CN107715787A - A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, preparation method and the application in the dispersion containing solid particle - Google Patents
A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, preparation method and the application in the dispersion containing solid particle Download PDFInfo
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- CN107715787A CN107715787A CN201710916172.7A CN201710916172A CN107715787A CN 107715787 A CN107715787 A CN 107715787A CN 201710916172 A CN201710916172 A CN 201710916172A CN 107715787 A CN107715787 A CN 107715787A
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- dispersion
- dispersant
- polyethers
- solid particle
- novel aqueous
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/16—Amines or polyamines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0071—Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dehydrating agents; Dispersing agents; Dustfree compositions
- C09B67/0084—Dispersions of dyes
- C09B67/0085—Non common dispersing agents
- C09B67/0089—Non common dispersing agents non ionic dispersing agent, e.g. EO or PO addition products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
Abstract
The present invention relates to dispersant technical field, disclose a kind of novel aqueous dispersant, preparation method and the application in the dispersion containing solid particle, the dispersant contains a solvent chain compatible with aqueous solvent and one with being there is the anchoring group of affinity by dispersion solid particle；The solvent chain and the anchoring group are combined by covalent bond.The aqueous dispersion containing including organic pigment, inorganic pigment, filler, graphene, metal powder material solid particle dispersion in application, the dispersion be comprising ink, coating, plastics, mill base, agricultural chemicals, the liquid dispersion or solid dispersions of ceramic ink jet.The present invention, which has, improves the dispersion stabilization or the raising dispersion application performance of solid particle in an aqueous medium, and can reduce pollution of the volatile organic solvent for environment in dispersion.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to dispersant technical field, and in particular to a kind of novel aqueous dispersant.
Background technology
When preparing the solid dispersions such as the liquid dispersions such as pigment, coating, ink, paint, agricultural chemicals or plastics, in order to
Solid particle is preferably disperseed in the carrier, be preferably well mixed, stable dispersion, being required for using has reason
Think the dispersant of dispersion effect.
The aqueous dispersion major defect used at present is that molecular weight is small, weak, hydrophilic to the anchoring ability of solid particle
Polyether chain can not provide enough steric hindrances etc. for solid particle.
The content of the invention
First technical problem to be solved by this invention be：In view of the deficienciess of the prior art, provide one kind simultaneously
To solid particle and aqueous solvent with affinity, with good dispersion effect, and green non-pollution is novel aqueous scattered
Agent.
Second technical problem to be solved by this invention be：In view of the deficienciess of the prior art, provide one kind simultaneously
To solid particle and aqueous solvent with affinity, with good dispersion effect, and green non-pollution is novel aqueous scattered
The preparation method of agent.
3rd technical problem to be solved by this invention be：A kind of novel aqueous dispersant is provided and is containing solid particle
Dispersion in application.
To solve above-mentioned first technical problem, the technical scheme is that：
A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, the dispersant contain a solvent chain compatible with aqueous solvent and one with
There is the anchoring group of affinity by dispersion solid particle；The solvent chain and the anchoring group are combined by covalent bond.
As a kind of improved technical scheme, the solvent chain is the polyethers either mixture of polyethers and polyester；Institute
Stating anchoring group has the more phenyl ring quasi-molecule structures of combed.
There is a kind of polymer, those skilled in the art are referred to as " comb polymer ", and this kind of polymer includes main chain and connect
Multiple side chains on the main chain, multiple side chains are just as the broach of comb.The more phenyl ring quasi-molecule structures of combed of the present invention,
Multiple branched structures comprising multiple phenyl ring are connected on main chain.
As further improved technical scheme, the polyethers at least contains a hydroxy functional group or primary amine functional group
Or secondary amine functional groups；The anchoring group is triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative.
As further improved technical scheme, the polyethers contains the monohydroxy polyethers point during a hydroxy functional group
Minor is R- (O-CH2-CH2)n-(O-CH2-CHCH3) m-X, wherein X=OH or X=NHR1, R1It is H or R, R are C1-C22
Alkyl, n=1-50, m=1-50.
As a preferred embodiment, the polyethers is the single or mixed polymer of oxirane or expoxy propane.The present invention is excellent
The polyethers of choosing is the Jeffamine series amino-polyethers of HUNTSMAN companies of U.S. production.
As a kind of preferable technical scheme, the molecular weight of the polyethers is between 200-20000.
As further preferred technical scheme, the molecular weight of the polyethers is between 300-20000.
As technical scheme still further preferably, the molecular weight of the polyethers is between 1000-2000.
As a kind of improved technical scheme, the solvent chain is connected with the anchoring group by bioactive molecule；Institute
It is SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer or isocyanate compound to state bioactive molecule.
As further improved technical scheme, the isocyanate compound is with 2.5-3.5 isocyanates official
The isocyanate trimer or polymer that can be rolled into a ball.
Currently preferred SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer can be Sartomer SMA1000.Preferable isocyanates chemical combination
Thing molecule is the DESMODUR series of Beyer Co., Ltd's production.
To solve above-mentioned second technical problem, the technical scheme is that：
The preparation method of novel aqueous dispersant,
Method one：In nitrogen atmosphere, the polyethers either mixture of polyethers and polyester is added drop-wise to isocyanates chemical combination
In thing solution, temperature is 65-75 DEG C, reacts 1-1.5 hours；Polyol chain extender is added, temperature is 65-75 DEG C and continues to react 1-
1.5 hours, reaction added triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative after terminating, and temperature is 65-75 DEG C and continues to react 1-1.5 hours and obtain
To the dispersant；
Method two：In nitrogen atmosphere, the polyethers either mixture of polyethers, triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative are heated
To 85-95 DEG C, SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer is added, catalyst tetrabutyl titanate is added, continues to be heated to 150-180 DEG C, instead
5-8 hours are answered, obtain dispersant.
To solve above-mentioned 3rd technical problem, the technical scheme is that：
Application of the novel aqueous dispersant in the dispersion containing solid particle.
Application of the novel aqueous dispersant in the dispersion containing solid particle, it is characterised in that：The dispersion is
Comprising ink, coating, plastics, mill base, agricultural chemicals, ceramic ink jet liquid dispersion or solid dispersions；The solid particle
Including organic pigment, inorganic pigment, filler, graphene, metal powder material.
For the carrier of dispersion of the present invention, resin can not be contained, the resin with aqueous medium matching can also be contained,
Including alkyd resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin etc..
In dispersions, can be any inorganic or organic solid material by scattered solid particle, it is being considered
At a temperature of be substantially insoluble in, and it is desirable that it is stablized in an aqueous medium with micro-, nano particle.Suitable solid particle bag
Include the pigment for ink；For coating and the pigment and filler of plastic material；Dyestuff, particularly disperse dyes；It is other water-based
The fluorescent whitening agent and textile auxiliaries of application system；Granular ceramic material；Magnetic material and magnetic recording media；Fire retardant, stone
Black alkene microplate, agricultural chemicals and medicine.Preferable granular solids are derived from the pigment of any generally acknowledged classification, the generally acknowledged class
Other pigment is for example in section in Colour Index (1971) third edition and subsequent revised edition and to its addendum
It is described under head " Pigments ".The preferable example of inorganic pigment be titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, Prussian blue, iron oxide,
Cinnabar and chromium pigment, including the chromate of lead, zinc, barium, calcium, molybdate and mixing chromate and sulfate and their mixture
And modifier.The preferable example of organic pigment is selected from azo, two azos, condensation azo, thioindigo, indanthrone, isoindigo anthraquinone, anthracene
Embedding amerantrone, anthraquinone, isodibenzanthrone, fish sticking its mouth out of the water the piperazine of triphen two, quinacridone, Asia puecon, diketopyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP) and phthalocyanine system
Row, particularly copper phthalocyanine and its halide derivative, and color lake, alkalescence and the mordant dyes of acid.Although strictly speaking carbon black is
Inorganic, but behave much like organic pigment in terms of its dispersive property.Preferable organic pigment is phthalocyanine, especially copper phthalein
Cyanines, monoazo, two azos, indanthrone, anthanthrene diketone, quinacridone, Asia puecon, diketopyrrolo-pyrrole (DPP) and carbon black.It is other
Preferable granular solids include：Filler such as calcium carbonate, talcum powder, kaolin, barium sulfate.Granular ceramic material is as aoxidized
Aluminium, silica, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, carborundum, boron carbide, mixed nitride silicon-aluminium and metal metatitanic acid
Salt；The magnetic oxide of particulate magnetic materials such as transition metal especially iron and chromium, such as Y-Fe203、Fe304, and cobalt doped
Iron oxide, calcium oxide, ferrite especially barium ferrite；And metallic particles, especially metallic iron, nickel, cobalt, copper and their conjunction
Gold；Agricultural chemicals such as fungicide, flutriafen, carbendazim, Bravo and maneb；With fire retardant such as aluminum trihydrate and
Magnesium hydroxide.
By adopting the above-described technical solution, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
The novel aqueous dispersant of the present invention, containing a solvent chain compatible with aqueous solvent and one with being disperseed
Solid particle has the anchoring group of affinity；The solvent chain and the anchoring group are combined by covalent bond.It is because same
When with solvent chain preferably compatible with aqueous solvent and with being there is the anchoring group of affinity by dispersion solid particle, can be big
The big dispersive property improved to solid particle, have and improve described in solid particle dispersion stabilization in an aqueous medium or raising
Dispersion application performance, and pollution of the volatile organic solvent for environment in dispersion can be reduced.
And the anchoring group of the present invention be the more phenyl ring class polyether polymers of combed, molecular weight greatly, can by Van der Waals force with
The stably dispersing that multiple spot is securely anchored to solid particles surface, a plurality of hydrophilic polyether chain is solid particle in water provides foot
Enough steric hindrances are strong to the anchoring ability of solid particle.
Embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is expanded on further.It should be understood that these embodiments are merely to illustrate this hair
Bright rather than limitation the scope of the present invention.In addition, it is to be understood that after the content of the invention lectured has been read, art technology
Personnel can make various changes or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent form of values equally fall within the application appended claims and limited
Fixed scope.
Embodiment 1
A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, the dispersant contain a monohydroxy polyether chain, and the more phenyl ring classes of a combed
Molecular structure；The monohydroxy polyether chain is connected with the more phenyl ring quasi-molecule structures of combed by isocyanate trimer.
Embodiment 2
A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, the dispersant contain a primary amine functional group polyether chain, and the more benzene of combed
Ring quasi-molecule structure；The polyether chain and the more phenyl ring quasi-molecule structures of combed pass through SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer Sartomer
SMA1000 connections.
Embodiment 3
Prepare intermediate A-isocyanates：Under a nitrogen, by monohydroxy APEO (1000,330 parts of molecular weight,
0.33mol), be added drop-wise to hexamethylene diisocyanate tripolymer Desmodur N3300 (192.6 parts ,-NCO%=
21.8%) in, 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, obtain intermediate A.
Embodiment 4
Prepare intermediate B-polyetheramine ester group isocyanates：Under a nitrogen, by Jeffamine M2005 (molecular weight 2000,
660 parts, 0.33 mole) it is added drop-wise to the tripolymer Desmodur IL (525 parts ,-NCO%=8.0%) of toluene di-isocyanate(TDI)
In, 70 DEG C of reactions obtain intermediate B in 1 hour.
Embodiment 5
In the intermediate A that chain extender EOPO (200,33 parts of molecular weight, 0.165mol) additions embodiment 3 is prepared,
70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, and reaction adds N after terminating, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour,
Obtain aqueous dispersion 1.
Embodiment 6
By (19.7 parts, 0.165mol) intermediate As for adding embodiment 3 and being prepared of chain extender N methyldiethanol amine
In, 72 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, react and N is added after terminating, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), and 72 DEG C of reactions 1 are small
When, obtain aqueous dispersion 2.
Embodiment 7
By chain extender 2, (22.2 parts, 0.165mol) of 2- dihydromethyl propionic acids add the intermediate A that embodiment 3 is prepared
In, 68 DEG C are reacted 1.2 hours.Reaction adds N, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), 68 DEG C of reactions after terminating
1.2 hours, obtain aqueous dispersion 3.
Embodiment 8
By chain extender EOPO (200,16.5 parts of molecular weight, 0.0825mol) and chain extender N methyldiethanol amine (9.85
Part, 0.0825mol) mixing, add in the intermediate A that embodiment 3 is prepared, 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, and reaction adds again after terminating
Enter N, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, obtain aqueous dispersion 4.
Embodiment 9
By chain extender EOPO (200,16.5 parts of molecular weight, 0.0825mol) and chain extender 2,2- dihydromethyl propionic acids (11.1
Part, 0.0825mol) mixing, add in the intermediate A that embodiment 3 is prepared, 70 DEG C are reacted 1.2 hours, are reacted after terminating again
N is added, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), 70 DEG C are reacted 1.2 hours, obtain aqueous dispersion 5.
Embodiment 10
By chain extender EOPO (200,16.5 parts of molecular weight, 0.0825mol) and chain extender N methyldiethanol amine (9.85
Part, 0.0825mol) mixing, add in the intermediate A that embodiment 3 is prepared, 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, and reaction adds again after terminating
Enter phenmethylol (37.8 parts, 0.35mol), 70 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, obtain aqueous dispersion 6.
Embodiment 11
By chain extender EOPO (200,16.5 parts of molecular weight, 0.0825mol) and chain extender N methyldiethanol amine (9.85
Part, 0.0825mol) mixing, add in the intermediate B that embodiment 4 is prepared, 72 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, and reaction adds again after terminating
Enter N, N- dimethylated propyl diethylenetriamines (35.7 parts, 0.35mol), 72 DEG C are reacted 1 hour, obtain aqueous dispersion 7.
Embodiment 12
Under a nitrogen, by monohydroxy APEO (1000,400 parts of molecular weight, 0.4mol), triphenyl vinyl phenol gathers
Oxygen vinethene (1000,100 parts of molecular weight, 0.1mol), 90 DEG C are mixed and heated to, adding Sartomer SMA1000, (maleic anhydride contains
Amount=42%, 116.5 parts), 1.8 parts of catalyst tetrabutyl titanate is added, continues to be heated to 160 DEG C, reacts 5 hours, obtain water
Property dispersant 8.
Embodiment 13
Under a nitrogen, by Jeffamine M 2005 (2000,800 parts of molecular weight, 0.4mol), triphenyl vinyl phenol gathers
Oxygen vinethene (1000,100 parts of molecular weight, 0.1mol), 90 DEG C are mixed and heated to, adding Sartomer SMA1000, (maleic anhydride contains
Amount=42%, 116.5 parts), 1.8 parts of catalyst tetrabutyl titanate is added, continues to be heated to 160 DEG C, reacts 5 hours, obtain water
Property dispersant 9.
Embodiment 14
The aqueous dispersion that above-described embodiment is prepared is prepared into P.B.15 by following weight:3 aqueous dispersions
Body：
After various material earthquake machines are quickly well mixed, grind 2 hours, obtain aqueous pigment dispersions.
By pigment dispersion performance test and comparison such as following table：
Dispersion and abrasive are especially suitable for water paint, including Gao Gu made of the aqueous dispersion of the present invention
Nanometer, the solid particles of micron size such as content coating, water-based ink, aqueous color paste, watersoluble plumbago alkene slurry are in aqueous solvent
Scattered application system.All numerical value of prescribed material quantity, reaction condition, molecular weight, carbon number etc. should in this description
Understand and modified by word " about ".Unless otherwise indicated, present document relates to every kind of chemical substance or composition should be not construed as
Commercial grade material, they can include isomers, accessory substance, derivative and it is other it has been generally acknowledged that will with existing for commerical grade those
Material.It should be understood that any upper and lower bound quantity, scope and ratio given herein can be combined independently.It is similar
Ground, the scope and quantity of the every kind of key element of the present invention can be used together with the scope or quantity of any other key element.
Claims (10)
- A kind of 1. novel aqueous dispersant, it is characterised in that：The dispersant contains a solvation compatible with aqueous solvent Chain and one are with being there is the anchoring group of affinity by dispersion solid particle；The solvent chain and the anchoring group pass through covalent Key is combined.
- 2. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The solvent chain is polyethers either polyethers With the mixture of polyester；The anchoring group has more phenyl ring quasi-molecule structures.
- 3. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The polyethers at least contains a hydroxyl-functional Roll into a ball either primary amine functional group or secondary amine functional groups；The anchoring group is triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative.
- 4. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：When the polyethers contains a hydroxy functional group Monohydroxy pfpe molecule formula be R- (O-CH2-CH2)n-(O-CH2-CHCH3) m-X, wherein X=OH or X=NHR1, R1It is H Or R, R are C1-C22 alkyl, n=1-50, m=1-50.
- 5. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that：The molecular weight of the polyethers is in 200-20000 Between.
- 6. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that：The solvent chain and the anchoring group lead to Cross bioactive molecule connection；The bioactive molecule is SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer or isocyanate compound.
- 7. novel aqueous dispersant as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that：The isocyanate compound is with 2.5- The isocyanate trimer or polymer of 3.5 isocyanate functional groups.
- 8. the preparation method of the novel aqueous dispersant as described in claim 1 to 7 any claim, it is characterised in that： In nitrogen atmosphere, the polyethers either mixture of polyethers and polyester is added drop-wise in isocyanate compound solution, temperature 65- 75 DEG C, react 1-1.5 hours；Polyol chain extender is added, temperature is 65-75 DEG C and continues to react 1-1.5 hours, after reaction terminates Add triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative, temperature is 65-75 DEG C and continues to react 1-1.5 hours and obtain the dispersant；Or in nitrogen atmosphere, mixture, the triphenyl vinyl phenol derivative of polyethers either polyethers are heated to 85- 95 DEG C, SMA styrene maleic anhydride copolymer is added, adds catalyst tetrabutyl titanate, continues to be heated to 150-180 DEG C, reacts 5-8 Hour, obtain dispersant.
- 9. application of the novel aqueous dispersant in the dispersion containing solid particle as claimed in claim 1.
- 10. application of the novel aqueous dispersant in the dispersion containing solid particle as claimed in claim 9, its feature exist In：The dispersion is disperseed comprising ink, coating, plastics, mill base, agricultural chemicals, the liquid dispersion of ceramic ink jet or solid Body；The solid particle includes organic pigment, inorganic pigment, filler, graphene, metal powder material.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201710916172.7A CN107715787A (en) | 2017-09-30 | 2017-09-30 | A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, preparation method and the application in the dispersion containing solid particle |
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| CN201710916172.7A CN107715787A (en) | 2017-09-30 | 2017-09-30 | A kind of novel aqueous dispersant, preparation method and the application in the dispersion containing solid particle |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109880433A (en) * | 2019-02-13 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江浩川科技有限公司 | Organic pigment hyper-dispersant and preparation method, color compositions and water-based ink |
| CN110585992A (en) * | 2019-09-25 | 2019-12-20 | 苏州大学 | Synthesis of novel surfactant and preparation of stable liquid metal nano liquid drop by using same |
| CN111875777A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-11-03 | 珠海市金团化学品有限公司 | Water-based high-molecular polyurethane dispersant and preparation method thereof |
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| CN101248101A (en) * | 2005-08-23 | 2008-08-20 | 阿克佐诺贝尔国际涂料股份有限公司 | Polyurethane dispersant resin |
| CN101595136A (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2009-12-02 | 比克化学股份有限公司 | Comb shape (block) multipolymer |
| CN106543432A (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2017-03-29 | 三明学院 | A kind of water-soluble polymer and its preparation method and application |
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2017
- 2017-09-30 CN CN201710916172.7A patent/CN107715787A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101248101A (en) * | 2005-08-23 | 2008-08-20 | 阿克佐诺贝尔国际涂料股份有限公司 | Polyurethane dispersant resin |
| CN101595136A (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2009-12-02 | 比克化学股份有限公司 | Comb shape (block) multipolymer |
| CN106543432A (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2017-03-29 | 三明学院 | A kind of water-soluble polymer and its preparation method and application |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109880433A (en) * | 2019-02-13 | 2019-06-14 | 浙江浩川科技有限公司 | Organic pigment hyper-dispersant and preparation method, color compositions and water-based ink |
| CN110585992A (en) * | 2019-09-25 | 2019-12-20 | 苏州大学 | Synthesis of novel surfactant and preparation of stable liquid metal nano liquid drop by using same |
| CN111875777A (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2020-11-03 | 珠海市金团化学品有限公司 | Water-based high-molecular polyurethane dispersant and preparation method thereof |
| CN111875777B (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-05-13 | 珠海市金团化学品有限公司 | Water-based high-molecular polyurethane dispersant and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20180223 |