CN107770109A - A kind of communication detecting integration signal design method and device based on phase modulation position - Google Patents
A kind of communication detecting integration signal design method and device based on phase modulation position Download PDFInfo
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- CN107770109A CN107770109A CN201710980544.2A CN201710980544A CN107770109A CN 107770109 A CN107770109 A CN 107770109A CN 201710980544 A CN201710980544 A CN 201710980544A CN 107770109 A CN107770109 A CN 107770109A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/0003—Software-defined radio [SDR] systems, i.e. systems wherein components typically implemented in hardware, e.g. filters or modulators/demodulators, are implented using software, e.g. by involving an AD or DA conversion stage such that at least part of the signal processing is performed in the digital domain
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Abstract
A kind of communication detecting integration signal design method and device based on phase modulation position, are related to communication detecting.Determine the time-frequency function of phase modulation waveform；According to the time-frequency function of determination, it is determined that the phase modulation rate and function relation of detection；According to the functional relation of determination, it is determined that detection and signal of communication with orthogonality relation；Described detectable signal is mixed into addition with signal of communication, forms detection Signal ＆ Communication Integration Design of Signal.Described device includes：First determining unit, the second determining unit, the 3rd determining unit, mixed cell.The system bandwidth determined according to application demand, determines the phase modulation rate and phase modulation spacing of detectable signal and signal of communication, and according to application demand and environment, determine waveform parameter.It is determined that detection forms detection and communicating integral signal with after the phase-modulated signal to communicate, described detection is mixed with signal of communication.Existing frequency resource can be effectively improved, improves the availability of frequency spectrum, while improve system energy efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to communication detecting, more particularly, to a kind of detection based on phase modulation and communicating integral Design of Signal side
Method and device.
Background technology
Detection Techniques and the hot issue that the communication technology is always in radio communication.This year, how on single platform
Integrated detection and the integrated technique of communication function, turn into the hot issue of research.Such device can cause overall cost to drop
It is low, it is the necessary article of future assemblies Hub application.Although detection exists with the communication technology on function, hardware and software
Significant difference, but there is also many similarities, such as：Detection and the communication technology send and receive process, and two
Person also has an emitter, antenna part, and receiver and signal processing part grade device.Therefore both detection and the communication technology are one
It is feasible to determine to integrate in degree.With development and the SDR devices of the continuous development of information technology, particularly electronic component,
DDS devices are continued to bring out, and the electronic installation of different types of and different purposes is combined, forms comprehensive integrated apparatus,
It is the comprehensive effectiveness of raising system, adapts to one of trend of future development.
The domestic research in terms of detecting with communicating integral is also in the research starting stage.It is related on Detection Techniques
The waveform design aspect integrated with communication waveforms, the communication technology and Detection Techniques are realized effectively using software and radio technique
Combination, have great importance.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide the one of the efficiency for solve existing efficiency, improving system and technical capability
Communication detecting integration signal design method and device of the kind based on phase modulation position.
The communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position comprises the following steps：
1) the time-frequency function of phase modulation waveform is determined；
2) according to the time-frequency function of determination, it is determined that the phase modulation rate and function relation of detection；
3) according to the functional relation of determination, it is determined that detection and signal of communication with orthogonality relation；
4) described detectable signal is mixed into addition with signal of communication, forms detection-Signal ＆ Communication Integration Design of Signal.
In step 1), the time-frequency function for determining phase modulation waveform includes：
(1) occupied frequency bandwidth is determined in system；
(2) according to the bandwidth that described planning uses and the distinctive temporal frequency relation of phase modulation function, realize for make
With the setting of the frequency relation of function；
(3) type using phase modulation function, Ke Yiwei are determined：Linear Phase Modulation function, non-linear phase modulation function, hyperbolic phase modulation
All functional relations with phase modulation property such as function, sinusoidal phase-modulation function, cosine phase modulation function, index phase modulation function, wherein
Including a phase modulation, three times secondary phase modulation, phase modulation and above phase modulation relation three times；
The time-frequency function of frequency relation therein includes：It is all that there is phase modulation relation once and more than a phase modulation
Frequency time-frequency function；
The Linear Phase Modulation function is as follows：
Wherein k1、k2、k3、k4、k5、k6、k7And k8It is the slope of the slope and signal of communication that detect phase-modulated signal, its value can
Think just, or negative；
The non-linear phase modulation function is as follows：
It is as follows that the index phase modulation contains number：
The secondary phase modulation relation is as follows：
The relation of phase modulation three times is as follows：
Gauss phase modulation function：
S (t)=g (t) * exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2)
S (t)=g (t) * y (t)
Wherein, y (t)=exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2), y (t) can also be other phase modulation, secondary phase modulation, three
Secondary phase modulation and its three times phase modulation function above.
WhereinCan also be other different window functions, such as Kaiser window functions
Deng；It can also be all known functions such as SIN function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions；
The number of the coefficient of phase modulation of its each single item can increase or reduce, and realize the purpose of the phase modulation rate of different purposes.
Occupied frequency bandwidth includes in the determination system：According to the requirement of environment detection and system design, really
Determine the system bandwidth that system needs to design.
In step 4), the change of the detectable signal is either constant or constant, and knowledge is complete priori, is easy to visit
The purpose requirement of survey；The slope of communication needs to be pre-designed the interval of its slope variation and phase modulation rate, to formulate according to phase modulation
The symbol mapping method of rate and interval variation；Symbol mapping can be realized according to bit or symbol, real according to the amount of change
The exponent number now modulated；The quantity for reducing symbol and mapping can also be spaced by increasing, improve the robustness of system.
In step 2), the phase modulation rate is set, and is set by the phase modulation rate of fixed rule, is realized consolidating for detection phase modulation rate
Set the tone production method processed；According to the symbol mapping principle of information bit, by being closed with the one-to-one corresponding at phase modulation interval and phase modulation rate
System, that realizes bit or symbol corresponds symbol mapping relations with modulation.
The communication detecting integration signal design device based on phase modulation position includes：
First determining unit：For determining the time-frequency function expression of phase modulation waveform；
Second determining unit：For the phase modulation function of determination, the phase modulation rate and phase modulation of different phase modulation mapping rulers are selected
Interval；
3rd determining unit：For the detectable signal according to above-mentioned production and the signal of communication of mapping production；
Mixed cell：For detectable signal and signal of communication to be mixed, production integration system signal.
First determining unit includes：
First determining module：For the system frequency range that can be set in determination system；
Parameter setting：According to the demand of detection, the changing rule of frequency is set；According to the requirement of traffic rate and robustness
Performance indications, the rate of change and change interval of phase modulation rate of trying；
Second determining module：A kind of signal of phase modulation change is produced with foregoing frequency generating method.
First module is, it is necessary in advance according to use environment and the requirement of application, it is determined that rational communications frequency range
With look-in frequency range section, the communications frequency range for being is orthogonal with look-in frequency scope, reaches certain hidden effect.
Second determining unit includes：
3rd determining module：For detection fixation phase modulation slope or fixed consecutive variations phase modulation slope phase-modulated signal
As detectable signal；According to application demand, either rate requirement or robust performance index determine communication phase modulation rate change rule
Then；
4th determining module：For according to above-mentioned detection and the demand to communicate, realizing that the phase modulation rate under certain condition is set
Put.
3rd determining unit includes：
First forms module：Detection phase-modulated signal for first half bandwidth becomes with fixation or with certain rule
The detecting parameter of change is set and waveform formation；There is signal of communication for latter half bandwidth the symbol for meeting certain demand to reflect
The communication signal waveforms for penetrating rule produce；
Second forms module：For detectable signal to be mixed with communication signal waveforms, the detection and communication one of transmission are formed
Body signal.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows：
The system bandwidth determined according to application demand, the phase modulation rate and phase modulation spacing of detectable signal and signal of communication are determined,
And according to application demand and environment, determine waveform parameter.It is determined that detection is with after the phase-modulated signal to communicate, by described detection and leading to
Believe signal mixing, form detection and communicating integral signal.Existing frequency resource can be effectively improved, improves spectrum utilization
Rate, while improve system energy efficiency.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is detection and communicating integral Design of Signal method flow diagram provided by the invention based on phase modulation waveform；
Fig. 2 is the specific implementation method flow chart in Fig. 1；
Fig. 3 is the specific implementation method flow chart in Fig. 1；
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the emitter of detection provided by the invention and communicating integral signal；
Fig. 5 is the structure of detection and Signal ＆ Communication Integration Design of Signal device provided by the invention based on phase modulation waveform
Schematic diagram.
Fig. 6 is the detailed construction schematic diagram of s101 in Fig. 5；
Fig. 7 is the detailed construction schematic diagram of s102 in Fig. 5.
Embodiment
To make the technical problem to be solved in the present invention and technical scheme clearer, retouched in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing
State.
The present invention is low for the existing availability of frequency spectrum, detection and the problem of often task separates that communicate, there is provided Yi Zhongji
Detection and communicating integral Design of Signal method and device in phase modulation waveform.
As shown in figure 1, the embodiment of the present invention carries a kind of detection based on phase modulation waveform and communicating integral Design of Signal side
Method, including：
s101：Determine the bandwidth frequency scope used required for phase modulation waveform system；
s102：Phase modulation frequency range as needed, determines detectable signal production rule and signal of communication mapping ruler；
s103：According to environment and system requirements, it is determined that the detectable signal waveform and communication signal waveforms of production；
s104：Described detectable signal and signal of communication are mixed or time domain is connected, forms detection and communicating integral
Signal.
The detection of phase modulation waveform described in the embodiment of the present invention and communicating integral Design of Signal method, according to the frequency of design
Bandwidth relationship, the scope and parameter of phase modulation are determined, design has the detection waveform and communication waveforms of orthogonality relation, and will be described
Waveform and the mixing of communication waveforms signal or time domain linking are detected, forms detection and the signal of communication of integration.Just can be effective
The existing frequency spectrum resource of raising, improve the availability of frequency spectrum, reduce the power consumption of device.
Referring to shown in Fig. 2, in the foregoing detection based on phase modulation and the specific implementation of communicating integral Design of Signal method
In mode, optionally, the time-frequency function s101 for determining phase modulation includes：
s1011：The frequency range that the system of determination can use；
s1012：According to the adaptable frequency range of system and the characteristic of use environment, the phase modulation rate of detectable signal is determined
Rule change and signal of communication phase modulation rate rule change；
s1013：It is determined that the phase modulation rate for the detectable signal that can be used is fixed value or the tune changed according to unalterable rules
Phase function；Signal of communication is according to character rate and environmental applications requirement, it is determined that selecting the phase modulation function of certain amount phase modulation rate, such as
The described requirement of description is consistent inside claim.
The present invention implements to collect, and the frequency bandwidth for determining to use in system is W, and its frequency range is divided into two sections,
The respectively detectable signal section of low-frequency range and the signal of communication section of high band, its initial frequency be respectively：flAnd fh；Its phase modulation rate
Size be using rule：Detectable signal is fixed phase modulation rate, is generally linear or hyperbolic phase modulation, the phase modulation rate of signal of communication
Need to be selected according to the characteristic requirements of system and environment, under general scenario, the small environmental applications of doppler values are linear or low order
Phase-modulated signal, Doppler high application high-order and non-linear phase-modulated signal；Multi-path environment seriously applies the big signal of phase modulation spacing,
The free degree of multi-path environment unobvious application phase modulation scope is higher.
As shown in figure 3, in the specific implementation that the foregoing detection based on phase modulation and Signal ＆ Communication Integration design, it is optional
, the frequency time-frequency function according to determination, it is determined that the waveform of detection and signal of communication includes：
s1021：The frequency range and environmental characteristics needed according to system, determine phase modulation rate and the change of detectable signal needs
Rule；The phase modulation rate and transformation parameter for determining signal of communication simultaneously are set；
s1022：According to the difference of detectable signal and the application purpose of signal of communication, its detectable signal is generally fixed signal
Form or the phase-modulated signal of fixed rule change, its signal of communication determine according to the change of phase modulation change interval or phase modulation rate
The rule of its symbol mapping, realizes the mapping relations of symbol, and its waveform can pass through following formula：
It is determined that use the type of phase modulation function, Ke Yiwei：Linear Phase Modulation function, non-linear phase modulation function, hyperbolic phase modulation letter
All functional relations with phase modulation property such as number, sinusoidal phase-modulation function, cosine phase modulation function, index phase modulation function, wherein wrapping
Include a phase modulation, three times secondary phase modulation, phase modulation and above phase modulation relation three times.
The time-frequency function of frequency relation therein is as follows：(four kinds of frequency relations therein are wherein only enumerated, it includes and arranged
Five kinds lifted, but this five kinds are not limited to, including all frequency time-frequencies with phase modulation relation once and more than a phase modulation
Function)
Linear Phase Modulation relation is as follows：Exp (j (f (t)) t) is wherein：
Wherein k1、k2、k3、k4、k5、k6、k7And k8It is the slope of the slope and signal of communication that detect phase-modulated signal, its value can
Think just, or negative；
Non-linear phase modulation relation is as follows：
Index phase modulation relation is as follows：
Secondary phase modulation relation is as follows：
Phase modulation relation is as follows three times：
Such as Gauss phase modulation function：
S (t)=g (t) * exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2)
S (t)=g (t) * y (t)
Wherein y (t)=exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2), y (t) can also be other phase modulation, secondary phase modulation, three times
Phase modulation and its three times phase modulation function above.
WhereinCan also be other different window functions, such as Kaiser window functions
Deng；It can also be all known functions such as SIN function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions.
The number of the coefficient of phase modulation of its each single item can increase or reduce, and realize the purpose of the phase modulation rate of different purposes.
The detectable signal of generation and communication signal waveforms are mixed and the linking of time domain is combined, generation detection and communication one
Change signal, reach the purpose necessarily to maintain secrecy.
As shown in figure 4, in the present invention, with emitter caused by detection and Signal ＆ Communication Integration, including：1st, phase modulation is believed
Number wave generating unit, 2, detectable signal generation unit, 3, signal of communication generation unit, 4, transmitter unit, 5, antenna.
It can be made by the application detection of phase-modulated signal generation unit and the confirmation system of environmental characteristics sensing module 11 first
Frequency range W, its frequency range is divided into two sections, respectively the detectable signal section of low-frequency range and the signal of communication of high band
Section, its initial frequency are respectively：flAnd fh；Its phase-modulated signal generator 12 produces detectable signal list respectively according to described requirement
Member 2 and signal of communication generation unit 3, signal caused by detectable signal generation unit are carried out smoothly by wave filter 21, communication letter
Number generation unit produces signal by binary source 31, coded treatment is carried out by communications encoder 32, by the signal after coding
It is modulated in the inside of modulator 33, and signal smoothing is carried out by wave filter 34, then signal is mixed, realizes time domain
Linking and integration signal generation, the detection of formation and communicating integral signal are transferred to transmitter unit 4 and logical afterwards
Antenna 5 is crossed to launch.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
1) the time-frequency function of phase modulation waveform is determined；
2) according to the time-frequency function of determination, it is determined that the phase modulation rate and function relation of detection；
3) according to the functional relation of determination, it is determined that detection and signal of communication with orthogonality relation；
4) described detectable signal is mixed into addition with signal of communication, forms detection-Signal ＆ Communication Integration Design of Signal.
A kind of 2. communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that
In step 1), the time-frequency function for determining phase modulation waveform includes：
(1) occupied frequency bandwidth is determined in system；
(2) according to the bandwidth that described planning uses and the distinctive temporal frequency relation of phase modulation function, realize for letter to be used
The setting of several frequency relations；
(3) determine be using the type of phase modulation function：Linear Phase Modulation function, non-linear phase modulation function, hyperbolic phase modulation function, sine
All functional relations with phase modulation property of phase modulation function, cosine phase modulation function, index phase modulation function, including once adjusting
Phase, three times secondary phase modulation, phase modulation and above phase modulation relation three times；
The time-frequency function of frequency relation therein includes：All frequencies with phase modulation relation once and more than a phase modulation
Time-frequency function；
The Linear Phase Modulation function is as follows：
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The non-linear phase modulation function is as follows：
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The index phase modulation function is as follows：
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<mo>&le;</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&le;</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mfenced>
</mrow>
The relation of phase modulation three times is as follows：
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfenced open = "{" close = "">
<mtable>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>5</mn>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&le;</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&le;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mn>6</mn>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&le;</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&le;</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mfenced>
</mrow>
Gauss phase modulation function：
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>&pi;</mi>
<mi>&sigma;</mi>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mo>-</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>-</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>&sigma;</mi>
</mfrac>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>&pi;f</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>j&pi;qt</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
S (t)=g (t) * exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2)
S (t)=g (t) * y (t)
Wherein, y (t)=exp (j2 π fct)exp(jπqt2), y (t) is a phase modulation, secondary phase modulation, three times phase modulation and its three times
Phase modulation function above；
Wherein,It is that window function or SIN function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions are all
The function known；
The number of the coefficient of phase modulation of its each single item increases or reduced, and realizes the purpose of the phase modulation rate of different purposes.
A kind of 3. communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that institute
State in determination system that occupied frequency bandwidth includes：According to the requirement of environment detection and system design, system needs are determined
The system bandwidth of design.
A kind of 4. communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that institute
It is Kaiser window functions to state window function.
A kind of 5. communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that
In step 4), the change of the detectable signal is either constant or constant, and knowledge is complete priori, and the purpose for being easy to detection will
Ask；The slope of communication needs to be pre-designed interval and the phase modulation rate of its slope variation, formulates according to phase modulation rate and interval variation
Symbol mapping method；Symbol mapping is realized according to bit or symbol, and the exponent number of modulation is realized according to the amount of change；Or pass through increasing
Large-spacing reduces the quantity of symbol mapping, improves the robustness of system.
A kind of 6. communication detecting integration signal design method based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that
In step 2), the phase modulation rate is set, and is set by the phase modulation rate of fixed rule, realizes the fixed modulation production of detection phase modulation rate
Method；According to the symbol mapping principle of information bit, by the one-to-one relationship with phase modulation interval and phase modulation rate, bit is realized
Or symbol with modulation correspond symbol mapping relations.
7. the communication detecting integration signal design device based on phase modulation position, it is characterised in that including：
First determining unit：For determining the time-frequency function expression of phase modulation waveform；
Second determining unit：For the phase modulation function of determination, phase modulation rate and the phase modulation interval of different phase modulation mapping rulers are selected；
3rd determining unit：For the detectable signal according to above-mentioned production and the signal of communication of mapping production；
Mixed cell：For detectable signal and signal of communication to be mixed, production integration system signal.
8. the communication detecting integration signal design device based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that described the
One determining unit includes：
First determining module：For the system frequency range that can be set in determination system；
Parameter setting：According to the demand of detection, the changing rule of frequency is set；According to the requirement of traffic rate and robust performance
Index, the rate of change and change interval of phase modulation rate of trying；
Second determining module：A kind of signal of phase modulation change is produced with foregoing frequency generating method；
First module is, it is necessary in advance according to use environment and the requirement of application, it is determined that rational communications frequency range is with visiting
Measured frequency range section, it is that communications frequency range is orthogonal with look-in frequency scope.
9. the communication detecting integration signal design device based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that described the
Two determining units include：
3rd determining module：For detection fixation phase modulation slope or fixed consecutive variations phase modulation slope phase-modulated signal conduct
Detectable signal；According to application demand, either rate requirement or robust performance index determine communication phase modulation rate rule change；
4th determining module：For according to above-mentioned detection and the demand to communicate, realizing that the phase modulation rate under certain condition is set.
10. the communication detecting integration signal design device based on phase modulation position as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that described the
Three determining units include：
First forms module：Detection phase-modulated signal for first half bandwidth is with fixed or with certain rule change
Detecting parameter is set and waveform formation；There is signal of communication for latter half bandwidth the symbol for meeting certain demand to map rule
The communication signal waveforms of rule produce；
Second forms module：For detectable signal to be mixed with communication signal waveforms, detection and the communicating integral of transmission are formed
Signal.
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