CN107721442A - Aluminium synthesis material and preparation method thereof in a kind of high intensity high RUL - Google Patents
Aluminium synthesis material and preparation method thereof in a kind of high intensity high RUL Download PDFInfo
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- CN107721442A CN107721442A CN201711030041.5A CN201711030041A CN107721442A CN 107721442 A CN107721442 A CN 107721442A CN 201711030041 A CN201711030041 A CN 201711030041A CN 107721442 A CN107721442 A CN 107721442A
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumine Chemical compound C1=CC=[Al]C=C1 HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 240000002853 Nelumbo nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006510 Nelumbo pentapetala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007634 remodeling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/66—Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/16—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay
- C04B35/18—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay rich in aluminium oxide
- C04B35/185—Mullite 3Al2O3-2SiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62645—Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3217—Aluminum oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bauxite, alpha-alumina
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3418—Silicon oxide, silicic acids or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. silica sol, fused silica, silica fume, cristobalite, quartz or flint
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to technical field of refractory materials, aluminium synthesis material and preparation method thereof in more particularly to a kind of high intensity high RUL.Present invention mainly solves the technical problem that existing Industrial Stoves obtain low, the comprehensive utilization benefit difference of refractoriness under load existing for refractory product.The technical scheme is that：Aluminium synthesis material in a kind of high intensity high RUL, it is formulated by the raw material of following weight percentage：Alumine raw material 50~70%, quartz sand micro mist 22~48%, high-purity SILICA FUME 1~10%.The preparation method of aluminium synthesis material, comprises the following steps in a kind of high intensity high RUL：1) grind；2) high-pressure molding base；3) dry；4) high-temperature firing；5) cool down, be broken.The present invention has the advantages that high intensity, low-porosity, high RUL, highly heatproof and shockproof stability.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of refractory materials, aluminium synthesis material and its preparation in more particularly to a kind of high intensity high RUL
Method.
Background technology
China's alumina aboundresources, have a wide range of application, consumption it is big, but quite a few be used to producing all kinds of kilns and uses
Common high-alumina brick.Although and due to common high-alumina brick Al2O3Content is high, but when being used for high-temperature industrial furnace, its refractoriness under load
It is not ideal enough, constrain kiln long service life popularization, be also unfavorable for China's development low-carbon economy, energy-saving work pushes away
Extensively.
The content of the invention
The shortcomings that it is an object of the invention to overcome prior art, there is provided in a kind of high intensity high RUL aluminium synthesis material and its
Preparation method, solves the technology that existing Industrial Stoves obtain low, the comprehensive utilization benefit difference of refractoriness under load existing for refractory product
Problem.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions：
Aluminium synthesis material in a kind of high intensity high RUL, it is formulated by the raw material of following weight percentage：Alumine
Raw material 50~70%, quartz sand micro mist 22~48%, high-purity SILICA FUME 1~10%.
Further, Al after the alumine raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%,
Fe2O3Content≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；
SiO in the high-purity SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
The preparation method of aluminium synthesis material, comprises the following steps in a kind of high intensity high RUL：
1) grind：The stone for being 22~48% by alumine raw material that percentage by weight is 50~70%, percentage by weight
Sand micro mist, the high-purity SILICA FUME that percentage by weight is 1~10%, which are added in grinder, is ground to granularity less than 0.045mm's
Powder；
2) high-pressure molding base：Powder in step 1) is added in vacuum hydraulic former, in 120Mpa pressure
Obtained material base down；
3) dry：Obtained material base in step 2) is put into 90~120 DEG C of drying oven and dries 10~16h, has been dried
Moisture≤1% after；
4) high-temperature firing：Material base is put into 1450~1550 DEG C of kiln after the completion of drying and fired 6~10 hours；
5) cool down, be broken：Required granularity is crushed to after room temperature is furnace-cooled to after firing.
Al after the alumine raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Contain
Amount≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；It is described high-purity
Spend SiO in SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
The present invention realizes produces advanced refractory raw material using existing conventional resource, and it is resistance to that existing industrial kiln is substantially improved
Fiery product properties；Production cost is low, quality controllable, and aluminium synthesis material principal crystalline phase is not next in prepared high intensity high RUL
Stone, secondary crystalline phase are corundum, quartzy phase；Product gas porosity is low, bulk density is big, has good anti-wear performance and compressive resistance,
Possess the lotus softening temperature being obviously improved than existing product, can be widely applied to all types of industries such as cement, petrochemical industry, coking kiln neck
Domain.
Therefore, compared with background technology, the present invention has high intensity, low-porosity, high RUL, highly heatproof and shockproof stability etc.
Advantage.
Embodiment
Technical scheme is clearly and completely described below in conjunction with embodiment.
Embodiment 1
Aluminium synthesis material in a kind of high intensity high RUL in the present embodiment, its by following weight percentage raw material prepare and
Into：Alumine raw material 50%, quartz sand micro mist 48%, high-purity SILICA FUME 2%.
Al after the alumine raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Contain
Amount≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；It is described high-purity
Spend SiO in SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
The preparation method of aluminium synthesis material, comprises the following steps in a kind of high intensity high RUL：
1) grinding, iron removaling：The quartz sand for being 48% by alumine raw material that percentage by weight is 50%, percentage by weight
Micro mist, the high-purity SILICA FUME that percentage by weight is 2%, which are added in grinder, is ground to the powder that granularity is less than 0.045mm；
2) high-pressure molding base：Powder in step 1) is added in vacuum hydraulic former, in 120Mpa pressure
Obtained material base down；
3) dry：Obtained material base in step 2) is put into 90~120 DEG C of drying oven and dries 10~16h, has been dried
Moisture≤1% after；
4) high-temperature firing：Material base is put into 1450~1550 DEG C of kiln after the completion of drying and fired 6~10 hours；
5) cool down, be broken：Required granularity is crushed to after room temperature is furnace-cooled to after firing.
Embodiment 2
Aluminium synthesis material in a kind of high intensity high RUL in the present embodiment, its by following weight percentage raw material prepare and
Into：Alumine raw material 70%, quartz sand micro mist 29%, high-purity SILICA FUME 1%.
Al after the alumine raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Contain
Amount≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；It is described high-purity
Spend SiO in SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
The preparation method of aluminium synthesis material, comprises the following steps in a kind of high intensity high RUL：
1) grinding, iron removaling：The quartz sand for being 29 by alumine raw material that percentage by weight is 70%, percentage by weight is micro-
Powder, the high-purity SILICA FUME that percentage by weight is 1%, which are added in grinder, is ground to the powder that granularity is less than 0.045mm；
2) high-pressure molding base：Powder in step 1) is added in vacuum hydraulic former, in 120Mpa pressure
Obtained material base down；
3) dry：Obtained material base in step 2) is put into 90~120 DEG C of drying oven and dries 10~16h, has been dried
Moisture≤1% after；
4) high-temperature firing：Material base is put into 1450~1550 DEG C of kiln after the completion of drying and fired 6~10 hours；
5) cool down, be broken：Required granularity is crushed to after room temperature is furnace-cooled to after firing.
Embodiment 3
Aluminium synthesis material in a kind of high intensity high RUL in the present embodiment, its by following weight percentage raw material prepare and
Into：Alumine raw material 68%, quartz sand micro mist 22%, high-purity SILICA FUME 10%.
Al after the alumine raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Contain
Amount≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；It is described high-purity
Spend SiO in SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
The preparation method of aluminium synthesis material, comprises the following steps in a kind of high intensity high RUL：
1) grinding, iron removaling：The quartz sand for being 22% by alumine raw material that percentage by weight is 68%, percentage by weight
Micro mist, the high-purity SILICA FUME that percentage by weight is 10%, which are added in grinder, is ground to the powder that granularity is less than 0.045mm；
2) high-pressure molding base：Powder in step 1) is added in vacuum hydraulic former, in 120Mpa pressure
Obtained material base down；
3) dry：Obtained material base in step 2) is put into 90~120 DEG C of drying oven and dries 10~16h, has been dried
Moisture≤1% after；
4) high-temperature firing：Material base is put into 1450~1550 DEG C of kiln after the completion of drying and fired 6~10 hours；
5) cool down, be broken：Required granularity is crushed to after room temperature is furnace-cooled to after firing.
The present invention can be embodied without departing from the spiritual or substantive of invention in a variety of forms, it should therefore be appreciated that on
State embodiment and be not limited to foregoing details, and should widely be explained in the range of claim limits, therefore fall into right and want
Ask or the change in its equivalent scope and remodeling all should be claim and covered.
Claims (4)
- A kind of 1. aluminium synthesis material in high intensity high RUL, it is characterised in that：It is formulated by the raw material of following weight percentage： Alumine raw material 50~70%, quartz sand micro mist 22~48%, high-purity SILICA FUME 1~10%.
- 2. aluminium synthesis material in high intensity high RUL according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The alumine raw material burn Burn Al after being reduced2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Content≤1.5%；In the quartz sand micro mist SiO2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；SiO in the high-purity SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, Particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
- A kind of 3. preparation method of aluminium synthesis material in high RUL of high intensity as defined in claim 1, it is characterised in that：Bag Include following steps：1) grinding, iron removaling：The stone for being 22~48% by alumine raw material that percentage by weight is 50~70%, percentage by weight Sand micro mist, the high-purity SILICA FUME that percentage by weight is 1~10%, which are added in grinder, is ground to granularity less than 0.045mm's Powder；2) high-pressure molding base：Powder in step 1) is added in vacuum hydraulic former, made under 120Mpa pressure Obtain material base；3) dry：Obtained material base in step 2) is put into 90~120 DEG C of drying oven and dries 10~16h, after the completion of drying Moisture≤1%；4) high-temperature firing：Material base is put into 1450~1550 DEG C of kiln after the completion of drying and fired 6~10 hours；5) cool down, be broken：Required granularity is crushed to after room temperature is furnace-cooled to after firing.
- 4. the preparation method of aluminium synthesis material in high intensity high RUL according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The high alumina Al after alumina raw material burning decrement2O3Content >=88%, TiO2Content≤4.0%, Fe2O3Content≤1.5%；SiO in the quartz sand micro mist2Content >=99%, particle diameter≤5 μm of the quartz sand micro mist；SiO in the high-purity SILICA FUME2Content >=97%, particle diameter≤1 μm of the quartz sand micro mist.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201711030041.5A CN107721442A (en) | 2017-10-30 | 2017-10-30 | Aluminium synthesis material and preparation method thereof in a kind of high intensity high RUL |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711030041.5A CN107721442A (en) | 2017-10-30 | 2017-10-30 | Aluminium synthesis material and preparation method thereof in a kind of high intensity high RUL |
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| CN107721442A true CN107721442A (en) | 2018-02-23 |
Family
ID=61203155
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002070431A1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2002-09-12 | Becorit Gmbh | Sintered inorganic granulates and shaped bodies based on carbon and molybdenum compounds in a ceramic matrix |
| CN101774819A (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2010-07-14 | 淄博嘉环耐火材料有限公司 | Zero creep low-aluminum mullite brick |
| CN101857454A (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2010-10-13 | 通达耐火技术股份有限公司 | Bauxite-based high-density fireproof synthetic material and production method |
| CN102432312A (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2012-05-02 | 武汉科技大学 | Micro-porous mullite-silicon carbide multiphase fire resistant material and preparation method thereof |
-
2017
- 2017-10-30 CN CN201711030041.5A patent/CN107721442A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002070431A1 (en) * | 2001-03-07 | 2002-09-12 | Becorit Gmbh | Sintered inorganic granulates and shaped bodies based on carbon and molybdenum compounds in a ceramic matrix |
| CN101774819A (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2010-07-14 | 淄博嘉环耐火材料有限公司 | Zero creep low-aluminum mullite brick |
| CN101857454A (en) * | 2010-06-28 | 2010-10-13 | 通达耐火技术股份有限公司 | Bauxite-based high-density fireproof synthetic material and production method |
| CN102432312A (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2012-05-02 | 武汉科技大学 | Micro-porous mullite-silicon carbide multiphase fire resistant material and preparation method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 胡德元等: "精铸铝矾土合成料的研究", 《材料工程》 * |
| 钟香崇: "我国高铝矾土创新发展的战略思考", 《耐火材料》 * |
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Application publication date: 20180223 |