CN107632877A - VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and startup method - Google Patents

VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and startup method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107632877A
CN107632877A CN201710831643.4A CN201710831643A CN107632877A CN 107632877 A CN107632877 A CN 107632877A CN 201710831643 A CN201710831643 A CN 201710831643A CN 107632877 A CN107632877 A CN 107632877A
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mirror image
vdi
user
terminal
voi
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Inventor
陈娅芳
李政军
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Hunan New Cloudnet Technology Co Ltd
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Hunan New Cloudnet Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201710831643.4A priority Critical patent/CN107632877A/en
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Abstract

VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and startup method, wherein VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, including:System management module, for user, terminal and mirror authentication;Respond terminal access request;According to terminal request, control service end virtual machine, system resource allocation, mirror image synchronization;WEB Back Administration Modules, for providing administrator configurations interface;VOI terminal modules, for providing user's login interface;Local mirror image management;Mirror image synchronization management;Manage native virtual machine and related resource;Service end virtualization modules, virtual machine and related resource for management service end;VDI remote access client modules, for providing user's access interface;There is provided operating system desktop for users to use.Startup method includes:VOI method for starting terminal and VDI method for starting terminal.The present invention is organically merged VDI with VOI frameworks, by mirror image synchronization, can be made full use of terminal and the resource of server, be realized the effect that can use, make full use of everywhere.

Description

VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and startup method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of desktop virtual machine emerging system and start method, and in particular to a kind of VDI is empty with VOI frameworks Plan machine emerging system and startup method.
Background technology
Desktop virtualization refers to be virtualized the terminal system (also referred to as desktop) of computer, to reach desktop use Security and flexibility.In any place, it can any time access and we are belonged to by network access by any equipment Personal desktop system.
Desktop virtualization depends on server virtualization, and server virtualization is carried out on the server of data center, raw Sent into substantial amounts of independent desktop operating system (virtual machine or virtual desktop), while according to proprietary virtual desktop agreement To terminal device.User terminal is logged on fictitious host computer by Ethernet, it is only necessary to remembers username and password and gateway letter Breath, you can anywhere or anytime by the desktop system of network access oneself, so as to realize unit multi-user.
Due to realization principle and the difference of application field, desktop virtualization VDI (virtual desktop bases have been divided into all the time Plinth framework, English full name Virtual Desktop Infrastructure, hereinafter referred to as VDI) and VOI (virtual opetrating systems Architecture, English full name Virtual OS Infrastructure, hereinafter referred to as VOI) Liang great camps, but because being made With environment and the multifarious influence of user's request, two kinds of frameworks can all show unsatisfactory place under different scenes.
VDI makes full use of the computing resource of service end, is that user provides remotely anywhere or anytime by unit of virtual machine Desktop services, entirely without the otherness regarding terminal hardware and system, and cost can be greatly reduced as client terminal, used Thin client/MINIPC of ARM frame frames etc., the mobile device such as smart mobile phone, tablet personal computer can also be based on such technical operation PC Operating system and application software in system.
And VDI under many scenes also go wrong by exposure, by taking the electronic classroom of current universities as an example, one is carried Between the server in 100 station terminal classrooms at least need nearly 100,000 yuans, and then taken using VOI schemes under same scene The cost of business device is but not as good as its 1/5th.Electronic classroom and some be engaged in graph and image processing, engineering drawing design And in the mechanism rendered, VDI more exposes the deficiency in terms of video redirection, HD video, graphics process mistake are being played Occurs situations such as flower screen, white screen is seemingly-dead in journey, opposite VOI shows more preferable in terms of this and the machine operation has no difference It is different.
But VOI can not but support mobile device well, the computing resource of server can not be effectively utilized, and it is complete The hardware performance of itself is depended on entirely, the work that adaptive hardware compatibility when being disposed in batches under complex environment with principle also be present Make.Calculated from hardware purchase cost merely:VOI improves the unit cost of terminal while server cost is reduced.
The present invention intends offer one kind and can organically merge VDI with VOI, makes full use of the calculating of server and terminal and deposits Resource is stored up, realizes the virtual desktop framework of cross-platform, cross-terminal quick delivery.Realize that VDI organically merges with VOI, mesh It is preceding that there are the following problems:
1. realize the general of VDI and VOI system images;
2. realizing the fast transferring of operating system and user data, ensure that user can have access to phase under different scenes Same system and personal data;
3rd, multifarious access mode is realized, there is provided terminal, PC, the access interface of mobile terminal.
Documents 1:CN105760210A discloses a kind of the fusion application method and system of VOI systems and VDI systems, its In, this method includes:Create a dynamic virtual disk VHD;By operating system mirrored storage into the VHD;It will comprise at least The program of the hardware resource driver of virtualization driver, virtual machine Agent and terminal is installed in the VHD Operating system mirror image in;After installation is complete, to VOI systems and the carry out data synchronization processing of VDI systems.
Documents 2:CN107026875A discloses a kind of fusion method and device of multiple virtualization desktop frameworks, wherein This method includes:When user accesses network disk by the specified virtual desktop framework in multiple virtual desktop frameworks, obtain The incidence relation between network disk is specified in user and multiple network disks;One specified network disk current state and association Relation performs carry and specifies virtualization desktop framework to the operation for specifying network disk.
Above-mentioned two parts of documents sets forth how the thinking for being merged VOI frameworks and VDI frameworks.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and start method, The VDI is organically merged VDI with VOI frameworks with VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, shared, synchronization by mirror image Mode, terminal and the resource of server can be made full use of, realize the effect that can use, make full use of everywhere.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention uses following technical scheme:
A kind of VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems are provided, specifically included:
System management module, WEB Back Administration Modules, VOI terminal modules, service end virtualization modules and VDI are remotely visited Ask client modules;Wherein:
System management module, for being responsible for user, terminal and mirror authentication;Respond terminal access request;Maintenance system is transported Row state;According to terminal request, control service end virtual machine, system resource allocation, mirror image synchronization;
WEB Back Administration Modules, for providing administrator configurations interface;
VOI terminal modules, for providing user's login interface;Local mirror image management;Mirror image synchronization management;Management is local empty Plan machine and related resource;
Service end virtualization modules, virtual machine and related resource for management service end;
VDI remote access client modules, for providing user's access interface;There is provided operating system desktop makes for user With.
Further,
The WEB Back Administration Modules are specifically used for registration and the management interface for providing user, terminal and mirror image;Mirror is provided The configuration interface of the access rights of picture and terminal;The interface of system mode inquiry and control is provided;There is provided system resource inquiry and The interface of distribution, can be Dropbox.
Further,
User's access interface that the VDI remote access clients module provides, including mobile terminal, PC ends and VOI terminals Relative client software.
The present invention also provides above-mentioned VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, including VOI terminals start Method and VDI method for starting terminal, wherein:
The VOI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to access and starting by VOI special-purpose terminals:
A1, VOI starting up of terminal enter terminal login interface, if terminal allows to use guest mode, can pass through visit Objective pattern directly initiates the default image pre-seted;Otherwise user account must be inputted, password initiates certification request to service end;
A2, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;It is no Then service end inquires about the configuration of database, returns to the available image listing of user according to user account and the terminal of login;
If A3, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, The image listing then returned according to service end and the acquiescence of service end start Mirror Info, and decision directly initiates default image still Mirror image is selected into image listing selection interface and starts mirror image;
It is A4, last, according to the authority of terminal, user and mirror image, terminal automatic decision whether need to load Dropbox and/or this Ground physical disk;According to the peripheral configuration of set of terminal, the peripheral hardware of terminal is checked, determines whether virtual machine allows using corresponding outer If;The result judged more than, changes the configuration of virtual machine, and start virtual machine.
Further,
Virtual machine reports the state of virtual machine when starting, stopping to service end.
Further,
In step A3, if the mirror image chosen does not cache locally, it could start after prompting user to pull mirror image;Such as The local mirror image of fruit arrives newest version without renewal, then user can be continuing with current image release or pull renewal After reuse.
Further,
The VOI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
B1, log in VOI terminals;
B2, selection user individual mirror image, and determine whether opening timing snapshot;
If B3, opening timing snapshot, self-timing creates snapshot and upload server;If being not turned on timing snapshot, Manual creation snapshot is simultaneously automatically uploaded to server, completes mirror image synchronization.
Further,
The VDI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to be accessed by VDI special-purpose terminals:
C1, unlatching VDI clients enter login interface;
C2, input user account and password initiate user authentication;
C3, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;It is no Then service end returns to the image listing of user-accessible according to user account;
If C4, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, Then jump to mirror image selection interface;
After the mirror image that C5, user's selection are specified, VDI clients initiate the request of mirror image access to service end;
After C6, service end receive the access request of VDI clients, check that the associated rights of user and mirror image are set;If The individualization mirroring of the existing user's designated mirror of service end, then the mirror image is directly used, otherwise service end is the use again Family distribution system mirror image (automatically cloning mirror image);According to Dropbox authority, decide whether to allow to load personal Dropbox;
C7, service end configure more than to be created virtual machine and loads related resource, after virtual machine startup, by virtual machine Unique ID return to VDI clients;
The ID that C8, VDI client return according to service end, initiate remote access.
Further,
VDI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and its specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
D1, log in VDI terminals;
D2, start user individual mirror image, and determine the need for updating local mirror image;
D3, local mirror image is if desired updated, then update mirror image increment and start mirror image, complete mirror image synchronization;If need not Local mirror image is updated, then is returned.
Further,
In step D3, local mirror image is often updated once, can all increase an incremental data file, the mirror image number of this renewal newly According to being stored in this newly-increased incremental data file, renewal mirror image increment is updated in this newly-increased incremental data file Mirror image data, the speed of mirror image renewal and the speed of mirror image synchronization can be improved.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
The present invention is organically blended VOI and VDI on the basis of VOI and VDI, is shared by mirror image, synchronous side Formula, both advantages are organically merged, terminal and the resource of server end can be made full use of, realization can use, fills everywhere Divide the effect utilized.
User is also ensured simultaneously no matter can have access to identical operating system using VOI terminals or VDI clients And personal data.Solve the problems, such as that VOI is inconvenient to remotely access by VDI modes;By VOI native virtualization, realize eventually End resource makes full use of, and realizes close to the performance with traditional PC while breaks away from dependences of the VDI for network.
Relative to single VOI and VDI systems, the present invention has following several advantages:
1st, the present invention can make full use of client, the computing resource of server end and storage resource, substantially reduce service The performance requirement of device, increase the band machine amount of single server;
2nd, VOI terminals can use in off-line case, break away from the dependence to network;
3rd, it is more preferable relative to VDI systems, peripheral hardware of the invention compatibility;
4th, the present invention supports remote access, can access personal mirror image by VOI terminals, personal PC, mobile device;
5th, reduced compared to VDI systems, system complexity, the line service of keeper can be reduced, mitigate keeper Workload, while reduce cost of labor.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing There is the required accompanying drawing used in technology description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this Some embodiments of invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can be with Other accompanying drawings are obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the basic framework figure of emerging system of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is schematic flow sheet of the emerging system of the embodiment of the present invention by VOI method for starting terminal;
Fig. 3 is schematic flow sheet of the emerging system of the embodiment of the present invention by VDI method for starting terminal;
Fig. 4 is the mirror image synchronization schematic flow sheet in VOI method for starting terminal of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the mirror image synchronization schematic flow sheet in VDI method for starting terminal of the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Invention is further illustrated with reference to embodiment and accompanying drawing, but is not limited to the scope of the present invention.
As Figure 1-5, the present embodiment provides a kind of VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, specifically includes:
System management module, WEB Back Administration Modules, VOI terminal modules, service end virtualization modules and VDI are remotely visited Ask client modules;Wherein:
System management module, for being responsible for user, terminal and mirror authentication;Respond terminal access request;Maintenance system is transported Row state;According to terminal request, control service end virtual machine, system resource allocation, mirror image synchronization;
WEB Back Administration Modules, for providing administrator configurations interface;Specifically for providing user, terminal and mirror image Registration and management interface;The configuration interface of the access rights of mirror image and terminal is provided;Offer system mode is inquired about and what is controlled connects Mouthful;The interface of system resource inquiry and distribution is provided, can be Dropbox;
VOI terminal modules, for providing user's login interface;Local mirror image management;Mirror image synchronization management;Management is local empty Plan machine and related resource;
Service end virtualization modules, virtual machine and related resource for management service end;
VDI remote access client modules, for providing user's access interface, it is whole to specifically include mobile terminal, PC ends and VOI The relative client software at end;There is provided operating system desktop for users to use.
Above-mentioned VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, including VOI method for starting terminal and VDI terminals Startup method, wherein:
VOI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to access and starting by VOI special-purpose terminals:
A1, VOI starting up of terminal enter terminal login interface, if terminal allows to use guest mode, can pass through visit Objective pattern directly initiates the default image pre-seted;Otherwise user account must be inputted, password initiates certification request to service end;
A2, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;It is no Then service end inquires about the configuration of database, returns to the available image listing of user according to user account and the terminal of login;
If A3, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, The image listing then returned according to service end and the acquiescence of service end start Mirror Info, and decision directly initiates default image still Mirror image is selected into image listing selection interface and starts mirror image;
In step A3, if the mirror image chosen does not cache locally, it could start after prompting user to pull mirror image;Such as The local mirror image of fruit arrives newest version without renewal, then user can be continuing with current image release or pull renewal After reuse.
It is A4, last, according to the authority of terminal, user and mirror image, terminal automatic decision whether need to load Dropbox and/or this Ground physical disk;According to the peripheral configuration of set of terminal, the peripheral hardware of terminal is checked, determines whether virtual machine allows using corresponding outer If;The result judged more than, changes the configuration of virtual machine, and start virtual machine.
Virtual machine reports the state of virtual machine when starting, stopping to service end.
VOI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
B1, log in VOI terminals;
B2, selection user individual mirror image, and determine whether opening timing snapshot;
If B3, opening timing snapshot, self-timing creates snapshot and upload server;If being not turned on timing snapshot, Manual creation snapshot is simultaneously automatically uploaded to server, completes mirror image synchronization.
As shown in figure 3, VDI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to be accessed by VDI special-purpose terminals:
C1, unlatching VDI clients enter login interface;
C2, input user account and password initiate user authentication;
C3, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;It is no Then service end returns to the image listing of user-accessible according to user account;
If C4, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, Then jump to mirror image selection interface;
After the mirror image that C5, user's selection are specified, VDI clients initiate the request of mirror image access to service end;
After C6, service end receive the access request of VDI clients, check that the associated rights of user and mirror image are set;If The individualization mirroring of the existing user's designated mirror of service end, then the mirror image is directly used, otherwise service end is the use again Family distribution system mirror image (automatically cloning mirror image);According to Dropbox authority, decide whether to allow to load personal Dropbox;
C7, service end configure more than to be created virtual machine and loads related resource, after virtual machine startup, by virtual machine Unique ID return to VDI clients;
The ID that C8, VDI client return according to service end, initiate remote access.
VDI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and its specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
D1, log in VDI terminals;
D2, start user individual mirror image, and determine the need for updating local mirror image;
D3, local mirror image is if desired updated, then update mirror image increment and start mirror image, complete mirror image synchronization;If need not Local mirror image is updated, then is returned.
In step D3, local mirror image is often updated once, can all increase an incremental data file, the mirror image number of this renewal newly According to being stored in this newly-increased incremental data file, renewal mirror image increment is updated in this newly-increased incremental data file Mirror image data, the speed of mirror image renewal and the speed of mirror image synchronization can be improved.Beneficial effects of the present invention:
The present embodiment is organically blended VOI and VDI on the basis of VOI and VDI, shared, synchronization by mirror image Mode, both advantages are organically merged, can make full use of terminal and the resource of server end, realize can use everywhere, The effect made full use of.
User is also ensured simultaneously no matter can have access to identical operating system using VOI terminals or VDI clients And personal data.Solve the problems, such as that VOI is inconvenient to remotely access by VDI modes;By VOI native virtualization, realize eventually End resource makes full use of, and realizes close to the performance with traditional PC while breaks away from dependences of the VDI for network.
Relative to single VOI and VDI systems, the present embodiment has following several advantages:
1st, client, the computing resource of server end and storage resource can be made full use of, substantially reduces the property of server Energy demand, increase the band machine amount of single server;
2nd, VOI terminals can use in off-line case, break away from the dependence to network;
3rd, it is more preferable relative to VDI systems, peripheral hardware of the invention compatibility;
4th, remote access is supported, personal mirror image can be accessed by VOI terminals, personal PC, mobile device;
5th, reduced compared to VDI systems, system complexity, the line service of keeper can be reduced, mitigate keeper Workload, while reduce cost of labor.
General principle, principal character and the advantages of the present invention of the present invention has been shown and described above.The technology of the industry Personnel are it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the simply explanation described in above-described embodiment and specification is originally The principle of invention, various changes and modifications of the present invention are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, these changes Change and improvement all fall within the protetion scope of the claimed invention.The claimed scope of the invention by appended claims and its Equivalent defines.

Claims (8)

1.VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, it is characterised in that specifically include:
System management module, WEB Back Administration Modules, VOI terminal modules, service end virtualization modules and VDI remote access visitors Family end module;Wherein:
System management module, for being responsible for user, terminal and mirror authentication;Respond terminal access request;Maintenance system runs shape State;According to terminal request, control service end virtual machine, system resource allocation, mirror image synchronization;
WEB Back Administration Modules, for providing administrator configurations interface, it is specifically used for:The registration of user, terminal and mirror image is provided And management interface;The configuration interface of the access rights of mirror image and terminal is provided;The interface of system mode inquiry and control is provided;Carry The interface inquired about and distributed for system resource;
VOI terminal modules, for providing user's login interface;Local mirror image management;Mirror image synchronization management;Manage native virtual machine And related resource;
Service end virtualization modules, virtual machine and related resource for management service end;
VDI remote access client modules, for providing user's access interface;There is provided operating system desktop for users to use.
2. VDI according to claim 1 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, it is characterised in that
User's access interface that the VDI remote access clients module provides, include the phase of mobile terminal, PC ends and VOI terminals Answer client software.
The startup method of 3.VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems, it is characterised in that including VOI method for starting terminal and VDI method for starting terminal, wherein:
The VOI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to access and starting by VOI special-purpose terminals:
A1, VOI starting up of terminal enter terminal login interface, if terminal allows to use guest mode, can pass through visitor's mould Formula directly initiates the default image pre-seted;Otherwise user account must be inputted, password initiates certification request to service end;
A2, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;Otherwise take End be engaged according to user account and the terminal of login, inquires about the configuration of database, returns to the available image listing of user;
If A3, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, root The image listing returned according to service end and the acquiescence of service end start Mirror Info, and decision directly initiates default image and still entered Image listing selection interface selects mirror image and starts mirror image;
A4, last, according to the authority of terminal, user and mirror image, whether terminal automatic decision needs to load Dropbox and/or this atural object Manage disk;According to the peripheral configuration of set of terminal, the peripheral hardware of terminal is checked, determines whether virtual machine allows using corresponding peripheral hardware; The result judged more than, changes the configuration of virtual machine, and start virtual machine;
Virtual machine reports the state of virtual machine when starting, stopping to service end.
4. VDI according to claim 3 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, it is characterised in that
In step A3, if the mirror image chosen does not cache locally, it could start after prompting user to pull mirror image;If this The mirror image on ground without renewal arrive newest version, then user can be continuing with current image release or pull update after again Use.
5. VDI according to claim 3 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, it is characterised in that
The VOI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
B1, log in VOI terminals;
B2, selection user individual mirror image, and determine whether opening timing snapshot;
If B3, opening timing snapshot, self-timing creates snapshot and upload server;If timing snapshot is not turned on, manually Create snapshot and be automatically uploaded to server, complete mirror image synchronization.
6. VDI according to claim 3 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, it is characterised in that
The VDI method for starting terminal specifically comprises the following steps to be accessed by VDI special-purpose terminals:
C1, unlatching VDI clients enter login interface;
C2, input user account and password initiate user authentication;
C3, service end checking user profile, check whether user account is legal, if illegal, returns to error code;Otherwise take Business end returns to the image listing of user-accessible according to user account;
If C4, user's checking fail, prompt user and continue waiting for user's operation in next step;If be proved to be successful, jump Go to mirror image selection interface;
After the mirror image that C5, user's selection are specified, VDI clients initiate the request of mirror image access to service end;
After C6, service end receive the access request of VDI clients, check that the associated rights of user and mirror image are set;If service The individualization mirroring of existing user's designated mirror is held, then directly uses the mirror image, otherwise service end is again the user point Match system mirror image;According to Dropbox authority, decide whether to allow to load personal Dropbox;
C7, service end configure more than to be created virtual machine and loads related resource, after virtual machine startup, by virtual machine only One ID returns to VDI clients;
The ID that C8, VDI client return according to service end, initiate remote access.
7. VDI according to claim 6 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, it is characterised in that
The VDI method for starting terminal also includes mirror image synchronization, and its specific mirror image synchronization flow is as follows:
D1, log in VDI terminals;
D2, start user individual mirror image, and determine the need for updating local mirror image;
D3, local mirror image is if desired updated, then update mirror image increment and start mirror image, complete mirror image synchronization;If it need not update Local mirror image, then return.
8. VDI according to claim 7 and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems startup method, it is characterised in that
In step D3, local mirror image is often updated once, can all increase an incremental data file newly, the mirror image data of this renewal is deposited In this newly-increased incremental data file, renewal mirror image increment is to update the mirror image in this newly-increased incremental data file for storage Data.
CN201710831643.4A 2017-09-15 2017-09-15 VDI and VOI framework virtual machine emerging systems and startup method Pending CN107632877A (en)

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CN110543775B (en) * 2019-08-30 2022-07-29 湖南麒麟信安科技股份有限公司 Data security protection method and system based on super-fusion concept
CN111083130A (en) * 2019-12-09 2020-04-28 南京富士通南大软件技术有限公司 Cloud desktop system based on fat client and method for realizing system
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CN113254892B (en) * 2021-06-11 2024-06-14 西安万像电子科技有限公司 Access processing method, device, storage medium and electronic equipment
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