CN107633363B - Method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing airflow change caused by building layout - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing airflow change caused by building layout, which takes a crossroad as a central origin and arranges buildings on two sides of an east-west road and a south-north road respectively; the mode of arranging buildings on two sides of an east-west walking road is as follows: the building is symmetrically arranged on two sides of a road by taking a center line of an east-west moving road as a symmetry axis, the buildings are arranged from far to near from a center origin of a crossroad in a trend of descending to ascending, each building forms a certain included angle with the center line of the road, a pair of correspondingly arranged buildings form a bell mouth with an included angle alpha, a small opening of the bell mouth faces the crossroad, and the included angle alpha of the bell mouth is calculated according to a formula; the buildings arranged on the two sides of the north-south walking road are parallel to the central line of the road or arranged according to the layout mode of the buildings on the two sides of the east-west walking road. The invention changes the airflow environment, improves the pollutant diffusion speed and improves the air quality through the reasonable layout of the buildings.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of environmental protection, in particular to a method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing airflow change caused by building layout.
Background
Urbanization is a necessary way for modernization and is the place of the largest internal demand potential and development kinetic energy in China. Since eighteen parties, the center of the party deeply promotes novel urbanization construction to make a series of major decision deployments, the various novel urbanization works in China also make positive progress, and the scale of the existing city is also rapidly expanded. With the acceleration of the urbanization process, the expansion of urban population and the rising of the keeping quantity of motor vehicles, various environmental problems are increasingly highlighted, and the problems of rapid air quality reduction, water resource pollution and shortage, noise pollution and the like are urgently needed to be solved.
The 16 th to 21 th northeast China, North China, Huang-Huai and the like in 2016 have the haze weather process with the longest duration, the widest influence range and the heaviest pollution degree, the range is expanded to 17 provinces and cities, and the area is 142 kilo square kilometers. On the continuous large-area heavy pollution weather, 71 cities with daily average concentration reaching the heavy pollution and above and 53 cities with Jingjin Ji and the surrounding areas account for 75 percent of the total number. The visibility of Beijing haze is less than 50 meters, 169 flights are cancelled, 9 highways are temporarily closed, enterprises stop production and limit delivery, schools stop class, buses get lost, and pedestrians cannot get out of a mask … ….
Year 2017, month 2, daily newspapers and periodicals of people: the haze treatment is undoubtedly an extremely important and urgent work at present, but is not equal to the haze treatment, and all other matters can be sacrificed and can be disregarded as long as the haze treatment is carried out. In the face of multiple targets and concerns such as economic development, social stability and environmental governance, governments should make overall consideration in decision making to find the "greatest common divisor".
Under the common effort of the whole society, the total pollution level is continuously reduced and the air quality is obviously improved by strengthening the environmental pollution treatment and perfecting the energy-saving emission-reduction management; however, places with human activities can generate pollution, air pollution is not only reflected in extreme weather such as haze, but also in sunny days with sunny days and high illumination, a certain amount of mild and moderate pollution weather still appears, and the pollution days are far more than the haze days. Therefore, the ministry of disaster reduction and civilization of China first brought haze weather into 2016 natural disasters and reports the haze weather. People talk about haze color change, what is most hoped for should be the words: from now on, a strand of cold air comes to reduce the temperature of rain, snow and strong wind in a large range, and haze is weakened and dissipated. ". It can be said that wind is a victory weapon for haze. As long as there is wind, the pollutants can diffuse, the larger the wind, the faster it diffuses, and the better the air quality.
It is inspired that we have gained another way to temporarily address air pollution, namely to allow for the convenient and rapid diffusion of the pollutants. That is to say, as long as there is the air current of fast flow, just can spread out the haze that covers in people's overhead fast. Through statistical data analysis, the air quality can reach good and excellent standards when the general wind speed is three-level or more than three-level. However, the situation without wind is not good. When the air is controlled by the static and stable weather close to the ground, the air mobility is zero in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, the atmospheric diffusion condition is very poor, the pollutant emission of energy consumption required by local traffic, life and production of the urban area is continuously accumulated in low altitude no matter the scale of the urban area, pollution is rapidly formed, and under the action of wind, local turbulence can be generated around urban building groups and street canyons, and the pollutant concentration accumulation condition can be generated in a low-speed wind area.
At present, urban planning is limited only in matching measures such as population density, transportation, education and medical treatment, living service and the like, and single buildings are also limited in design of appearance and sign, so that the idea of planning the layout of a building group from the perspective of pollutant diffusion is rarely known. However, the reasonable layout of urban building complexes and street canyons can have a significant impact on the wind environment and also on the spread of pollutants. Therefore, if the urban buildings can be reasonably arranged, pollutants can be diffused by using the energy of the nature, and the air quality over the city is further improved, so that a new idea for solving the existing haze problem is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing airflow change caused by building layout so as to solve the problem that pollutants above cities cannot be diffused.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing air flow change caused by building layout takes a crossroad as a central origin and takes a radius of 0.1-5km as a building group unit, and buildings are respectively arranged on two sides of an east-west walking road and a south-north walking road;
the arrangement of buildings on two sides of an east-west walking road means that: the building is symmetrically arranged on two sides of a road by taking a center line of an east-west moving road as a symmetry axis, the buildings are arranged from far to near from a center origin of the intersection, the height of each building and the center line of the east-west moving road form a certain included angle, a pair of buildings correspondingly arranged on two sides of the east-west moving road form a horn mouth with the included angle alpha, a small opening of the horn mouth faces the intersection, and the size of the included angle alpha of the horn mouth is calculated according to the following formula:
α =0.291R is suitable for buildings of heights below 45 meters and 0< R < 0.9;
α=－0.375R2+ 1.241R-0.7606 is suitable for buildings of height 45 m and above;
wherein: r is the ratio of the building height H to the small-opening distance A of the corresponding building bell mouth, and alpha is an arc value.
The buildings arranged on the two sides of the north-south walking road are parallel to the central line of the road or are arranged according to the layout mode of the buildings on the two sides of the east-west walking road.
The cross section of the building is rectangular or approximately rectangular, and the preferred ratio of length, width and height of the building is 4:3: 5.
In the invention, the height difference of the lowest to the highest buildings of the buildings arranged at the two sides of the east-west walking road is controlled within the range of 6-12 meters; if the radius range of the building group unit is larger, the heights of two adjacent buildings on the same side can be the same, but the whole structure accords with the trend that the distance from the center origin of the intersection to the center origin of the intersection gradually increases from far to near.
The buildings are preferably arranged on the two sides of the north-south road in a manner of being parallel to the central line of the road. The buildings on the two sides of the roads in the north and south directions are short in time of being irradiated by sunlight, especially parallel light in the noon time period, the energy accumulated on the surfaces of the buildings is small, the generated temperature difference is small, the influence on airflow flowing is small, and the whole balance can be not designed into a horn mouth shape.
The distance between two adjacent buildings on the same side of the east-west walking road is 0.5 times of the height of the buildings, and if the two adjacent buildings have the difference of height, the height of the higher building is used for calculation.
In the invention, the included angle alpha formed by a pair of buildings corresponding to the two sides of the east-west walking road gradually increases from far to near from the central origin of the intersection.
The center line of the east-west trend road is an angular bisector of a horn mouth included angle alpha formed by corresponding buildings at two sides of the road.
According to the method, in the initial planning stage of urban construction or before reconstruction and expansion of urban areas, main components and total emission of pollutants in local areas are considered, a crossroad is taken as a central origin, the road width and the expected building construction height are determined, the angle formed by a building and the road can be calculated according to a model, the building is arranged according to a specific mode, local turbulence is formed and a canyon effect is generated by utilizing solar energy or the temperature difference existing on the surface of the building, and local airflow can still flow under the condition that the wind speed of the natural environment is 0; under the constraint that buildings on two sides of a road form a specific space, airflow flows along a certain direction, the kinetic energy of the airflow is gradually improved by the domino effect, and after the airflow reaches the center of the road of a cross road shaped like a Chinese character jing, the airflow is accelerated to flow to a high-rise space along a channel surrounded by high buildings around by the chimney effect, so that the kinetic energy of the airflow is gradually increased, the diffusion of pollutants along the channel is accelerated, and the purpose of directional diffusion of pollutants is achieved; further optimizing the shape (length, width, height and cross section shape) of the buildings and the inter-floor distance between adjacent buildings, the effects of accelerating airflow and diffusing pollutants more quickly can be achieved. Therefore, the method verifies that the human cannot create the nature, but can play the human intelligence to reform the nature, utilizes the energy of the nature on the basis of respecting the natural law, changes the airflow environment through the reasonable layout of buildings, improves the pollutant diffusion speed, and creates the environment-friendly new place harmonious with the nature.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a building according to example 1; wherein a is a floor plan of the building, and b is a three-dimensional layout of the building.
FIG. 2 is a simulation diagram of the initial wind speed of a pair of buildings B1-B1' disposed on both sides of an east-west road in example 2.
FIG. 3 is a simulation diagram of the initial wind speeds of two pairs of buildings B1-B1 'and B2-B2' disposed on two sides of an east-west road in example 2.
FIG. 4 is a simulation diagram of the initial wind speeds of three pairs of buildings B1-B1 ', B2-B2 ' and B3-B3 ' arranged on two sides of an east-west running road in example 2.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given to facilitate a better understanding of the invention, but do not limit the invention.
Example 1
As shown in figure 1, the method for accelerating the diffusion of pollutants by utilizing the change of air flow caused by the layout of buildings provided by the invention takes a crossroad as a central origin and takes a radius of 0.1-5km as a building group unit, the buildings are respectively arranged on two sides of an east-west road and a south-north road, and each unit can be longitudinally and transversely connected with another unit to form a local urban area.
In each building group unit, a crossroad is taken as a central origin, a radius is 0.1-5km, and buildings are respectively arranged on the two sides of the east-west trend road and the north-south trend road:
there are two ways to arrange buildings on both sides of the north-south road: the first is to arrange in parallel with the central line of the north-south road; the second is to lay out in the same way as the specific way of laying out buildings with things going to both sides of the road as described below; the first mode is preferably arranged, because buildings on the two sides of the roads in the north and south directions are short in sunlight irradiation time, particularly parallel light in the noon time period, the accumulated energy on the surfaces of the buildings is less, the generated temperature difference is small, and the influence on the airflow flow is small, so that the whole balance can not be designed into a horn mouth shape.
Arranging buildings on two sides of an east-west walking road according to a specific mode; the specific mode of arranging the building refers to that: the building is symmetrically arranged at two sides of the road by taking the center line of the east-west walking road as a symmetry axis; the buildings are arranged according to the trend that the height of the buildings from far to near from the center origin of the crossroad is from low to high, namely: the height of the building farthest from the crossroad is lowest, the height of the building closest to the crossroad is highest, if the radius range of the building group unit is larger, two adjacent buildings can be at the same height, but the whole arrangement accords with the trend that the distance from the crossroad is gradually increased from far to near; preferably, the height difference from the lowest building to the highest building is controlled within the range of 6-12 meters; each building forms a certain included angle with the center line of the road, and two buildings correspondingly arranged on two sides of the road form a bell mouth with the included angle alpha, the included angle alpha of the bell mouth can be divided equally by the center line of the east-west moving road, the small opening of the bell mouth faces to the crossroad, simulation is carried out through Ansys Fluent software according to a fluid mechanics energy equation, and the relation between the size of the alpha and the building height and the distance between the small openings of the bell mouth is obtained as shown in the following formula:
α =0.291R is suitable for buildings with a height below 45 meters and 0< R <0.9,
α=－0.375R2+ 1.241R-0.7606 is suitable for buildings of height 45 m and above;
wherein: r is the ratio of the height H of the building to the small-opening distance A of the bell mouth formed by the corresponding building, and the alpha value is radian; under the condition of a certain road width, the distance A between small openings of the bell mouths formed by buildings corresponding to the east and west moving roads is a known parameter, the height H of the buildings is a known parameter, the included angle alpha of the bell mouths formed by the corresponding buildings is gradually increased from far to near from the central origin of the intersection, under the general condition, the included angle alpha (angle) of the bell mouths is 5-16 degrees, the optimal range is 8-13 degrees, the large openings of the bell mouths are airflow inflow ends, and the small openings of the bell mouths are airflow outflow ends.
Assuming that the building farthest from the intersection in a building group unit is B1-B1 '(see fig. 1), B2-B2', B3-B3 ', … … Bn-Bn' from far to near, the initial airflow velocity of the flare (starting end) formed by two corresponding buildings B1-B1 'on both sides of the east-west approach road is V11=0, the airflow velocity of the small mouth (tail end) of the flare is V12, the initial airflow velocity of the large mouth (starting end) of the flare formed by B2-B2' is V21 > 0, the airflow velocity of the small mouth (tail end) of the flare is V22, V22 > V12, and so on, the wind energy is amplified continuously during the transfer according to the domino effect, and the wind speed tends to be stable when the temperature difference, the ground, the resistance of the building surface, and the external conditions are balanced. By the design, when the wind speed is 0 in the natural environment, namely when no wind exists, the temperature difference generated between the opposite buildings by the action of solar radiation is utilized, the flowing speed of the airflow is changed due to the contraction of the space between the buildings arranged at the bell mouth, local airflow turbulence, namely canyon effect, is formed, the airflow convergence is strengthened, and the airflow is accelerated to flow out from the small mouth side and flows to the crossroads along the street canyon channel.
In city planning, according to the relevant regulations of the national temporary regulations of city planning quota index, the road width is divided into four levels, so that the road width of the road is firstly determined (is a fixed value), then the height H of a building is weighed, and the included angle alpha of the corresponding buildings at the two sides of the east-west strike road is calculated, and the building group unit can be integrally distributed.
The cross section of the buildings on the two sides of the east-west road is approximately rectangular, and the length, width and height ratio of the buildings is 4:3: 5.
The invention also considers the transmission and continuous amplification of wind energy along the road to prevent excessive leakage from the distance, considers the smooth airflow of front and rear buildings to avoid a low-speed wind local turbulent flow zone generated around a street canyon and reduce the accumulation of pollutant concentration, and simulates that the distance L between two adjacent buildings on the same side of the road is 0.5 times of the height H of the two adjacent buildings if the buildings are high or low, and calculates by using a higher building to ensure the generation of domino effect.
The invention takes the building at the crossroad in one unit as the highest building and the building at the farthest end from the crossroad as the lowest building, wherein the buildings are gradually raised in a step shape from low to high, and wind energy is prevented from overflowing from the top of a building during transmission and continuous amplification along the road.
A semi-closed space is enclosed by high-rise buildings at the crossroad, so-called chimney effect of air heat pressure difference is generated to realize natural ventilation, hot air containing pollutants is discharged from the top of the buildings, and cold air is sucked from the bottom of the buildings, so that the aim of circulating convection is fulfilled. The higher the tall building at the intersection, the faster the airflow velocity and the lower the air pressure there, and the airflow in the street canyons in the unit will flow there. Because the ground at the crossroad is wide and the average wind speed is not high, the casualties caused by the aversion wind of the street canyons can be avoided.
According to the conventional technical means in the field, the angle and the symmetry of the horn mouth included angle alpha can be finally determined by properly adjusting the local sunshine condition and the building shape.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 1, a crossroad is taken as a central origin, the radius range is about 190m, east-west moving roads are designed to be four-level roads, 3 buildings are respectively built on each side of the east-west moving roads, the buildings on the two sides are basically symmetrical about the east-west moving roads, a pair of buildings which are farthest away from the central origin of the crossroad are named as B1 and B1 ', a pair of buildings which are next to B2 and B2 ', a pair of buildings which are closest to the central origin of the crossroad are named as B3 and B3 ', the road width of the east-west moving road is measured to be 30m, the distances between the shoulders and the buildings on the two sides of the road are respectively 10m, the minimum distance between the two symmetrical buildings on the two sides of the east-west moving road is 50m, and the street gorges canThe width of the valleys is about 50 m; the buildings (the structure size is small) are parallel to the central line of the road on both sides of the road in the north-south direction; the section of each building is expected to be rectangular, the ratio of length, width and height is 4:3:5, and the height of the buildings B1 and B1' is 54m, the length is 43.2m and the width is 32.4 m; buildings B2 and B2' have a height of 56m, a length of 44.8m and a width of 33.6 m; building B3' has a height of 58m, a length of 46.4m, and a width of 34.8 m; the distance between two adjacent buildings on the same side of the road is 28m, and the distance between the building B1 and the building B2 is 28 m; the distance between building B2 and building B3 was 29 m; since the building height is higher than 45 meters, it is suitable for the model: alpha = -0.375R2+ 1.241R-0.7606, calculating R according to known parameters, substituting into a model to calculate the included angle of the bell mouth formed by each pair of buildings, namely converting the included angles alpha of the bell mouths formed by each pair of buildings from far to near B1-B1, B2-B2 'and B3-B3' into 8 degrees, 9 degrees and 10 degrees respectively; then B1 and B1 ' would have an angle of 4 degrees with the east-west going road, B2 and B2 ' would have an angle of 4.5 degrees with the east-west going road, B3 and B3 ' would have an angle of 5 degrees with the east-west going road, respectively, and the small mouth of the bell formed by each pair of buildings would be towards the central origin.
The software fluent6.3 is adopted to carry out air flow simulation, and the space is considered to be wind-free to generate wind during modeling, so that the boundaries of the basin are outflow except the ground; in the simulation calculation process, a turbulence model is used, which mainly emphasizes the effects of wall temperature and buoyancy; starting an energy equation and the action of gravity; selecting an ideal incompressible fluid hypothesis to meet the condition that the air density changes along with the temperature; limestone is selected as a wall material, the sunny side and the back sunny side are in convection, the wall is at an operating temperature, and the roof and the ground are provided with heat insulation, so that the influence of the heat insulation on the experiment is not considered; for the setting of the solving method, the pressure dispersion method is mainly selected, the PREST option is selected, the flow terms in the momentum equation and the model equation are dispersed by adopting a second-order windward format, after calculation, the residual error is reduced to 10-6, the speed is basically unchanged, and the calculation convergence can be considered; other settings remain default.
The parameters mainly set in the simulation are as follows:
operating temperature 303.15K, air density 1.165g/cm3Air thermal expansion coefficient 3.299e-3The gravity is-9.8 kg/m3Heat transfer coefficient between sunny side and sunny side of 10w/m2-K, sunny side temperature 320K, sunny side temperature 300K, wall thickness 0.3 m.
The simulation results are shown in fig. 2-4:
simulating an airflow velocity at 1.8m from the ground, the initial airflow velocity of the large mouth (starting end) of the bell mouth formed by B1-B1 ' is V11=0, the velocity of the small mouth (tail end) of the bell mouth is V12=2.6m/s (see fig. 2), the initial airflow velocity of the large mouth (starting end) of the bell mouth formed by B2-B2 ' is V21=2.3m/s, the airflow velocity of the small mouth (tail end) of the bell mouth is V22=2.9m/s (see fig. 3), the initial airflow velocity of the large mouth (starting end) of the bell mouth formed by B3-B3 ' is V31=2.3m/s, the wind velocity is increased continuously during the transfer, and the airflow velocity of the large mouth (starting end) of the cross road is V32=3.0m/s (see fig. 4), which is enough to achieve the purpose of increasing the spread of pollutants along the passage. When the height of the building is less than 45 meters, the layout mode of the building with the east-west trend can be calculated according to the model alpha =0.291R, the airflow flowing speed is basically similar to the situation, the pollutant can be diffused along the channel quickly, and the purpose of improving the air quality can be achieved.
The invention is still suitable for the layout of non-forward or non-vertical roads, and can generate the effect of accelerating the airflow as long as the temperature difference can be generated between the relative buildings and the relative buildings can be arranged into a horn mouth shape. The inclination angle formed by the building and the central line of the road is less than 10 degrees, so that the attractiveness and the practicability of urban buildings are generally not influenced, the construction cost is not increased, the air quality can be greatly improved, and people live in a beautiful environment.
Claims (4)
1. A method for accelerating pollutant diffusion by utilizing air flow change caused by building layout is characterized in that a crossroad is taken as a central origin, a radius of 0.1-5km is taken as a building group unit, and buildings are respectively arranged on two sides of an east-west road and a south-north road;
the arrangement of buildings on two sides of an east-west walking road means that: the building is symmetrically arranged at two sides of a road by taking a center line of an east-west moving road as a symmetry axis, the building is arranged from far to near from a center origin of the intersection and is arranged in a trend that the height of the building is from low to high, each building and the center line of the east-west moving road form a certain included angle, a pair of buildings correspondingly arranged at two sides of the east-west moving road form a horn mouth with an included angle alpha, a small opening of the horn mouth faces the intersection, and the size of the included angle alpha of the horn mouth is calculated according to the following formula:
α =0.291R is suitable for buildings of heights below 45 meters and 0< R < 0.9;
α=－0.375R2+ 1.241R-0.7606 is suitable for buildings of height 45 m and above;
wherein: r is the ratio of the building height H to the small-opening distance A of the corresponding building bell mouth, and alpha is an arc value;
the buildings arranged on the two sides of the north-south walking road are parallel to the central line of the road or are arranged according to the layout mode of the buildings on the two sides of the east-west walking road;
the building group unit can change the flow speed of airflow between buildings arranged at the bell mouth by utilizing the temperature difference generated between the opposite buildings under the action of solar radiation in a natural environment to form local airflow turbulence, so that the airflow is accelerated to flow from the small opening side to the crossroad; the semi-closed space enclosed by high-rise buildings at the crossroad is utilized to generate air heat pressure difference to realize natural ventilation, hot air containing pollutants is discharged from the top of the buildings, and cold air is sucked from the bottom of the buildings to realize circulation convection.
2. The method for inducing airflow variation to accelerate pollutant emission according to claim 1, wherein the building has a rectangular cross-sectional shape with a length, width and height ratio of 4:3: 5.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the distance between two adjacent buildings on the same side of the east-west roadway is 0.5 times the height of the building, and if the two adjacent buildings have a difference between high and low, the height is calculated as the height of the higher building.
4. The method for accelerating the diffusion of pollutants by utilizing the change of air flow induced by the layout of buildings according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the included angle alpha formed by the corresponding buildings on the two sides of the east-west walking road is gradually increased from far to near from the central origin of the intersection.
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| 城市风道及其建设控制设计指引;李军 等;《城市问题》;20140927;正文第45页 * |
| 多幢高层建筑间风场数值模拟和风灾分析;沈祺 等;《同济大学学报（自然科学版）》;20080515;正文第596页、图10 * |
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