CN107664657A - A kind of water power leads aeration measuring method - Google Patents
A kind of water power leads aeration measuring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107664657A CN107664657A CN201710873303.8A CN201710873303A CN107664657A CN 107664657 A CN107664657 A CN 107664657A CN 201710873303 A CN201710873303 A CN 201710873303A CN 107664657 A CN107664657 A CN 107664657A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of water power to lead aeration measuring method, including：Demarcate clear water conductance；Measure air-water mixture conductance；Uniform dielectric assumes；Weak electric field assumes；Layering assumes；Calculate aeration concentrater.The present invention is by assuming that water and air is the infinite homogeneous medium that is each provided with intrinsic conduction speciality, and the two can match mixing by arbitrary volume and form homogeneous conductor under certain condition, and and can is freely separating into separate reset condition.Uniformly faint alternating electric field is formed in the conductance cell of a pair of relatively parallel, yardstick fixation plane electrode institute specifications, derives that the synthesis conductance of the air-water two phase flow body uniformly blended is positively correlated with the volume of aqueous media in air-water two phase flow body.So as to obtain tracing the conductance ratio expression formula of the air-water two phase flow body volume aeration concentrater of fundamental length unit.The aeration concentrater expression formula of the present invention is more more succinct than former Maxell calculating formula, and result is measured only in zero point and this 2 points of full scale and actual coincidence compared to more traditional Maxell.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of water power to lead aeration measuring method, is a kind of electrical measurement method, is a kind of be used in current
Air entrainment, i.e. volume aeration concentrater index measurement electric treatment method.
Background technology
Current aeration typically has two ways：One is natural flows aeration, in normal atmospheric（Natural air, similarly hereinafter）Side
Under the conditions of boundary, natural flows aeration is originally that all motion current mutually blend with adjacent boundary's air-flow, and adapts to pressure difference graded,
Air is gradually spread from current border to current inside and a kind of process or phenomenon of development.Secondly to force current aeration, by
Certain interference measure is artificially taken to add compressed air by force in the current of motion current or geo-stationary.Mixed in current
Gas, there is small part to be changed into solution gas or with visually extremely indistinguishable small gas core, and a bigger part then with
The form of the free bubble of macroscopic, which suspends, drifts about, and with water movement until bubble spill stream incorporates big compression ring again
Border.Current aeration phenomenon has pros and cons double properties.The metering of traditional Air Concentration in Water Flow is typically with resistance（Conductance is fallen
Number）Based on formula entrained air concentration meter, detection and calculation basis are Maxell theoretical equations.But come from the result actually measured
See, this metering system is not accurate enough, is only capable of accomplishing rough relative value metering.This aspect depends primarily on simulated test
Similarity Problem, metering theory, measurement criteria, the timeliness of data to former resistance-type aeration instrument are also related to that can trace to the source
The problems such as property.
The content of the invention
In order to overcome problem of the prior art, the present invention proposes a kind of water power and leads aeration measuring method.Described method
Assumed based on uniform dielectric and relatively uniform weak electric field is it is assumed that the meter for the new co-volume aeration concentrater for theoretically deriving and drawing
Method of determining and calculating, relative value metering method is still, the volume that can be referred to as to meet Volume Changes of the linear relationship demarcation with tracing to the source is mixed
Gas concentration measuring method.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this：A kind of water power leads aeration measuring method, is measured used in methods described
System includes：Setting and the electrode of specification conductance cell, described electrode and the measuring circuit company that can measure and show electric conductivity value
Connect, it is as follows the step of methods described：
The step of demarcating clear water conductance：Clear water is full of in conductance cell, and measures the conductance of clear water, is designated asG 0；
The step of measuring gas-vapor mix dielectric conductance：Make in conductance cell full of water and air or the blending agent of air bubble, measurement
The conductance of blending agent, is designated asG c ；
The step of uniform dielectric assumes：The electric conductivity value of clear water and single air is constant, is not become under isothermal, condition of normal pressure
Change；
The step of weak electric field assumes：Measurement process uses weak alternating electric field, single air conductivity under the conditions of weak alternating electric field
It is zero；
The step of layering assumes：The mixture of clear water and single air is spaced, in lift height between two electrodes
Upper unlimited uniform trickle closed state；
The step of calculating aeration concentrater：Linear aeration concentrater is calculated using linear aeration concentrater formulaC L ：
。
Further, linear aeration concentraterC L With non-linear aeration concentraterC M Be scaled：
,
Or：
。
Further, in the step of described demarcation clear water conductance, setting is parallel with two of specification conductance cell relatively electric
Extremely rectangular slab, the width of the rectangular slab area, highly it isb, the height that water medium floods electrode isb 1, then linear aeration
The calibration value of concentration isC LDemarcationCalculated with equation below：
。
The beneficial effect comprise that：The present invention is by assuming that liquid water and air is to be each provided with intrinsic conduction spy
The infinite homogeneous medium of matter, the two can match mixing by arbitrary volume and form homogeneous conductor under certain condition, and and can is freely divided
From into separate reset condition.Formed in the conductance cell of a pair of relatively parallel, yardstick fixation plane electrode institute specifications
Uniform weak electric field, it can derive that the synthesis conductance of the air-water two phase flow body uniformly blended is positively correlated with air-water two phase flow body reclaimed water
The volume of phase medium.So as to obtain tracing the conductance ratio of the volume aeration concentrater of the air-water two phase flow body of fundamental length unit
Expression formula.Comparatively, the given aeration concentrater expression formula of the present invention is more more succinct than former Maxell calculating formula, compares
More traditional Maxell measurement result is only in zero point and this 2 points of full scale and actual coincidence, linear measurement of the present invention
Algorithm is capable of the change of whole linear identical volume aeration concentrater.
Brief description of the drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of parallel comparative electrode used in the measurement of the methods described of embodiments of the invention one；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of parallel expansion electrode used in the measurement of the methods described of embodiments of the invention one.
Embodiment
Embodiment one：
The present embodiment is that a kind of water power leads aeration measuring method.Measuring system includes used in methods described：Setting and specification
The electrode of conductance cell, described electrode is with that can measure and show that the measuring circuit of electric conductivity value is connected.
Conductance cell described in the present embodiment refers to the spatial dimension between two electrodes, such as two pieces of parallel relative battery lead plates
Folded space is conductance cell.Conductance cell is the concept of definition, and so-called " pond " is the concept in space, rather than general significance
On depression below ground pond concept.
The shape of conductance cell is relevant with the shape of electrode.
Such as：Electrode is two pieces of rectangular flats of parallel upright relatively（It is properly termed as parallel comparative electrode）, such as Fig. 1 institutes
Show, it is a width ofa, it is a height ofb, the distance between two boards areL, plate face opposed vertical is put vertical, then its conductance cell is two electrode plates
Betweena×b×LApproximate quadrangular body.It should be noted that Electric Field Distribution has graded in same medium, this
In described approximate quadrangular conductance cell refer to that field strength is relatively large between two electrode plates and gradient more uniform equal electricity
Field areas.
As the mutation of parallel comparative electrode, its main purpose is suitable along characteristic to improve the incoming of conductance cell, can be incited somebody to action
Two electrode plates are parallel to be attached on one piece of insulation board, forms the electrode of parallel expansion（It can be described as parallel expansion electrode）, electrode
The width and height of plate remain asa、b, the distance of equivalent distances a certain camber line between two boards homonymy between its two battery lead plate, such as
Shown in Fig. 2, because battery lead plate is followed by insulation board, therefore, the shape of its conductance cell be approximately using plane where battery lead plate for section
The semi-cylindrical revolving body in face.
Described measuring circuit can be that phase-lock detecting circuit or other highly sensitive detection signals obtain circuit.These
Circuit can have digitized processing and storage capacity, and the letter detected can be exported by way of numerical monitor or simulation
Number value.
The present embodiment methods described comprises the following steps that：
The step of demarcating clear water conductance：Clear water is full of in conductance cell, and measures the conductance of clear water, is designated asG 0.Described here
Clear water, refers to the background water without the obvious air bubble of naked eyes, rather than in general sense be free of solution gas and any impurity
Pure water, nor without the clear water of any suspension, be simply absorbed in without macroscopic air bubble.As some spies
The relative increment value metering of different occasion, described clear water can also be containing gas is partly dissolved, and even quantitatively mixing has
The virgin flow of some air bubbles or the background water of circulating water flow.Clear water detect when, water body can be flowing or it is quiet
Only.
The step of measuring gas-vapor mix dielectric conductance：Make the blending agent full of water and air or air bubble in conductance cell,
The conductance of blending agent is measured, is designated asG c .This step is to carry out conductance measurement to the water body containing air or air bubble, can be false
Want to separate water and air, clear water is below, single air above, is being immersed in the bottom of air-water mixture electrode in water medium
In, top is in single air, i.e.,：The height being immersed in water medium isb 1, as shown in Figure 1, 2.Single air described here
Refer to the general air without aqueous water, rather than be free of the pure air of any impurity in general sense, can in single air
To there is suspended particulate, but any aqueous water is free of, but there can be vapor, because water vapour does not have conduction under weak electric field yet
Performance.
The step of uniform dielectric assumes：The electric conductivity value of clear water and single air is constant, is not become under isothermal, normal pressure
Change.In room temperature（Or under outdoor metastable temperature conditionss）With an atmospheric pressure（Normal pressure）Detect under environment, without aqueous water
Single air and aqueous water without air bubble in electric conductivity value it is typically indeclinable, therefore, this hypothesis complies fully with existing
Real measuring condition.
The step of weak electric field assumes：Measurement process uses weak alternating electric field, single air electricity under the conditions of weak alternating electric field
Conductance is zero.Described weak alternating electric field refers to alternating electric field of two battery lead plate institute's making alives below 1 volt.Use weak friendship
Changed electric field carries out the basis that electronic detection is really all Conductivity detections.Because in highfield, water may be polarized, or
Ionization, makes Conductivity detection fail, only in the case of 1 volt of weak alternating electric field once, could correctly carry out Conductivity detection.
But as theoretical foundation, the present embodiment is emphasized this point as hypothesis.
The step of layering assumes：Clear water is spaced, is being layered with the mixture of single air between two electrodes
Unlimited uniform trickle closed state on thickness.Aqueous water and normality air both media, the two can be both freely separating as phase
Mutually independent reset condition；And can is mutually blended as each to unlimited trickle uniform state by arbitrary volume proportion, is formed
The conductor of one homogeneous.Such as Fig. 1, the respective independent component of mixture reclaimed water and gas is assumed to be can be spaced, thick in layering
On degree can unlimited uniform trickle closed state, therefore, this hypothesis is also completely in accordance with reality detection.
The step of calculating aeration concentrater：Linear aeration concentrater is calculated using linear aeration concentrater formulaC L ：
。
The theoretical foundation of the present embodiment is：
（One）The definition of volume aeration concentrater：
Volume aeration concentrater, i.e.,：
（1）
In formula,V a For gaseous phase volume in air-water two phase flow body,V w For aqueous phase volume,CFor the concentration of volume percent of gas phase, its thing
Manage the percent by volume of gaseous phase volume and gas and water two-phase volume summation in the air-water two phase flow body that meaning is unit volume.
Compressibility based on gas, the present embodiment still basic physical attribute with air bubble at normal temperature waters are complete
The full basic exercise rule for submitting to perfect elasticity gas is hypothesis condition.According to the definition of aeration concentrater：The gas of unit volume
Gaseous phase volume accounts for the percent by volume of two-phase fluid cumulative volume in water two-phase fluid.From the point of view of definition in itself, volume aeration concentrater
And the volume size and its morphological differences of monomer bubble are passed over, it is generally average concept.Its index can both describe two-phase
The overall permanence of fluid, its Local Characteristic can also be described.Understand according to the characteristic of air water density variation great disparity, this definition
Main idea is aeration concentrater value, has both had distinct and accurate physical significance, directly represent the combined density of two-phase fluid again
Change.It is to discriminate between single-phase micro- compressible or incompressible flow density constant and is 1（Individual unit）Constant important mark
Property parameter.And the motion of analytic demonstration air-water two phase flow body and single-phase micro- compressible or incompressible flow different motion rule
When, it is necessary to select the zero of the absolute pressure reference system necessary and sufficient condition for being basic point.The support of this basic boundary condition is lacked, then
Have no way of inquiring into the characteristics of motion and its difference of both air-water two phase flow body and single-phase micro- compressible or incompressible flow；Also without
Contracted or both incompressible single-phase current with micro- from compressible gas phase media or bubble in air-water two phase flow body is inquired into
The characteristics of motion and its difference.
（Two）Maxwell（Maxell）It is theoretical：
According to Maxwell（Maxell）Theory, the aeration concentrater of air-water two phase flow body, is designated asC M （Percent by volume）, can
With with the interelectrode resistance of two fixed sizesR c WithR 0To characterize：
（2）
In formula：R 0- clear water resistance, refer to the resistance of water under the conditions of the natural water quality without the obvious bubble of naked eyes.
R c The mixed effective resistance of-air water two-phase medium.
The measured value of aeration concentrater, it is the electric field domain by special electrodes to formation, measures air-water two phase flow body and clear respectively
Water（Refer to the current or water body of all natural water quality without the obvious bubble of naked eyes）Electrode resistance under two states, according still further to
（2）Formula is calculated and obtained.Conventional parallel relative type motor normal electrode such as Fig. 1 shows that modified plane row expansion electrode such as Fig. 2 shows.
（Three）Solid-state and the Ohm's law of liquid medium conductor：
For the conductive capability of solid dielectric, generally describe and assess with the size of its resistivity.The timing of temperature one, according to Europe
Nurse law, the resistance of solid state medium conductorRWith conductor cross sectional areaA（cm2）It is inversely proportional, with conductor lengthL（cm）It is directly proportional,
I.e.：（3）
For the conductive capability of liquid medium, generally describe and assess with the size of its electrical conductivity.The timing of temperature one, liquid are situated between
The conductance of matterG（ResistanceRInverse）With the sectional area of special electrodesA（cm2）It is directly proportional, with electrode spacingL（cm）It is inversely proportional,
I.e.：（4）
（4）In formulaKFor electrical conductivity,L/AReferred to as electrode constant, with symbolJRepresent,LFor electrode equivalent separation,A=a×bFor electrode
Area, such as scheme（1）、（2）.I.e.：
（5）
When the form of electrode immobilizes, its constant value is also kept constant.If measure liquid with the special electrodes of certain fixed constant
The resistance R of body medium, by（4）、（5）Formula can tapping conductivity value,
That is,： (6)
(6) in formulaKFor the electrical conductivity of fluid to be measured,JFor the characteristic constant of electrode,RFor the resistance of liquid measured by special electrodes
（ResistanceRFor conductanceGInverse）.
（Four）Three basic assumptions：
1.（Uniform dielectric assumes）The air of aqueous water and normality, the two is all each to unlimited uniform conducting medium, and the two
The conductive characteristic having nothing in common with each other.That is aqueous water（That is clear water）With normality air（I.e. single air）The typical conductance of both media
（That is the inverse of resistance）Characteristic value, it is constant for constant under given conditions.
2. aqueous water and normality air both media, the two can be both freely separating as separate reset condition；Again
Can mutually it be blended by arbitrary volume proportion as each to unlimited trickle uniform state, the conductor of one homogeneous of formation.Such as Fig. 1,
By the respective independent component of mixture reclaimed water and gas be assumed to be can it is spaced, on lift height can infinitely uniformly it is trickle
Closed state.That is, it can not make to haggle in the limited electric field range scale of conductance cell, the volume of single isolated bubbles.But it can be used as upper
The equivalent performance of hypothesis state is stated to understand.
3. electric field used in Conductivity detection is weak electric field, described weak electric field refers to being powered up between two battery lead plates
1 volt of alternating electric field produced below is pressed in, this hypothesis is also fully consistent with the environment of reality detection.
（Five）Two brass tacks：
1. correlative study shows, though pure water does not have conductive capability, all it is dissolved with nature conventional liquid water various spuious
Conductive ion.Under water temperature and water quality permanence condition, normality water has relatively stable conductance ability.Meanwhile aqueous water intermediate ion
Conduction has certain polarization speciality.Under the conditions of weak electric field, the general normality air of vacuole is formed, or normality air and vapor
Mixed gas, its conductive capability is extremely faint, can be considered that its electrical conductivity is almost nil.
2. under relative static conditions, normality water and air has the speciality of natural separation.
（Six）Uniform dielectric assumes the theory deduction of condition lower volume aeration concentrater：
Assuming that a fixed conductance cell is formed by a pair of homalographic A and constant spacing L opposed parallel pole, it is assumed that should
It can be separately filled with two kinds of uniform dielectrics for possessing certain feature electric conductivity value of gas and water or the homogeneous mixture of the two comes in conductance cell
It is filled up completely with.
When aqueous water is full of full conductance cell, its corresponding conductance is set toG 0（G wF ）, and：
(7)
When air is full of full conductance cell, its corresponding conductance is set toG aF , and：
(8)
Wherein, k W For aqueous water（That is clear water, the water without the obvious bubble of naked eyes is referred to）Electrical conductivity,k a For the electrical conductivity of air
（In following alphabetic suffix,aAir is represented,wRepresent water）.
With reference to solid conductor parallel synthesis sensitivity formula：
(9)
Wherein：What footnote 1,2 referred to is two resistance formulas in parallel, unrelated with the present embodiment.
When liquid water and air is mixed in certain ratio and is full of the conductance cell, its compound conductance isG c , i.e., liquid or
Gaseous state fluid-mixing synthesizes conductance relational expression：
(10)
For two kinds of fluidised form media of certain certainty ratio mixing, according to above to unlimited uniformly mixing with vacation can be efficiently separated
It is fixed, the electrode gross area of conductance cellAOne timing, it can be described with equivalent separating area.I.e.：A= A W + A a .Wherein,A W 、A a
Clear two kinds of liquids of water and air are represented respectively soaks the facet product for accounting for active electrode.
The synthesis conductance of certainty ratio mixing liquid can be expressed as：
(11)
Wherein,k W 、 k a The electrical conductivity of water medium and air dielectric is represented respectively, it is assumed that the air electricity under the conditions of weak electric field
Conductance is 0, that is,：k a =0, then
(12)
According to the definition of volume aeration concentrater, between the electrode of conductance cell two in the active domain of electric field, its aeration concentraterC L Can be under
Formula describes：
(13)
According to volume displaced principle, can also be written as：
(14)
By formula（7）And formula（12）Obtain：
,
,
Substituted into formula（14）, can obtain：
(15)
If with formula（12）Substitution formula（15）, then can be expressed as in the form of formula：
(16)
If with conductanceGInverseRTo express：
(17)
Embodiment two：
The present embodiment is the improvement of embodiment one, the changing on linear aeration concentrater and non-linear aeration concentrater that be embodiment one
Calculate.Linear aeration concentrater described in the present embodimentC L With non-linear aeration concentraterC M Be scaled：
（18）,
Or：
（19）.
The calculation that embodiment one proposes is referred to as linear aeration concentrater and calculated by the present embodiment, and by Maxell
Calculation is referred to as non-linear aeration concentrater and calculated, and both calculations can be changed by the formula described in the present embodiment
Calculate, its rationale is：
Maxell resistance describes formula contrast and converted with relation：
Compare formula（17）：
And formula（2）：
It can be seen that the constant of two formulas only poor one 1/2.Therefore, the conversion relation of the two can be with formula（18）、（19）Carry out.
Embodiment three：
The present embodiment is the improvement of above-described embodiment, is above-described embodiment on the thin of demarcation volume aeration concentrater this index
Change.In the step of demarcation volume aeration concentrater index described in the present embodiment, setting is parallel with two of specification conductance cell relatively
Electrode is rectangular slab, and the width of the rectangular slab isa, highly it isb, the height that water medium floods electrode isb 1（Such as Fig. 1,2 institutes
Show）, then the calibration value of linear aeration concentrater beC LDemarcationCalculated with equation below：
。
As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, it is assumed that electrode area is by widthaIt is highbTwo constant parameter compositions, i.e.,A=a×b, and work asb 1
When representing water medium and flooding electrode height, with reference to formula（14）Have：
,
Substitution formula（16）
Then have：
Wherein, b 1Represent the height value that water medium floods battery lead plate；C LDemarcationRepresent the height that battery lead plate is flooded with water medium
Valueb 1Corresponding demarcation volume air concentration value.
The height that battery lead plate is flooded when water medium isb 1=bWhen,C L0Demarcation=0 represents zero point of the volume aeration concentrater as 0 value
Demarcation；
The height that battery lead plate is flooded when water medium isb 1=0When,C LFDemarcation=1 represents volume aeration concentrater as 1（Or 100%）Value
Full scale is demarcated.
As above, the calculating aeration concentrater that homogeneous assumes can be stated with the ratio of line length.Therefore, also it is achieved that volume is mixed
Quantitatively calibrating of the gas concentration under single length parameter, and realize tracing to the source to fundamental length unit.
Finally it should be noted that being merely illustrative of the technical solution of the present invention and unrestricted above, although with reference to preferable cloth
Scheme is put the present invention is described in detail, it will be understood by those within the art that, can be to the technology of the present invention
Scheme（Such as the form of electrode, the detection form of circuit, the utilization of various formula, the sequencing etc. of step）Modify or
Person's equivalent substitution, without departing from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of water power leads aeration measuring method, measuring system used in methods described includes：Setting and specification conductance cell
Electrode, described electrode are as follows the step of methods described with that can measure and show that the measuring circuit of electric conductivity value is connected：
The step of demarcating clear water conductance：Clear water is full of in conductance cell, and measures the conductance of clear water, is designated asG 0；
The step of measuring gas-vapor mix dielectric conductance：Make in conductance cell full of water and air or the blending agent of air bubble, measurement
The conductance of blending agent, is designated asG c ；
It is characterized in that：
The step of uniform dielectric assumes：The electric conductivity value of clear water and single air is constant, is not become under isothermal, condition of normal pressure
Change；
The step of weak electric field assumes：Measurement process uses weak alternating electric field, single air conductivity under the conditions of weak alternating electric field
It is zero；
The step of layering assumes：The mixture of clear water and single air is spaced, in lift height between two electrodes
Upper unlimited uniform trickle closed state；
The step of calculating aeration concentrater：Linear aeration concentrater is calculated using linear aeration concentrater formulaC L ：
。
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that linear aeration concentraterC L With non-linear aeration concentraterC M Conversion
For：
,
Or：
。
3. according to the method for claim 2, it is characterised in that in the step of described demarcation clear water conductance, setting and rule
Two parallel comparative electrodes of model conductance cell are rectangular slab, and the width of the rectangular slab isa, highly it isb, water medium floods electricity
The height of pole isb 1, then the calibration value of linear aeration concentrater beC LDemarcationCalculated with equation below：
。
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| CN108875223A (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2018-11-23 | 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司 | A kind of judgment method of air mixing corrosion reducing facility validity |
| CN116609029A (en) * | 2023-05-23 | 2023-08-18 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Method for calibrating aeration measurement equipment |
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| CN116609029B (en) * | 2023-05-23 | 2023-12-19 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Method for calibrating aeration measurement equipment |
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