CN107815610A - A kind of excavator bucket teeth and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of excavator bucket teeth and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107815610A CN107815610A CN201710845408.2A CN201710845408A CN107815610A CN 107815610 A CN107815610 A CN 107815610A CN 201710845408 A CN201710845408 A CN 201710845408A CN 107815610 A CN107815610 A CN 107815610A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/20—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/28—Small metalwork for digging elements, e.g. teeth scraper bits
- E02F9/2808—Teeth
- E02F9/285—Teeth characterised by the material used
Abstract
The present invention relates to the bucket tooth of excavator, belong to mechanical equipment technical field, and in particular to a kind of excavator bucket teeth and its manufacture method.The bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：3.8~4.9%, Zn：5.2~6.8%, Mn：1.0~1.9%, Cr：13~18%, Os：0.59~0.84%, Hf：1.9~2.8%, B：0.45~0.62%, Cu：0.2~0.8%, Nb：1.8~4.2%, C：0.1~0.5%, surplus Fe.Through melting, laser melting coating, hot forging pressure, the wear resisting and corrosion resistance energy of bucket tooth is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the bucket tooth of excavator, belong to mechanical equipment technical field, and in particular to a kind of excavator bucket teeth and
Its manufacture method.
Background technology
Bucket tooth is generally seated in the front end of excavator-type shovel clamshell excavator, is directly contacted at work with materials such as rock, ores, works as bucket tooth
When cutting material, relative motion occurs for bucket tooth and material, and very big forward extrusion power is produced on surface, so as in bucket tooth working face and
Produce larger frictional force between material, bucket tooth will withstand shocks effect, when excavating, Moment be born again, due to length
Time bears larger impact, and bucket tooth surface produces different degrees of abrasion, and then produces the larger ditch dug with a plow of depth, causes to become
Shape, come off, present excavator is widely used in construction site, cuts into a mountain and dig ore deposit, and quantity is more, and wherein bucket tooth is consumable accessory, every year more
The substantial amounts changed, value can not be estimated, so designing a kind of wear-resistant bucket tooth, improve the service life of bucket tooth, significant.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of excavator bucket teeth and preparation method thereof, the phase interaction between bucket tooth material each component
With, and laser melting coating, hot forging pressure, the excavator bucket tooth of preparation have higher hardness, excellent toughness, and high abrasion,
High-corrosion resistance.
In order to reach one object of the present invention, the present invention uses following technical scheme：
A kind of excavator bucket teeth, the bucket tooth material include steel alloy, and the steel alloy is by following weight percent composition
Composition：
Al：3.8~4.9%, Zn：5.2~6.8%, Mn：1.0~1.9%, Cr：13~18%, Os：0.59~
0.84%, Hf：1.9~2.8%, B：0.45~0.62%, Cu：0.2~0.8%, Nb：1.8~4.2%, C：0.1~0.5%,
Surplus is Fe.
Os and Hf is high rigidity element, and B element be inserted into interstitial site in Os and Hf close-packed hexagonal structures from
And the boride formed, Os and Hf boride belong to high hard phase, its presence can effectively improve the intensity of tissue.And Hf has
There is very strong suction hydrogen, can play a part of purifying composition of steel.Very ironically, our experiment is found, when Os or Hf exist
In alloy during individualism, the raising to alloy strength does not help significantly, and when the two it is compound in the presence of, therebetween and
The two interaction between other elements so that the intensity of alloy material increases substantially.
The steel alloy for the toughness become reconciled with high intensity is optimal.But the performance of actually these two aspects is mutual
Contradict, often improve intensity, but reduce plasticity and toughness, improve plasticity and toughness, deficiency occurs again in intensity.The present invention is exactly
Chemical composition Al, Zn, Mn, Cr, Os, Hf, B, Cu, Nb, C, surplus Fe, by strictly controlling containing for every kind of element is used in combination
Amount, makes material have excellent intensity, toughness, decay resistance etc., excellent combination property.
Preferably, the alloy steel constituent meets 5.5≤(Os+Hf)/B≤7.Os, Hf and formation boride, accordingly
Ratio is in strict scope, and Os and Hf are excessive, can reduce the toughness of material.
Preferably, the Hf and Os mass ratio is (3~4):1.
In order to reach another object of the present invention, the present invention uses following technical scheme：A kind of system of excavator bucket teeth
Preparation Method, the preparation method include：Load weighted raw material is heated into 700~740 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, added
Enter the alterant of melt total amount 0.2~0.8% and handle 5~10min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 650~700 DEG C, obtain
Strand, strand carries out surface laser cladding, then carries out hot forging pressure, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtains excavator bucket teeth.
Preferably, the alterant is Ti：8~12%, Zr：10~18% and Yb：20~28%, surplus Fe.Zr
It is active with Yb properties, compound is easily formed with the impurity element in liquation, most of to be removed as slag system, fraction turns into different
Matter core, plays refined carbides and crystal grain；Ti and Yb is easy in eutectic carbide adsorption, so as to contribute to eutectic
Carbide refinement and scattered.Using alterant of the present invention, liquation, thinning microstructure are effectively purified, is had significantly to improving impact toughness
Effect.
Preferably, the laser cladding of material is：Chopped carbon fiber 30~45%, silicon carbide whisker 50~65%, gather
Ethene 5~10%.For polyethylene in laser cladding process, a part of polyethylene can penetrate into alloy substrate, improve cladding layer and base
The bond strength of body, another part are covered in alloy surface, alloy compositions and the knot with oxygen, nitrogen in air when reducing laser melting coating
Close, so as to there is certain protective effect to alloy.The compound use of chopped carbon fiber and silicon carbide whisker, acted in polyethylene
Under, uniform cladding improves the surface property of alloy in matrix surface.
Preferably, cladding layer thickness is 0.3~0.5mm.Cladding layer thickness will be less than common alloy cladding layer thickness, because
Chopped carbon fiber and silicon carbide whisker compounding use, it can also reach good effect using less amount.
The laser melting coating machine that the present invention uses, technological parameter are：2~3mm of spot diameter, 3~5g/min of powder sending quantity, power
1000~1500W, 3~5mm/s of sweep speed.
Preferably, the hot forging briquetting includes：Steel alloy after Laser Cladding Treatment is heated in microwave high-temperature stove
850~1000 DEG C, 10~20min is incubated, moves to and is preheated to 700~900 DEG C of forging press, is forged in the case where pressure is 55MN~65MN
Make 5~8min.
Described microwave high-temperature stove frequency is 2.0~2.5GHz, power is 4.5~6KW, configures infrared detection head to measure
The temperature of material, microwave power is manually adjusted in fusion process to control temperature.Microwave energy reaches in a short time to be added
Thermal effect, and can uniformly heat, in addition, microwave has unique microwave effect, handled using microwave come heating laser cladding
Steel alloy afterwards, the dopant profiles of cladding layer can be made more uniform, more preferable with alloy substrate compatibility, while alloy structure exists
Become uniform tiny crystal grain from thick column crystal in this heating process, the microstructure of strand is improved.
The chemical composition of excavator bucket teeth of the present invention makes material have excellent intensity, toughness, decay resistance etc., comprehensive
Excellent performance.
The preparation method of the present invention improves the intensity and toughness of alloy, meeting should using melting, laser melting coating, hot forging pressure
With needs.
The chemical composition of the preparation method of the present invention and the present invention is used cooperatively, and can play the optimality of chemical composition
Can, technique is simple, convenient operation and control, steady quality, and production efficiency is high, production environmental protection, can large-scale industrial production.
Embodiment
Explanation is further described to technical scheme below by specific embodiment.If without specified otherwise,
Raw material employed in embodiments of the invention is raw material commonly used in the art, the method employed in embodiment, is this
The conventional method in field.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：
4.1%, Zn：6.0%, Mn：1.5%, Cr：15%, Os：0.7%, Hf：2.2%, B：0.60%, Cu：0.5%, Nb：2.7%,
C：0.4%, surplus Fe.
Above-mentioned load weighted composition intermediate alloy is heated into 720 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, adds melt
The alterant of total amount 0.5% (in terms of alterant quality, alterant Ti：10%th, Zr：17% and Yb：25%, surplus Fe) processing
7min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 650 DEG C, obtain strand；Strand carries out surface laser cladding, the laser melting coating of use
Machine, technological parameter are：Spot diameter 2mm, powder sending quantity 3g/min, power 1500W, sweep speed 5mm/s, laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 38%, silicon carbide whisker 54%, polyethylene 8%, cladding layer thickness are 0.4mm；By the conjunction after laser melting coating
Jin Gang carries out hot forging pressure, and steel alloy, which is sent in microwave high-temperature stove, is heated to 950 DEG C, is incubated 10min, moves to and be preheated to 750 DEG C
Forging press, pressure be 60MNN under forge 6min, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
Embodiment 2
Bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：4.1%, Zn：
6.0%, Mn：1.5%, Cr：15%, Os：0.84%, Hf：2.06%, B：0.48%, Cu：0.5%, Nb：2.7%, C：
0.4%, surplus Fe.
Above-mentioned load weighted composition intermediate alloy is heated into 720 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, adds melt
The alterant of total amount 0.5% (in terms of alterant quality, alterant Ti：10%th, Zr：17% and Yb：25%, surplus Fe) processing
7min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 650 DEG C, obtain strand；Strand carries out surface laser cladding, the laser melting coating of use
Machine, technological parameter are：Spot diameter 2mm, powder sending quantity 3g/min, power 1500W, sweep speed 5mm/s, laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 38%, silicon carbide whisker 54%, polyethylene 8%, cladding layer thickness are 0.4mm；By the conjunction after laser melting coating
Jin Gang carries out hot forging pressure, and steel alloy, which is sent in microwave high-temperature stove, is heated to 950 DEG C, is incubated 10min, moves to and be preheated to 750 DEG C
Forging press, pressure be 60MNN under forge 6min, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
Embodiment 3
Bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：4.1%, Zn：
6.0%, Mn：1.5%, Cr：15%, Os：0.7%, Hf：2.2%, B：0.48%, Cu：0.5%, Nb：2.7%, C：0.4%,
Surplus is Fe.
Above-mentioned load weighted composition intermediate alloy is heated into 720 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, adds melt
The alterant of total amount 0.5% (in terms of alterant quality, alterant Ti：10%th, Zr：17% and Yb：25%, surplus Fe) processing
7min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 650 DEG C, obtain strand；Strand carries out surface laser cladding, the laser melting coating of use
Machine, technological parameter are：Spot diameter 2mm, powder sending quantity 3g/min, power 1500W, sweep speed 5mm/s, laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 38%, silicon carbide whisker 54%, polyethylene 8%, cladding layer thickness are 0.4mm；By the conjunction after laser melting coating
Jin Gang carries out hot forging pressure, and steel alloy, which is sent in microwave high-temperature stove, is heated to 950 DEG C, is incubated 10min, moves to and be preheated to 750 DEG C
Forging press, pressure be 60MNN under forge 6min, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
Embodiment 4
Bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：4.5%, Zn：
6.2%, Mn：1.3%, Cr：15%, Os：0.75%, Hf：2.45%, B：0.52%, Cu：0.7%, Nb：2.9%, C：
0.45%, surplus Fe.
Above-mentioned load weighted composition intermediate alloy is heated into 740 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, adds melt
The alterant of total amount 0.6% (in terms of alterant quality, alterant Ti：11%th, Zr：18% and Yb：25%, surplus Fe) processing
6min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 680 DEG C, obtain strand；Strand carries out surface laser cladding, the laser melting coating of use
Machine, technological parameter are：Spot diameter 3mm, powder sending quantity 3g/min, power 1200W, sweep speed 4mm/s, laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 33%, silicon carbide whisker 60%, polyethylene 7%, cladding layer thickness are 0.3mm；By the conjunction after laser melting coating
Jin Gang carries out hot forging pressure, and steel alloy, which is sent in microwave high-temperature stove, is heated to 950 DEG C, is incubated 10min, moves to and be preheated to 750 DEG C
Forging press, pressure be 58MNN under forge 6min, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
Embodiment 5
Bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is made up of following weight percent composition：Al：3.9%, Zn：
5.4%, Mn：1.5%, Cr：15%, Os：0.75%, Hf：2.45%, B：0.52%, Cu：0.4%, Nb：3.5%, C：
0.3%, surplus Fe.
Above-mentioned load weighted composition intermediate alloy is heated into 710 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, adds melt
The alterant of total amount 0.8% (in terms of alterant quality, alterant Ti：9%th, Zr：16% and Yb：23%, surplus Fe) processing
6min, go to remove the gred, cast after being down to 650 DEG C, obtain strand；Strand carries out surface laser cladding, the laser melting coating of use
Machine, technological parameter are：Spot diameter 3mm, powder sending quantity 5g/min, power 1000W, sweep speed 5mm/s, laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 40%, silicon carbide whisker 55%, polyethylene 5%, cladding layer thickness are 0.3mm；By the conjunction after laser melting coating
Jin Gang carries out hot forging pressure, and steel alloy, which is sent in microwave high-temperature stove, is heated to 900 DEG C, is incubated 15min, moves to and be preheated to 720 DEG C
Forging press, pressure be 55MNN under forge 8min, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
Comparative example 1
The difference of comparative example 1 and embodiment 3 is, Os elements are not included in the chemical composition of the steel alloy of comparative example 1, remaining
It is similar to Example 3, do not repeat herein.
Comparative example 2
The difference of comparative example 2 and embodiment 3 is, Hf elements are not included in the chemical composition of the 2-in-1 golden steel of comparative example, remaining
It is similar to Example 3, do not repeat herein.
Comparative example 3
The difference of comparative example 3 and embodiment 3 is, Os and Hf elements are not included in the chemical composition of the steel alloy of comparative example 3,
Remaining is similar to Example 3, does not repeat herein.
Comparative example 4
The difference of comparative example 4 and embodiment 3 is that the preparation process of the excavator bucket teeth of comparative example 4 does not include laser melting coating
Step, remaining is similar to Example 3, does not repeat herein.
Comparative example 5
The difference of comparative example 5 and embodiment 3 is that the material that the laser melting coating of comparative example 5 uses is chopped carbon fiber
42% and silicon carbide whisker 58%, remaining is similar to Example 3, does not repeat herein.
Comparative example 6
The difference of comparative example 6 and embodiment 3 is, the hot forging pressure of comparative example 6 uses common high temperature stove heat, remaining and reality
It is similar to apply example 3, does not repeat herein.
The excavator bucket teeth sample obtained to embodiment 1~5 and comparative example 1~6 carries out mechanics performance determining, wherein, it is resistance to
Corrosion uses neutral salt spray test：50g/L NaCl solution, pH are 6.5~7.2, and test temperature is (35 ± 2) DEG C, relatively wet
Degree 90%, test period 120h；Its performance parameter is as shown in table 1.
The performance parameter of the embodiment 1~5 of table 1 and the excavator bucket teeth sample of comparative example 1~6
Chemical constituent and preparation method belong to the skill in scope of the invention as claimed used in embodiment 3,4,5
Art scheme, therefore it has optimal mechanical property for other embodiments and comparative example.Comparative example 3 because without Os and
Hf elements, the globality of instant component is destroyed, its mechanical property is worst；The individually He of comparative example 1 containing Os or Hf elements
Raising of the comparative example 2 to alloy property does not help significantly, and it is little that its performance parameter value with comparative example differs 3；Comparative example 4 is being made
There is no laser melting coating during standby, the alloy Steel Properties for lacking surface fused coating are worst；Replace microwave high using common high temperature furnace
The comparative example 6 of warm stove, lack the unique effect of microwave, poor-performing.
It is in addition, right in place of the non-limit of claimed technical scope midrange and in embodiment technical scheme
The new technical scheme that the equal replacement of single or multiple technical characteristics is formed, equally all in claimed model
In enclosing；Simultaneously the present invention program it is all enumerate or unrequited embodiment in, parameters in the same embodiment are only
Represent an example (i.e. a kind of feasible scheme) for its technical scheme.
Specific embodiment described herein is only to spirit explanation for example of the invention.Technology belonging to the present invention is led
The technical staff in domain can be made various modifications or supplement to described specific embodiment or be substituted using similar mode, but simultaneously
Do not deviate by the spirit of the present invention or surmount scope defined in appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of excavator bucket teeth, it is characterised in that the bucket tooth material includes steel alloy, and the steel alloy is by following weight hundred
Divide and formed than component：
Al：3.8~4.9%, Zn：5.2~6.8%, Mn：1.0~1.9%, Cr：13~18%, Os：0.59~0.84%, Hf：
1.9~2.8%, B：0.45~0.62%, Cu：0.2~0.8%, Nb：1.8~4.2%, C：0.1~0.5%, surplus Fe.
2. a kind of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the alloy steel constituent meets 5.5≤(Os
+Hf)/B≤7。
3. a kind of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that the mass ratio of the Hf and Os are (3
~4):1.
4. a kind of preparation method of excavator bucket teeth as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the preparation method includes：
Load weighted raw material is heated into 700~740 DEG C under an inert gas to be melted, melt total amount 0.2~0.8% is added and becomes
Matter agent handles 5~10min, goes to remove the gred, is cast after being down to 650~700 DEG C, obtains strand, and strand carries out surface laser and melted
Cover, then carry out hot forging pressure, trimming, punching, polishing, ball blast, obtain excavator bucket teeth.
5. the preparation method of a kind of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the alterant is Ti：8
~12%, Zr：10~18% and Yb：20~28%, surplus Fe.
A kind of 6. preparation method of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the laser cladding of material
For：Chopped carbon fiber 30~45%, silicon carbide whisker 50~65%, polyethylene 5~10%.
7. the preparation method of a kind of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 6, it is characterised in that cladding layer thickness is 0.3
~0.5mm.
8. the preparation method of a kind of excavator bucket teeth according to claim 4, it is characterised in that the hot forging briquetting includes：
Steel alloy after Laser Cladding Treatment is heated to 850~1000 DEG C in microwave high-temperature stove, 10~20min is incubated, moves to pre-
The forging press of heat to 700~900 DEG C, 5~8min is forged in the case where pressure is 55MN~65MN.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109175177A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-11 | 河南科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of bucket tooth |
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| 陈昌华 等编著: "《钢锭和锻件超声波探伤缺陷分析》", 31 July 2015, 合肥工业大学出版社 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109175177A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-11 | 河南科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of bucket tooth |
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Application publication date: 20180320 |