the time sequence, and whether the fault occurs is judged according to the obtained calculation result.
The generalized autoregressive conditional variance model (GARCH) is briefly described below.
Time series X t ：
X t ＝E{X t |Ψ t-1 }+ε t (3)
Wherein psi t-1 Represents all time series X obtained at time t-1 1 ,…,X t-1 ，ε t Representing the residual. And establishing a description equation for the residual error:
in the formula: z t Is a random variable with a mean value of zero and a variance of 1; p and q are the orders of the model respectively; alpha is alpha i And beta j Is the parameter to be estimated of the model. To make the conditional variance h t >, 0 requires alpha i And beta j Are both greater than 0. While in order to make the model broad and smooth, α i And beta j The conditions also need to be satisfied:
∑ i α i +∑ j β j <1 (6)
in the GARCH model of the invention, the parameter alpha of the conditional variance is determined by adopting the maximum likelihood principle 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 Make an estimate if { X } 1 ,X 2 ,…X T Is a signal produced by the GARCH model, then the likelihood function is defined by the formula:
where h is t The logarithm of the above formula is taken to obtain a log-likelihood function which is obtained by a recursion method as follows:
wherein: x = (X) 1 ,…,X j ) T ，h＝(h 1 ,…,h j ) T The limiting condition is equation (6), parameter α of the model 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 The maximum is obtained by the maximum formula (9).
And judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the result obtained by the model. If no fault is diagnosed, the information of no fault is directly returned, and if the fault is diagnosed, the step 4 is carried out.
The step 4 of predicting the fault of the deep neural network based on the hierarchy comprises the following steps:
step 41: the hierarchical neural network predicts a specific type of failure. The fault of the equipment establishes a tree type hierarchical model according to the master-slave hierarchy, and the schematic diagram of the hierarchical model is shown in figure 2. Implementing a neural network may construct a classification model corresponding to a hierarchy of fault classifications. Each artificial neural network adopts a three-layer BP network. The results calculated by the hierarchical neural network are matched with the specific type of the fault.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and variations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and variations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A two-stage equipment fault diagnosis method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, data processing: according to the data collected by the sensor, cleaning and unifying the data;
step 2, fault diagnosis based on case search: searching the acquired data in a case base established in advance through a K neighbor method, returning corresponding fault type information to the searched case based on a preset threshold value, ending, and continuing to execute the step 3 for the case which is not searched;
step 3, fault judgment based on time characteristics: calculating the obtained equipment state characteristic data according to a generalized autoregressive conditional variance model, and judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the value; if judging that the fault exists, continuing to execute the step 4, otherwise, returning the information that the fault does not exist, and ending;
step 4, deep neural network fault prediction based on hierarchy: according to the characteristics of the diagnosis object, decomposing the system, establishing a proper hierarchical classification model, and calculating by using the hierarchical classification model to obtain the corresponding fault type.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein step 1 comprises in particular:
step 11: and (3) processing missing data by adopting a mean value-based data completion method: storing 5 pieces of data before and after the current time, and taking the average value as a filling basis of the data;
step 12: for redundant data, a sequence similarity method is adopted to eliminate the redundant data: the sequence similarity adopts the sum of Euclidean distances between the characteristic vectors as a measurement standard, a threshold value is set, data larger than the threshold value is judged to be redundant data to be discarded, and a sequence similarity calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, a f Representing the f-th received feature vector, a e Denotes a f The e-th, sim (a) of the previously received 10 feature vectors f ,a e ) Denotes a f And a e The Euclidean distance between;
step 13: discretizing the data by a 0-1 value method: and calculating an average value for each dimension of all the collected data to serve as a threshold, setting the data which are greater than or equal to the threshold to be 1, and setting the data which are smaller than the threshold to be 0.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein step 2 specifically comprises:
step 21: the inference step comprises: inputting basic information of current equipment, searching similar cases in a case library, giving fault diagnosis results and solving measures if the similar cases exist, switching to a deep neural network model based on a time sequence if the similar cases do not exist, searching the cases by adopting a searching mode based on K-neighbor matching, and searching the cases by adopting a searching mode based on the K-neighbor matching specifically comprises the following steps:
each case containing m kinds of features, fault case C i (i =1,2.., n) may be represented by an m-dimensional vector: a. The i ＝(a i1 ，a i2 ，...，a im )，a ij (j =1,2,.., m) is fault case C i The value of the jth feature of (a);
the similarity between cases is defined as:
wherein 0 is less than or equal to Sim (C) i ，C j )≤1；ω k Represents the weight of the kth feature in the case feature vector, an
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein step 3 specifically comprises:
step 31: aiming at the characteristic of time serialization of the acquired equipment state information sequence, a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model GARCH is adopted to model a data feature vector fed back by equipment according to the time sequence, and whether a fault occurs is judged according to an obtained calculation result;
the modeling of the data characteristic vector fed back by the equipment according to the time sequence by adopting the generalized autoregressive conditional variance model GARCH specifically comprises the following steps:
time series X t ：
X t ＝E{X t |Ψ t-1 }+ε t (3)
Wherein psi t-1 Representing the acquisition at time t-1All time sequences X obtained 1 ,…,X t-1 ，ε t Representing residual errors, establishing a description equation for the residual errors:
in the formula: z t Is a random variable with a mean value of zero and a variance of 1; p and q are the orders of the model respectively; alpha is alpha i And beta j As a parameter to be estimated of the model, for making the conditional variance h t >, 0 requires alpha i And beta j Are all greater than 0, and alpha is used to make the model wide and smooth i And beta j The conditions also need to be satisfied:
∑ i α i +∑ j β j <1 (6)
in the GARCH model, the parameter alpha of the conditional variance is determined by adopting the maximum likelihood principle 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 Make an estimate if { X } 1 ,X 2 ,…X T Is a signal produced by the GARCH model, then the likelihood function is defined by the formula:
here h is t The logarithm of the above formula is taken to obtain a log-likelihood function which is obtained by a recursion method as follows:
wherein: x = (X) 1 ,…,X j ) T ，h＝(h 1 ,…,h j ) T The limiting condition is formula (6), and the parameter alpha of the model 0 ，α 1 ，β 1 By maximumSolving the formula (9);
judging whether the equipment fails or not according to the result obtained by the model; if no fault is diagnosed, the information of no fault is directly returned, and if the fault is diagnosed, the step 4 is carried out.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein in step 4, a neural network is used to construct a classification model corresponding to the classification level of the fault, each artificial neural network is a three-layer BP network, and the result calculated by the hierarchical neural network matches the specific type of the fault.
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