CN107813952A - 集成的可分离的防弹防护罩 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于保护飞行器抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩,其包括,具有第一侧面和第二侧面的结构层,其中第一侧面旨在用于接收撞击;以及用于吸收高能量撞击的防弹材料层,防弹材料层具有第一侧面和第二侧面,其中防弹材料层的第一侧面面向结构层的第二侧面并且通过可逐渐分离的交界面连接到所述结构层,且防弹材料层的第二侧面是自由表面。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于飞行器结构和保护飞行器抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的领域,更具体地,属于用于保护飞行器结构抵抗高能量撞击的轻质防弹防护罩的领域。
背景技术
存在已知的装备有例如开式转子(OR)或涡轮风扇发动机边界层吸入(BLI)的发动机配置的飞行器。在这些飞行器中,发生例如螺旋桨叶片释放(PBR)事件或非包容式发动机转子故障(UERF)事件的潜在的危险事件可能在机身上以及在相反的发动机中产生较大的损坏,螺旋桨叶片释放(PBR)事件即为涡轮螺旋桨发动机的外部叶片脱落并碰撞机身的事件,非包容式发动机转子故障(UERF)事件即为发动机的内部转子的一部分折断、释放并碰撞机身的事件。
虽然发动机制造商正在努力降低所述故障事件的概率,但经验表明可能导致灾难性的事件的PBR和UERF事件不断发生。
在螺旋桨叶片释放事件的案例中,目前的飞行器中没有采用特殊的保护,然而,为了评估机身在潜在的撞击区域中所需要的碳纤维复合材料厚度以抵抗这样的事件,已经进行了一些研究。
在对于UERF事件的保护方面,为了尽量减少发动机或辅助动力装置(APU)发生转子故障的危险,采取了一些保护。另外,如果燃料罐位于撞击区域,则在燃料罐上应用特定的保护,以尽量减少燃料单元损坏的可能性。铝或钛的防护通常用于这些事件。
众所周知,重量是航空工业中的基本面,因此即使对于例如机身的主要结构也具有使用复合材料代替金属材料的结构的趋势。然而,与常规轻质金属材料相比,由碳纤维制成的常见的复合材料表现出较低的抗撞击性和耐损伤能力。此外,复合材料中不存在与金属材料相似的可塑性表现,并且它们在变形时不能吸收高应变能量总额。
根据威胁,最广泛传播的防弹复合材料装甲通常由不同材料(例如金属,织物和陶瓷)的层组成或由具有良好防弹性能的材料的单独的织物(也称为“干”织物)组成。
因此,具有能够满足安全要求和防弹性能的机身结构(特别是当它们由复合材料制成时)的需要。
发明内容
对于上述问题,本发明通过根据权利要求1的用于保护抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩以及根据权利要求13的飞行器提供了选择性的解决方案。在从属权利要求中,本发明的优选实施例被限定。
在第一发明方面中,本发明提供一种用于保护飞行器抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩,其包括,
具有第一侧面和第二侧面的结构层,其中第一侧面旨在用于接收撞击,
用于吸收高能量撞击的防弹材料层,防弹材料层具有第一侧面和第二侧面,
其中防弹材料层的第一侧面面向结构层的第二侧面并且通过可逐渐分离的交界面连接到所述结构层,且防弹材料层的第二侧面是自由表面。
在这整个文档中,“自由表面”将被理解为不与元件,即固定机构或任何其它非防弹层,接触的表面。
有利的是,防弹材料的在结构层上的施用提供了用于保护的轻质且耐用的防护罩。此外,防弹材料提供了高的热稳定性,这也避免了火灾蔓延。
此外,结构层和防弹材料层之间的通过可逐渐分离的交界面的连接有利地允许防弹材料层易于从结构层分离。因此,当撞击发生在结构层上时,防弹材料层的被分离的部分尽可能多地表现为在张力上起作用的膜。
在一个具体实施例中,防弹材料层至少是包括干的高强度和高变形纤维的层,其中干纤维是那些不含树脂或具有少量的树脂的纤维,例如所述少量的树脂允许纤维在撞击下伸长而不会在它们之间发生交叉干扰(cross-interference)。
在其他实施例中,防弹材料层包括多个防弹材料子层。
在这整个文档中,“干纤维”将被理解为嵌入在具有少量树脂或没有任何树脂基质成分的树脂基质中的织物材料的纤维,即所述纤维。因此,由于干纤维的变形在撞击期间不能防止周围的纤维的变形,织物具有的树脂的量越少(纤维越“干”),则有利地所获得的抵抗撞击的表现越好。
有利地,因为具有干纤维的织物没有限制并且可以作为膜自由工作,所述具有干纤维的织物提供具有高强度和变形能力的材料。此外,由于周围材料的刚度较低,所述干织物可在大的限制区域内变形。因此,唯一的干织物的防弹执行能力优于完全嵌入塑料基质中的防弹织物或与完全嵌入塑料基质中的碳纤维结合的防弹织物或黏合到碳纤维薄板的防弹织物。
在一个具体的实施例中,干纤维是:芳族聚酰胺,例如凯夫拉尔和特瓦纶;超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPEs),例如迪尼玛;聚丙烯,例如因耐格拉(Innegra)。
在一个具体的实施例中,结构层是包含树脂基质的碳纤维薄板。在一个更具体的实施方案中,碳纤维薄板的树脂基质是热塑性的或热稳定的树脂基质。
在另一个特定的实施例中,结构层是金属层。
在一个特定的实施例中,可逐渐分离的交界面选自于包含可剥离的层、不粘的释放膜(例如聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、全氟乙氧基(PFA)、氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP))层及其结合的组。
在这整个文档中,“可剥离的”层将被理解为包括第一侧面以及第二侧面的层,第一侧面具有对于结构层的较低粘附性,第二侧面具有用于改善对于另一层的粘附性的特定的质地。
有利地,可剥离的层和不粘的释放膜层提供交界面层,由于撞击,交界面层以逐渐的方式容易地从结构层移除。
在一个特定的实施例中,可逐渐分离的交界面是有图案的层。在一个更具体的实施例中,可逐渐分离的交界面是六边形的有图案的层。
有利地,有图案的层允许来自于结构层的一些树脂在固化或输注过程中浸渍防弹材料层。此外,有图案的层允许在结构层的层叠过程(lay-up process)中操作防弹材料层。而且,六边形的有图案的层有利地提供呈现交会点中的最小数目的重合线的配置,从而在交会点区域中提供最小的所需附接。
在另一个特定的实施例中,可逐渐分离的交界面是连续的层。
有利地,作为连续的层的可逐渐分离的交界面的配置提供了高的静态强度和稳定性能力,并且它满足了上述撞击要求。
在一个特定的实施例中,防弹材料层包括少量的树脂,少量的树脂从结构层扩散通过交界面的多个离散的可分离的连接点。
在另一个特定的实施例中,防弹材料层包括少量的树脂,少量的树脂从碳纤维薄板的结构层扩散通过交界面的多个离散的可分离的连接点。在一个更具体的实施例中,交界面的多个离散的可分离的连接点是热塑性的树脂连接点。
有利地,从结构层通过所述离散的可分离的连接点扩散到防弹材料层的树脂的所述配置允许结构部件的一些树脂在固化或输注过程中浸渍防弹材料层,并允许在层叠过程中操作防弹材料层。
在第二发明方面中,本发明提供一种飞行器,该飞行器包括根据第一发明方面的用于保护抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩。
在一个特定的实施例中,至少一个根据第一发明方面的轻质防护罩位于:
-或者飞行器的机身中,
-或者飞行器的尾翼蒙皮中,
-或者飞行器的机翼中,
-或者飞行器的内部和/或外部壳体发动机中,
-或者它们的任何结合中。
除了这些相互排斥的特征和/或步骤的结合之外,本具体说明(包括权利要求书、说明书和附图)中描述的所有特征和/或所描述的方法的所有步骤可以以任何结合进行结合。
附图说明
参考附图鉴于本发明的从本发明的优选实施例变得明显的详细的说明书,本发明的这些和其它特征和优点将被清楚地理解,本发明的优选实施例仅作为示例给出且并不限制本发明。
图1a该图显示了根据本发明的轻质防护罩。
图1b该图显示了当撞击发生并且防弹材料从结构层分离时的轻质防护罩。
图2该图显示了根据本发明的轻质防护罩的详细视图。
图3该图显示了包括根据本发明的轻质防护罩的飞行器。
图4该图显示了包括根据本发明的轻质防护罩的飞行器机身的一部分。
具体实施方式
图1a和1b显示了用于保护飞行器抵抗撞击的轻质防护罩(1),轻质防护罩(1)包括结构层(2)和防弹材料层(3)。结构层(2)具有面对高能量撞击的威胁的第一侧面(2.1)以及面对防弹材料层(3)的第二侧面(2.2)。防弹材料层(3)是为了吸收撞击的能量而提供,并且包括面向结构层(2)的第二侧面(2.2)的第一侧面(3.1)以及是自由表面的第二侧面(3.2)。此外,防弹材料层(3)的第一侧面(3.1)连接到结构层(2)的第二侧面(2.2)。结构层(2)和防弹材料层(3)之间的所述连接是通过可逐渐分离的交界面(4)进行的(如图2所示)。
图1b显示了当撞击发生在结构层(2)的第一侧面(2.1)上时的防弹材料层(3)的表现。当撞击撞击在结构层(2)的第一侧面(2.1)上时,所述结构层(2)破碎,并且交界面(4)逐渐地破碎,且所述交界面(4)的某些区域(4.1)分离,且防弹材料层(3)的一个区域(3.3)由于撞击而分离。防弹材料层(3)的所述分离区域(3.3)作为吸收大部分撞击能量的膜起作用。另外,交界面(4)的分离区域(4.1)在分离过程中吸收一些撞击能量。
可逐渐分离的交界面(4)允许防弹材料层(3)保持固定于结构层(2),并且当撞击发生时,所述交界面(4)有助于防弹材料分离,并且防弹材料层(3)的分离区域(3.3)在张力下作为膜起作用,且防弹材料层的未分离的区域保持固定于结构层(2)。
在其中的交界面(4)是可剥离的层的特定的示例中,当发生撞击时,可剥离的层从结构层(2)逐渐分离,并且该交界面(4)也通过可剥离的层的剥离吸收一些撞击能量。由于干纤维起作用的方式,可剥离的层允许防弹材料层(3)的未从结构层(2)分离的区域保持连接到结构层(2)。此外,可剥离的层允许防弹材料层(3)的被撞击影响的分离区域(3.3)逐渐并以径向方式从结构层(2)分离,以这样的方式分离的所述区域(3.3)将由于其变形而作为膜起作用,该变形提供包含交界面(4)和防弹材料层(3)的广泛面积的能量吸收的机械过程。
在其中的结构层(2)是具有树脂基质的碳纤维薄板的特定的示例中,轻质防护罩(1)执行为在单次固化循环中或在树脂注射或输注过程中的固化或输注防护罩(1)之前将可剥离的层或不粘的释放膜层(例如聚酰亚胺(PI),聚醚醚酮(PEEK),聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),全氟乙氧基(PFA),氟化乙烯丙烯(FEP))定位在碳纤维薄板和防弹材料层(3)之间。
图3显示了包括机身(11)、机翼(13)、尾翼(12)以及内部(14)和外部(15)壳体发动机的飞行器(10)。由于例如螺旋桨叶片释放导致的高能量撞击的威胁主要存在于飞行器(10)的机身(11)、机翼(13)、尾翼(12)以及内部(14)和外部(15)壳体发动机上。
图4显示了飞行器机身(11)的包括本发明的轻质防护罩(1)的一部分,该轻质防护罩(1)包括对应于飞行器(10)的机身结构的结构层(2)以及位于机身(11)内侧的防弹材料层(3)。在制造中,轻型防护罩(1)可以在单次固化循环中在加强元件和防护罩(1)重合的区域内与机身(11)的加强元件(即桁条(14))集成。
在特定的防弹材料层(3)布置在飞行器(10)的机身(11)内的示例中,防弹材料层(3)的第二侧面(3.2)将面对飞行器机身(11)内部。因此,防弹材料层(3)的第二侧面(3.2)基本上不与飞行器(10)的其它结构元件接触。另外,一些固定机构可将防弹材料层(3)固定到结构层(2)上,所述固定机构位于防弹材料层(3)的第二侧面(3.2)的一些离散点中。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于保护飞行器抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩(1),其包括,
具有第一侧面(2.1)和第二侧面(2.2)的结构层(2),其中所述第一侧面(2.1)旨在用于接收所述撞击,
用于吸收高能量撞击的防弹材料层(3),所述防弹材料层具有第一侧面(3.1)和第二侧面(3.2),其中所述防弹材料层(3)的所述第一侧面(3.1)面向所述结构层(2)的所述第二侧面(2.2)并且通过可逐渐分离的交界面(4)连接到所述结构层(2),且所述防弹材料层(3)的所述第二侧面(3.2)是自由表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述防弹材料层(3)至少是包括干的高强度和高变形纤维的层,其中干纤维是那些不含树脂或具有少量的树脂的纤维,例如所述少量的树脂允许纤维在撞击下伸长而不会在它们之间发生交叉干扰。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述结构层(2)是包含树脂基质的碳纤维薄板。
4.根据权利要求3所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述碳纤维薄板的所述树脂基质是热塑性的树脂基质。
5.根据权利要求3所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述碳纤维薄板的所述树脂基质是热稳定的树脂基质。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述结构层(2)是金属层。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任意一项所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述可逐渐分离的交界面(4)选自于包含可剥离的层、不粘的释放膜层及其结合的组。
8.根据权利要求7所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述可逐渐分离的交界面(4)是有图案的层。
9.根据权利要求8所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述有图案的层是六边形的有图案的层。
10.根据权利要求7所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述可逐渐分离的交界面(4)是连续的层。
11.根据权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述防弹材料层(3)包括少量的树脂,所述少量的树脂从所述结构层(1)扩散通过所述交界面(4)的多个离散的可分离的连接点。
12.根据权利要求4所述的轻质防护罩(1),其中所述防弹材料层(3)包括少量的树脂,所述少量的树脂从碳纤维薄板的所述结构层(1)扩散通过所述交界面(4)的多个离散的可分离的连接点,所述多个离散的可分离的连接点是热塑性的树脂连接点。
13.一种飞行器(10),包括根据权利要求1至12中任意一项所述的用于保护抵抗高能量撞击的威胁的轻质防护罩(1)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的飞行器(10),其中所述至少一个轻质防护罩(1)位于:
-或者所述飞行器(10)的机身(11)中,
-或者所述飞行器(10)的尾翼(12)蒙皮中,
-或者所述飞行器(10)的机翼(13)中,
-或者所述飞行器(10)的内部(14)和/或外部(15)壳体发动机中,
-或者它们的任何结合中。
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