CN107827723A - 一种长链二酮合成方法 - Google Patents

一种长链二酮合成方法 Download PDF

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CN107827723A
CN107827723A CN201711191646.2A CN201711191646A CN107827723A CN 107827723 A CN107827723 A CN 107827723A CN 201711191646 A CN201711191646 A CN 201711191646A CN 107827723 A CN107827723 A CN 107827723A
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黄文学
于斌成
沈稳
张永振
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Wanhua Chemical Group Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开一种长链二酮的合成方法,该方法包括:以α,ω‑二醇为烷基化试剂,在载体负载的金属和金属氧化物催化下,进行丙酮的烷基化,得到长链二酮产物。本发明使用氧化硅负载的钌‑氧化钠催化剂,催化剂同时具有脱氢、羟醛缩合和加氢等催化活性,一步实现二酮合成,体系无需额外加碱,催化剂活性高并且可以回收套用。与已知合成方法相比,本发明使用价格低廉的α,ω‑‑二醇和丙酮为起始原料,反应简单高效,副产物只有水,经济环保,适宜长链二酮的放大合成。

Description

一种长链二酮合成方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种高效的长链二酮合成方法,属于精细化工和香精香料领域。
背景技术
麝香酮是天然麝香中最具有生理活性的组分之一,也是麝香珍奇香味的主要来源。麝香酮能起到优异的定香、烘托和圆润等作用,由于天然麝香来源稀缺,价格昂贵,发展麝香酮的人工合成势在必行。经过多年的研究,人们已经发展了多种麝香酮的合成方法,这些方法可以大致分为三类:(1)α,ω-双官能团化合物的分子内关环,(2)环十五烷烯酮的甲基化,(3)环十二烷酮的扩环。其中,以2,15-十六烷二酮为代表的α,ω-双官能团化合物关环法,是目前人们研究最多,发展最成熟的体系;但是目前,该方法并没有实现工业化应用,主要原因是底物2,15-十六烷二酮难于合成,价格昂贵。
早在1951年,Stoll等就以乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,10-癸二溴为原料,氢氧化钠促进反应得到2,15-十六烷二酮,得到的产物收率只有20%(M.,Stoll.Helv.Chim.Acta.1951,34,1817.)。人们为改进该方法进行了大量研究,2002年,Tanabe等人采用有机强碱DBU促进1,10-二溴癸烷和乙酰乙酸乙酯反应,以46%的收率得到2,15-十六烷二酮(Tanabe,Y.;Matsumoto,N.;Higashi,T.;Misaki,T.et.al.Tetrahedron,2002,58,8269.)。2002年,Yamamoto等人利用氢化钠促进1,10-癸二溴和乙酰乙酸乙酯反应,以44%的收率得到2,15-十六烷二酮(T,Yamamoto;M,Ogura;T,Kanisawa.Tetrahedron,2002,58,9209.)。2006年,李云政等人采用相转移催化剂,碳酸钾做碱,实现了1,10-二溴癸烷和乙酰乙酸乙酯的缩合,粗产物不经分离,直接水解合成2,15-十六烷二酮,收率达79%(姚书扬,李云政,张青山,郭炳南.精细化工,2006,23,463.)。以1,10-癸二溴为原料合成2,15-十六烷二酮,需要消耗过量的碱,产生大量的溴盐固废和废水,不适宜工业化生产。
近些年来,借氢策略即以醇代替传统的卤代物,来实现底物的烷基化,因为其副产物只有水,借氢策略反应得到了快速的发展,许多均相或非均相的过渡金属催化剂被用来催化该反应。例如Ishii等人以Ir/PPh3(10mol%)和氢氧化钾(40mol%)为催化剂,实现了1,10-癸二醇对丙酮的烷基化,以77%的收率得到2,15-十六烷二酮。虽然2,15-十六烷二酮的收率很高(77%),但是该体系需要10mol%的金属铱和三苯基膦,催化剂昂贵且无法回收利用(Y.Iuchi;M.Hyotanishi;B.E.Miller;K.Maeda;Y.Obara;Y.Ishii.J.Org.Chem.2010,75,1803-1806.)。Park等人以氧化铝负载钯(0.2mol%)和磷酸钾(300mol%)为催化剂,实现了丁醇对丙酮的烷基化,以92%的收率得到6-十一烷酮(M.S.Kwon;N.Kim;S.H.Seo;I.S.Park;R.K.Cheedrala;J.Park.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2005,44,6913-6915.)。
以1,10-癸二醇和丙酮为起始原料,可以高效的合成2,15-十六烷二酮,但是目前所报道反应体系催化剂用量均比较大,而且无法实现催化剂的套用。此外,现有反应体系都需要加入亚当量甚至过量的碱,才能有效的催化反应进行,碱无法回收套用,产生大量的碱固废。如果能发展一种高效,可以回收套,同时负载的金属和碱的非均相催化剂,来实现1,10-癸二醇对丙酮的烷基化反应,必将有力的促进2,15-十六烷二酮的规模化生产。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种长链二酮合成方法,该方法包括:以α,ω-二醇为烷基化试剂,在载体负载的金属和金属氧化物催化下,进行丙酮的烷基化,得到长链二酮产物。
进一步地,该方法包括将反应产物直接热过滤,进行催化剂和产物的分离,回收的催化剂直接用于下次反应。
反应路线如下所示:
所述原料α,ω--二醇为链状的二元伯醇,可以具有以下的通式:
HO-(CH2)n-OH
其中,n代表碳链上的碳原子数目,n可以是2~15。
α,ω--二醇与丙酮的摩尔比可以是1:0.5-30,优选1:5-20,更优选1:8-12,例如1:10。
所述催化剂为载体负载的金属和金属氧化物混合物,其中载体可以是氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化硅、氧化钛、氧化铝中的一种或多种,优选氧化硅。
所述负载金属可以是铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂等过渡金属中的一种或多种,其中优选金属钌,相对于催化剂,负载金属的质量分数为0.1-10%,优选1-5%。
所述负载金属氧化物可以是氧化锂、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化铷、氧化铯、氧化锶、氧化钡等中的一种或多种,优选氧化钠,相对于催化剂,负载金属氧化物的质量分数为1.0-10%,优选2-6%。
一种制备本发明所述催化剂的方法,所述催化剂采用浸渍法制备,包括以下步骤:按照比例,
(1)金属前体以及碱和/或碱土金属的硝酸盐首先溶于醇类溶剂中,所用溶剂可以是甲醇、乙醇、丙醇以及更长链的醇,溶解温度优选60~80℃,随后加入载体,进行浸渍、负载,最后蒸发溶剂得到催化剂前体;
(2)所得催化剂前体首先经高温真空处理进行分解和脱水,高温处理的温度为500~700℃,高温处理的时间为1~3小时;随后降温,通入氢气还原,得到目标催化剂,其中还原温度优选100~200℃,氢气压力优选3~8bar,还原时间优选1~3小时。
所述金属前体可以是铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂等过渡金属的卤代物、氧化物、硫化物、氢氧化化物、羰基配合物以及其他阴离子配合物。
所述碱和/或碱土金属的硝酸盐可以是硝酸锂、硝酸钠、硝酸钾、硝酸铷、硝酸铯、硝酸锶、硝酸钡等中的一种或多种。
以作为底物的α,ω--二醇的质量为基准计算,所述催化剂的用量可以为底物质量的0.1~10.0%,优选1.0~5.0%。
丙酮烷基化反应可以在甲醇、乙醇、叔丁醇、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃等溶剂中进行,优选甲苯作为反应溶剂。
丙酮烷基化反应的温度可以为80~160℃,优选110~120℃。反应时间可以为8-20小时,优选10-16小时。
反应结束之后,直接热过滤便可以实现催化剂和产物的分离,回收的催化剂可以直接用于下次反应,循环套用5次,催化剂活性基本保持。
本发明具有如下特点:
1.催化剂由浸渍法合成,操作简单,金属和金属氧化物负载量易于控制。
2.负载金属催化脱氢和加氢反应,而氧化物催化羟醛缩合反应,因此催化剂具有双功能化作用,反应体系无需另外加碱。
3.反应过程操作简单,副产物只有水,绿色环保,适于长链酮的规模化生产。
4.催化剂活性好,选择性高,反应结束后,简单热过滤就可以实现催化剂和产物的分离,催化剂高温活化后,可以循环套用5次,其活性基本保持不变。
具体实施方法
下面通过实施例详述本发明,但本发明并不限于下述的实施例。
使用药品:
Ru3(CO)12(99wt%),百灵威科技有限公司;四羰基二氯化铑,[Rh2(CO)4Cl2],阿拉丁试剂,97wt%;八羰基二钴,[Co2(CO)8],安耐吉化学,95wt%;碳酸钠(96wt%),甲苯(AR),乙醇(AR),1,4-二氧六环(AR),叔丁醇(AR),特戊醇(AR),硫酸(98%),西陇试剂;中性氧化硅(400-500目),国药试剂;丙酮(98wt%),1,8-辛二醇(98wt%),1,12-十二烷二醇(97wt%),1,13-十三烷二醇(97wt%);1,15-十五烷二醇(97wt%),阿拉丁试剂;1,10-癸二醇(98%),盐城龙升化工;乙二醇(99wt%),1,5-戊二醇(98wt%),1,6-己二醇(97wt%),安耐吉化学。
本发明中所用到的核磁仪器为:Bruker Avance Neo,400MHz。
本发明的气相色谱测试条件如下:
仪器型号:SHIMADZU GC-2010-plus;
色谱柱:DB-5(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);
柱温:起始温度100℃,以15℃/min升温至205℃,保持5min,然后以20℃/min升温320℃,保持10min;
进样口温度:220℃;
FID检测器温度:300℃;
分流进样,分流比50:1;
进样量:2.0μL;
N2流量:30mL/min;
H2流量:320mL/min。
实施例1:催化剂制备
采用浸渍法制备氧化硅负载的钌-氧化钠催化剂,称取1.3g的Ru3(CO)12和3.3g硝酸钠粉末,快速搅拌下溶于150mL乙醇中,得到均一溶液,然后加入28.2g的氧化硅粉末(400-500目),浸渍12小时,水浴蒸干溶剂后,在80℃下烘干,所得催化剂粉末首先在在600℃下真空分解2小时,随后降温至150℃,通入5bar氢气还原2小时,经压片、破碎和筛分,得到30g的氧化硅负载钌-氧化钠催化剂,催化剂命名为2%Ru-4%Na2O/SiO2,其中2%代表钌的质量分数,4%代表Na2O质量分数,表1中剩余催化剂采用类似方法合成,只是负载时加入的Ru3(CO)12和碳酸钠的质量不同,得到不同负载量的催化剂。
编号11和12分别使用四羰基二氯化铑,[Rh2(CO)4Cl2],阿拉丁试剂,97wt%;八羰基二钴,[Co2(CO)8],安耐吉化学,95wt%。
实施例2:反应条件优化
手套箱中,将1,10-癸二醇(349mg,2.0mmol)、实施例1制备的催化剂(17mg)、丙酮(1.162g,20.0mmol)和表1所示的溶剂(4.0mL)依次加入50mL耐压瓶中,快速搅拌15分钟后,密封耐压瓶,从手套箱中取出耐压瓶,放入120℃油浴中,快速搅拌下反应12小时。反应结束后,将耐压瓶降至室温,加入内标物1,3,5-三甲氧基苯(33.6mg,0.2mmol),旋转蒸发去除溶剂和丙酮,随后核磁粗谱分析反应液,确定2,15-十六烷二酮收率。
表1.醇烷基化酮反应条件优化
实施例3:底物拓展
手套箱中,将α,ω-二醇(2.0mmol)、催化剂2%Ru-6%Na2O/SiO2(17mg)、丙酮(1.162g,20.0mmol)和甲苯(4.0mL)依次加入50mL耐压瓶中,快速搅拌15分钟后,密封耐压瓶,从手套箱中取出耐压瓶,放入100℃油浴中,快速搅拌下反应12小时。反应结束后,将耐压瓶降至室温,旋转蒸发去除溶剂和丙酮,快速柱层析分离目标产物。
表2.醇烷基化酮底物拓展
实施例4:催化剂回收套用
手套箱中,将1,10-癸二醇(20.0mmol)、催化剂2%Ru-6%Na2O/SiO2(170mg)、丙酮(11.62g,200.0mmol)和甲苯(40.0mL)依次加入200mL高压釜中,快速搅拌15分钟后,密封高压釜,从手套箱中取出高压釜,放入120℃油浴中,快速搅拌下反应12小时。反应结束后,将高压釜降至室温,快速过滤得催化剂粉末,将其在400℃下真空分解2小时,随后通入(5bar)氢气还原2小时,降至室温后,催化剂质量几乎没有损失,直接用于丙酮烷基化反应,重复套用5次,十六烷二酮收率分别为85%、84%、86%、82%、77%,催化活性基本保持。

Claims (11)

1.一种长链二酮的合成方法,该方法包括:以α,ω-二醇为烷基化试剂,在载体负载的金属和金属氧化物催化下,进行丙酮的烷基化,得到长链二酮产物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的合成方法,其中,该方法进一步包括将反应产物直接热过滤,进行催化剂和产物的分离,回收的催化剂直接用于下次反应。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的合成方法,其中,所述催化剂为载体负载的金属和金属氧化物混合物,所述负载金属是选自过渡金属如铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂中的一种或多种,优选金属钌;
所述负载金属氧化物是选自氧化锂、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化铷、氧化铯、氧化锶、氧化钡中的一种或多种,优选氧化钠。
4.根据权利要求3所述的合成方法,其中,相对于催化剂的总质量,负载金属的质量分数为0.1-10%,优选1-5%;负载金属氧化物的质量分数为1.0-10%,优选2-6%。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的合成方法,所述载体选自氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化硅、氧化钛、氧化铝中的一种或多种,优选氧化硅。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的合成方法,所述催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:按照比例,
(1)将负载金属的金属前体以及碱和/或碱土金属的硝酸盐溶于醇类溶剂中,随后加入载体,进行浸渍、负载,蒸发溶剂得到催化剂前体;
(2)所得催化剂前体在500~700℃进行高温真空处理1~3小时,随后降温,通入氢气还原,得到所述催化剂。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的合成方法,其中,
所述原料α,ω--二醇为链状的二元伯醇,具有以下的通式:
HO-(CH2)n-OH
其中,n是2~15。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的合成方法,其中α,ω--二醇与丙酮的摩尔比是1:0.5-30,优选1:5-20,更优选1:8-12,例如1:10。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的合成方法,其中,以作为底物的α,ω--二醇的质量为基准计算,所述催化剂的用量为底物质量的0.1~10.0%,优选1.0~5.0%。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的合成方法,其中,丙酮烷基化反应在甲醇、乙醇、叔丁醇、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃溶剂中进行,优选甲苯作为反应溶剂。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的合成方法,其中,丙酮烷基化反应的温度为80~160℃,优选110~120℃;和/或,反应时间为8-20小时,优选10-16小时。
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