CN107673503A - A kind of recovery method of clear tank oil - Google Patents
A kind of recovery method of clear tank oil Download PDFInfo
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- CN107673503A CN107673503A CN201610632375.9A CN201610632375A CN107673503A CN 107673503 A CN107673503 A CN 107673503A CN 201610632375 A CN201610632375 A CN 201610632375A CN 107673503 A CN107673503 A CN 107673503A
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- oil
- clear tank
- tank oil
- liquid
- solid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/40—Devices for separating or removing fatty or oily substances or similar floating material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F2001/007—Processes including a sedimentation step
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to the recycling field of the clear tank oil of petrochemical industry, discloses a kind of recovery method of clear tank oil, and this method includes:With medicament precipitation reaction is occurred into for clear tank oil, obtained reaction product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, the liquid phase isolated in the separation of solid and liquid process is subjected to water-oil separating, then the oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process be centrifuged.The clear miscellaneous content of tank profit of this method recovery is low, can be directly entered oil refining process, and this method can the clear tank oil of high efficiente callback, the rate of recovery is up to more than 95%.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to oil refining field, in particular it relates to a kind of recovery method of clear tank oil.
Background technology
There is the clear tank oil of different storages in Technologies in Petrochemical Industry refinery at present, it is most of for original due to being removed in the clear tank oil in refinery
Oily outer, also containing a large amount of mechanical admixtures, gum asphalt impurity, composition is sufficiently complex, and directly entering atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit freshening can make
Quickly raised into Crude Desalting System electric current, it is de- after saliferous, it is aqueous it is exceeded, draining oil-containing is exceeded etc., and impact, refinery are difficult to conventional
Means high efficiente callback is utilized, and substantial oil is wasted, and risk is brought to refinery's safety and environmental protection.
Currently, petrochemical industry recycles for the clear tank oil in refinery and there are no industrialization report.Refinery's generally use at present
Processing method have it is following several:
(1) method of heating sedimentation crude separation, i.e.,:Clear tank oil collect among big tank, in big tank heat after by
Prolonged natural subsidence effect so that the preferable crude oil of small part is floated at the top of liquid level, for reaching the mesh of clear tank oil recovery
's.And remaining most of effect of the clear tank oil because depending merely on sedimentation containing substantial oil can not separate the crude oil for meeting to require, only
It can be dispatched from the factory as refinery's discarded object in the form of waste.The method processing time is long, takes refinery's tank holds resource, reclaims simultaneously
Efficiency is very low, causes crude resources and greatly wastes.
(2) method centrifuged, i.e.,:By three phase separation horizontal screw centrifuge by the mechanical admixture in clear tank oil, water, oil
Simple separation is carried out, but fails to remove colloid, asphalitine in clear tank oil, enters atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit freshening and still causes Crude Desalting System
Impact, can not smooth freshening.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the clear tank oil after being difficult to reclaim clear tank oil or processing to be in the prior art difficult into often
A kind of the defects of decompressor freshening, there is provided recovery method of clear tank oil.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of recovery method of clear tank oil, wherein, this method includes:Will
With medicament precipitation reaction occurs for clear tank oil, and obtained reaction product is carried out into separation of solid and liquid, by the separation of solid and liquid process points
The liquid phase separated out carries out water-oil separating, and then the oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process is centrifuged.
In the recovery method of clear tank oil of the present invention, all kinds of mechanical admixtures, colloid emulsification in the clear tank oil
Precipitation reaction occurs for thing and medicament, obtained reaction product is carried out into separation of solid and liquid, the mechanical admixture in the clear tank oil
And the colloid emulsion is discharged in the form of sediment solid phase greasy filth, liquid phase part is oil water mixture, and the profit is mixed
Compound carries out water-oil separating, and the aqueous phase isolated in the oil water separation process is discharged in the form of sewage, then by the profit
The oil phase isolated in separation process is centrifuged, and the light phase component isolated in the centrifugal separation processes is light oil
Phase, the miscellaneous content of water of the light oil phase is low, can enter refinery's atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit and carry out freshening and device is not impacted.
Method provided by the invention can efficiently, quickly, thoroughly reclaim clear tank oil, while method is simple, equipment is easy for installation,
Also can skidization design, operation is flexible.The miscellaneous content of water that the light oil phase that clear tank oil obtains is reclaimed in this method processing is 0.5 body
Product %-1.0 volume %, reach the volume % of the miscellaneous content of requirement water into atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit freshening≤1.0, and clear tank oil recovery rate is reachable
More than 95%.
In the recovery method of clear tank oil of the present invention, the sewage indices discharged in the oil water separation process
Meet environmental requirement standard (COD≤800mg/l, pH 6-9, NH3- N≤40mg/l), draining oil-polluted water system can be discharged into
System.In the separation of solid and liquid process, the band hydrogen sulfide oil gas with the one piece of discharge of solid greasy filth enters deodorizing equipment, avoids
Pollution is produced to environment.Whole process reaches the purpose recycled to clear tank glossy dark green mulberry.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in detail in subsequent specific embodiment part.
Brief description of the drawings
Accompanying drawing is for providing a further understanding of the present invention, and a part for constitution instruction, with following tool
Body embodiment is used to explain the present invention together, but is not construed as limiting the invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is a kind of schematic diagram of the implementation system of embodiment of methods described provided by the invention.
Description of reference numerals
1- filters;2- reactors;3- solid-liquid separators;4- oil water separators;5- whizzers;6- medicament entrances;
7- greasy filth exports;8- outlets of sewer;9- light oil mutually exports.
Embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.It should be appreciated that this place is retouched
The embodiment stated is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention.
The end points of disclosed scope and any value are not limited to the accurate scope or value herein, these scopes or
Value should be understood to comprising the value close to these scopes or value.For number range, between the endpoint value of each scope, respectively
It can be combined with each other between the endpoint value of individual scope and single point value, and individually between point value and obtain one or more
New number range, these number ranges should be considered as specific open herein.
The invention provides a kind of recovery method of clear tank oil, wherein, this method includes:Clear tank oil is occurred to sink with medicament
Form sediment and react, obtained reaction product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, the liquid phase isolated in the separation of solid and liquid process is subjected to profit
Separation, then the oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process is centrifuged.
The recovery method of the clear tank oil provided by the invention can be used for various conventional clear tank oil in recovery refinery.It is described
Clear tank oil contains a variety of mechanical admixtures and colloid emulsion.In the clear tank oil, the mechanical admixture refers to insoluble in oil
Sediment or suspension, such as the mechanical admixture can be silt particle, dust, iron filings, fiber or some insoluble salts, it is described
Colloid emulsion mainly includes colloid, asphalitine, and the colloid refers to that molecular weight is 500-10000g/mol, C/Hratio 7-9,
The compound of the elements such as carbon containing, hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, the asphalitine be it is a kind of by Various Complex high-molecular hydrocarbons and its
The complex mixture that the C/Hratio of metal derivative composition is 10-11.
According to the method described in the present invention, the precipitation reaction process can be implemented according to various conventional modes, for example,
Precipitation reaction can be carried out in retort.The precipitation reaction process is in order that the mechanical admixture and colloid emulsification
Thing forms solid greasy filth precipitation, to remove the mechanical admixture and the colloid emulsion in the clear tank oil.Preferable case
Under, the condition of the precipitation reaction can include:Reaction time is 10-60min, preferably 20-40min;Reaction temperature is 40-
95 DEG C, preferably 50-80 DEG C.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the dosage of the medicament, and the dosage of the medicament can make in the clear tank oil
The mechanical admixture and the colloid emulsion precipitation reaction occurs completely.Under preferable case, the medicament with it is described
The weight ratio of the dosage of clear tank oil is 1:30-200, preferably 1:32-150, more preferably 1:33-100.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the selection of the medicament, and the medicament can be commonly used in the art
The various medicaments of precipitation reaction occur with the mechanical admixture in the clear tank oil and the colloid emulsion.It is for example, described
Medicament can be at least one of demulsifier, dispersant, conditioning agent and flocculant.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the selection to the demulsifier, can be the conventional selection in this area, such as
Can be the commercially available demulsifier HBP-1 and/or HBP-3 of Hua You Hui Bopu companies.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the selection to the dispersant, the conventional selection in this area, such as can be
The commercial dispersants HBP-13 and/or HBP-14 of Hua You Hui Bopu companies.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the selection to the conditioning agent, the conventional selection in this area, such as can be
At least one of commercially available conditioning agent HBP-20, HBP-22 and HBP-23 of Hua You Hui Bopu companies.
In the present invention, there is no particular limitation for the selection to the flocculant, the conventional selection in this area, such as can be
The commercially available flocculant HBP-110 and/or HBP-120 of Hua You Hui Bopu companies.
According to the method described in the present invention, the separation of solid and liquid process can be implemented according to various conventional modes, for example,
Separation of solid and liquid can be carried out to the product during the precipitation reaction by solid-liquid separator.The separation of solid and liquid process be for
The solid greasy filth generated during the discharge precipitation reaction.
According to the method described in the present invention, the oil water separation process can be implemented according to various conventional modes, for example,
Water-oil separating can be carried out to the liquid phase isolated in the separation of solid and liquid process by oil water separator.The water-oil separating
Journey is oil phase and aqueous phase separation in order that in the liquid phase isolated in the separation of solid and liquid process, the water isolated
Mutually discharged in the form of sewage, the oil phase is further processed.
According to the method described in the present invention, the centrifugal separation processes can be implemented according to various conventional modes, for example,
The oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process can be centrifuged by whizzer.It is described to centrifuge
Journey be using the density variation between the heavy oil phase and light oil phase in the oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process,
The heavy oil phase and light oil are separated in the presence of centrifugal force field.
In a preferred embodiment, the recovery method of the clear tank oil can also include:Enter by the clear tank oil
Before the row precipitation reaction, the clear tank oil is filtered.The filter process can be real according to various conventional modes
Apply, for example, can be filtered by filter to the clear tank oil.The filter process is to remove in the clear tank oil
Large granular impurity and can not with medicament occur precipitation reaction impurity.
In a preferred embodiment, the recovery method of the clear tank oil can also include:The filter process it
Afterwards and before the precipitation reaction, clear tank oil is heated to 40-95 DEG C, preferably 50-80 DEG C.The heating process can be by
Implement according to various conventional modes, for example, electrical heating or heating water bath can be used, under preferable case, heated with steam.
In a preferred embodiment, the recovery method of the clear tank oil can also include:Centrifuged described
The heavy oil isolated in journey is mutually back to the oil water separation process and carries out circulation and stress.
According to the method described in the present invention, methods described is implemented in clear tank oil treatment system, as shown in figure 1, described clear
Tank oil treatment system can include:Filter 1, reactor 2, solid-liquid separator 3, oil water separator 4 and whizzer 5, institute
State filter 1 to connect with the reactor 2, the reactor 2 connects with the solid-liquid separator 3, the solid-liquid separator 3
Liquid-phase outlet connects with the oil water separator 4, and the oil phase outlet of the oil water separator 4 connects with the whizzer 5.
In a preferred embodiment, in the clear tank oil treatment system, the heavy oil of the whizzer 5 mutually goes out
Mouth connects with the entrance of the oil water separator 4.
According to the method described in the present invention, the oil phase outlet of the oil water separator 4 connects with the whizzer 5,
Wherein, the whizzer 5 can be any conventional whizzer, for example, can be disk plate centrifuge.
Introduced with reference to the action principle of above-mentioned clear tank oil treatment system using above-mentioned clear tank oil treatment system recovery
The method of clear tank oil.
Specific implementation process comprises the following steps successively:Clear tank oil is sent into filter 1 and filtered, after filtering
Clear tank oil enter reactor 2, open medicament entrance 6, add medicament into reactor, all kinds of machineries in the tank oil clearly are miscellaneous
Precipitation reaction occurs in the reactor for matter, colloid emulsion and the medicament, is changed into sediment, and obtained reaction product is led to
Cross solid-liquid separator 3 carry out separation of solid and liquid, the sediment that the solid-liquid separator 3 is isolated in the form of solid greasy filth from
The discharge of greasy filth outlet 7, for the solid greasy filth of the discharge of greasy filth outlet 7 after collection, uniformly being handled (can deliver to coking car
Between), the liquid phase part that the solid-liquid separator 3 is isolated is oil water mixture, and the oil water mixture is passed through into water-oil separating
Device 4 carries out water-oil separating, and the aqueous phase that the oil water separator 4 is isolated is discharged in the form of sewage from outlet of sewer 8, into oil-containing
Sewerage, the low aqueous miscellaneous oil phase that the oil water separator 4 is isolated is separated again into whizzer 5, described
The light phase that whizzer 5 is isolated is light oil phase, and 9 are mutually exported by light oil and is discharged into atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit freshening, it is described from
The heavy oil that centrifugal separator 5 is isolated mutually returns to the oil water separator 4 and carries out circulation and stress.
The present invention will be further described in detail by specific embodiment below.
Embodiment in following examples is implemented in implementation system as shown in Figure 1.Embodiment is as follows:By clear tank
Oil is filtered by filter 1, opens medicament entrance 6, adds medicament, and medicament enters in reactor 2 after being mixed with clear tank oil to be sent out
Raw precipitation reaction, the reaction product of precipitation reaction enter solid-liquid separator 3 and carry out separation of solid and liquid, what solid-liquid separator 3 was isolated
By the discharge of greasy filth outlet 7, the liquid phase that solid-liquid separator 3 is isolated enters oil water separator 4 and carries out water-oil separating, oil solid greasy filth
The aqueous phase that separator 4 is isolated is discharged by outlet of sewer 8, and the oil phase that oil water separator 4 is isolated enters into whizzer 5
Row is centrifuged, and the light oil that whizzer 5 is isolated mutually mutually is exported 9 discharges, the heavy oil that whizzer 5 is isolated by light oil
Mutually return to oil water separator 4 and carry out circulation and stress.
In following examples and comparative example, demulsifier is the commercially available product that the trade mark of Hua You Hui Bopu companies is HBP-1;It is scattered
Agent is the commercially available product that the trade mark of Hua You Hui Bopu companies is HBP-13;Conditioning agent is that the trade mark of Hua You Hui Bopu companies is HBP-20
Commercially available product;Flocculant is the commercially available product that the trade mark of Hua You Hui Bopu companies is HBP-110.
In following examples and comparative example, clear tank oil is derived from Sinopec Zhenghai refinery branch company, its performance parameter such as table 1
It is shown.
Table 1
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment is used to illustrate clear tank oil recovery method.
The clear tank oil of 100 parts by weight is filtered by filter 1,50 DEG C is heated to steam, opens medicament entrance 6, add
Enter 1 parts per weight dispersing agent HBP-13,1 parts by weight demulsifier HBP-1, medicament enters reactor 2 after being mixed with clear tank oil, at 50 DEG C
30min is reacted under reaction temperature, reaction product enters solid-liquid separator 3 and carries out separation of solid and liquid, and what solid-liquid separator 3 was isolated consolidates
By the discharge of greasy filth outlet 7, the liquid phase that solid-liquid separator 3 is isolated enters oil water separator 4 and carries out water-oil separating, profit body greasy filth
The sewage W1 that separator 4 is isolated is discharged by outlet of sewer 8, and the oil phase that oil water separator 4 is isolated enters into whizzer 5
Row is centrifuged, and the light oil phase A1 that whizzer 5 is isolated mutually is exported 9 discharges, the weight that whizzer 5 is isolated by light oil
Oil phase returns to oil water separator 4 and carries out circulation and stress.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example is used to illustrate clear tank oil recovery method.
Clear tank oil is filtered by filter 1,50 DEG C is heated to steam, after placing 10 days, isolates liquid level top
Light oil phase D1, sewage WD1.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example is used to illustrate clear tank oil recovery method.
Clear tank oil is filtered by filter 1,50 DEG C is heated to steam, into three-phase separator, isolates light oil
Phase D2, sewage WD2.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment is used to illustrate clear tank oil recovery method.
Method according to embodiment 1 reclaims clear tank oil, except that, the clear tank oil of 100 parts by weight is carried out by filter 1
Filtering, 60 DEG C are heated to steam, opens medicament entrance 6, adds 2 parts by weight conditioning agent HBP-20,1 parts by weight flocculant HBP-
110, medicament enters reactor 2 after being mixed with clear tank oil, reacts 40min under 60 DEG C of reaction temperatures.Finally, obtain sewage W2 and
Light oil phase A2.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment is used to illustrate clear tank oil recovery method.
Clear tank oil is reclaimed in method processing according to embodiment 1, except that, the clear tank oil of 100 parts by weight is passed through into filter 1
Filtered, be heated to 80 DEG C with steam, open medicament entrance 6, add 1 parts by weight demulsifier HBP-1, medicament and clear tank oil are mixed
Enter reactor 2 after conjunction, react 20min under 80 DEG C of reaction temperatures.Finally, sewage W3 and light oil phase A3 are obtained.
According to the miscellaneous assay method of GB/T6533 crude oil water containings to the water of the light oil phase obtained in above example and comparative example
Miscellaneous content is detected, as a result as shown in table 2.
The rate of recovery of the clear tank oil in above example and comparative example is calculated according to below equation:
As a result it is as shown in table 2.
According to standard HJ/T399 rapid-digestion spectrophotometry COD of sewage;According to standard GB/T6920 glass electrodes
Method measure sewage pH;According to NH in standard HJ/T195 Gas-phase Molecular Absorption Spectrometry sewage3- N content, as a result such as the institute of table 3
Show.
Table 2
Production code member | The miscellaneous content of water, volume % | The rate of recovery, % |
Light oil phase A1 | 0.6 | 98.3 |
Light oil phase D1 | 1.9 | 35.8 |
Light oil phase D2 | 2.3 | 90.2 |
Light oil phase A2 | 0.5 | 97.2 |
Light oil phase A3 | 0.6 | 97.8 |
Table 3
The miscellaneous content of light oil phase water obtained according to the clear tank oil of method recovery of the present invention is can be seen that from the data of table 2 to reach
To the volume % of the miscellaneous content of requirement water of atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit freshening≤1 is entered, clear tank oil recovery rate reaches more than 95%.
The each of the sewage discharged during reclaiming clear tank oil according to the method for the present invention is can be seen that from the data of table 3
Item index is satisfied by environmental requirement standard (COD≤800mg/L, pH 6-9, NH3- N≤40mg/L), draining oil-containing can be discharged into
Sewerage.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in detail above in association with accompanying drawing, still, the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned reality
The detail in mode is applied, in the range of the technology design of the present invention, a variety of letters can be carried out to technical scheme
Monotropic type, these simple variants belong to protection scope of the present invention.
It is further to note that each particular technique feature described in above-mentioned embodiment, in not lance
In the case of shield, can be combined by any suitable means, in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the present invention to it is various can
The combination of energy no longer separately illustrates.
In addition, various embodiments of the present invention can be combined randomly, as long as it is without prejudice to originally
The thought of invention, it should equally be considered as content disclosed in this invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of recovery method of clear tank oil, it is characterised in that this method includes:With medicament precipitation reaction is occurred into for clear tank oil,
Obtained reaction product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, the liquid phase isolated in the separation of solid and liquid process is subjected to water-oil separating, so
The oil phase isolated in the oil water separation process is centrifuged afterwards.
2. according to the method for claim 1, wherein, the medicament and the weight ratio of the dosage of the clear tank oil are 1:30-
200, preferably 1:33-100.
3. method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, the medicament is selected from demulsifier, dispersant, conditioning agent and flocculation
At least one of agent.
4. method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, the reaction time of the precipitation reaction is 10-60min, reaction temperature
Spend for 40-95 DEG C.
5. according to the method for claim 1, wherein, methods described also includes:The clear tank oil is being subjected to the precipitation
Before reaction, the clear tank oil is filtered.
6. according to the method for claim 5, wherein, methods described also includes:After the filter process and precipitating
Before reaction, clear tank oil is heated to 40-95 DEG C.
7. according to the method for claim 1, wherein, methods described also includes:It will be isolated in the centrifugal separation processes
Heavy oil be mutually back to the oil water separation process and carry out circulation and stress.
8. according to the method for claim 5, wherein, methods described is implemented in clear tank oil treatment system, the clear tank oil
Processing system includes:Filter (1), reactor (2), solid-liquid separator (3), oil water separator (4) and whizzer (5),
The filter (1) connects with the reactor (2), and the reactor (2) connects with the solid-liquid separator (3), described solid
The liquid-phase outlet of liquid/gas separator (3) connects with the oil water separator (4), the oil phase outlet of the oil water separator (4) and institute
State whizzer (5) connection.
9. the method according to claim 11, wherein, in the clear tank oil treatment system, the whizzer (5)
Heavy oil mutually exports to be connected with the entrance of the oil water separator (4).
10. method according to claim 8 or claim 9, wherein, the whizzer (5) is disk plate centrifuge.
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CN108485789A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-09-04 | 浙江三基钢管有限公司 | One kind rolling oil circulation for device and for method |
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CN101928594A (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2010-12-29 | 长岭炼化岳阳工程设计有限公司 | Method for removing impurities from coal tar heavy oil |
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Application publication date: 20180209 |