CN107581451B - Method for freeze-drying lotus seeds - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of food processing, and particularly relates to a method for freeze-drying lotus seeds. The method comprises the steps of cooking the lotus seeds, pre-freezing the cooked lotus seeds and then freeze-drying the cooked lotus seeds. The pre-freezing is that cooked lotus seeds are placed at 3-6 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 3-6 ℃, then the temperature is reduced from 3-6 ℃ to-30 ℃ to-40 ℃ for 1-4 hours, then the temperature is increased to-10 ℃ to-18 ℃ and kept for 0.5-1.5 hours, and then the temperature is reduced to-20 ℃ to-35 ℃ and kept for 1-3 hours after treatment. The freeze drying comprises two steps of sublimation and desorption, and finally the residual moisture of the lotus seed is 1-6%. The invention provides a method for freeze-drying lotus seeds, which is simple to operate, does not need to add chemical substances, can keep the freeze-dried lotus seeds from browning, and the freeze-dried lotus seeds obtained by the method keep the physical form of fresh lotus seeds and retain the drug effect of the lotus seeds.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of food processing, and particularly relates to a method for freeze-drying lotus seeds.
Background
Lotus seed, a dried mature seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Has the effects of tonifying spleen, stopping diarrhea, stopping leukorrhagia, tonifying kidney, arresting seminal emission, nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind. It is commonly used for diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, leukorrhagia, spermatorrhea, palpitation and insomnia. Most of the Chinese herbs are distributed in the south and north provinces of China.
For a long time, lotus seeds are sold only as a primary processed product, namely dry lotus. The traditional preparation process of the dried lotus seeds is to pick fresh lotus seeds and dry the lotus seeds through the lotus cores. Because the technical parameters of the sun-drying process cannot be mastered, the prepared dried lotus has uneven quality and has the main defects of surface shrinkage, poor rehydration property, dark appearance color, difficult cooking, loss of the fragrant and delicious essence of the product and obvious difference with the flavor and quality of fresh lotus seeds.
The invention patent with application number 01123991.3 discloses a freeze-dried lotus production process, which comprises the following steps: (1) removing the core of the picked lotus seed through a core-through treatment process; (2) preparing a solution according to the following mixture ratio: 0.02-0.15% of disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate, 0.1-0.3% of vitamin C and the balance of water; (3) soaking the lotus seed treated by the lotus seed core in a soaking solution; (4) after cleaning, freezing to crystallize the water in the lotus seeds; (5) vacuum low-temperature sublimation drying: the lotus seeds with frozen internal moisture are placed in a vacuum low-temperature state, so that the moisture is directly sublimated into gas to be evaporated, and the obtained freeze-dried lotus seeds are easy to boil and eat, have no brown stain and have good taste. The method adopts the solution prepared from the disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate and the vitamin C to soak the lotus seeds, which effectively prevents the browning phenomenon, but adds the disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate which is a chemical substance, and the eating is harmful to human bodies.
In addition, the product with good freeze-drying property is required to have uniform and consistent color without browning, and should have good physical form, no defect in appearance, flat surface, basically equal volume to that in freezing, loose and porous inside, rapid and complete rehydration, qualified residual moisture content, high titer and long-term storage.
Therefore, the search for a suitable method for drying lotus seeds is the focus of research at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a method for freeze-drying lotus seeds, which is simple to operate, does not need to add chemical substances, can keep the freeze-dried lotus seeds from browning, and the freeze-dried lotus seeds obtained by the method keep the physical form of fresh lotus seeds and retain the drug effect of the lotus seeds.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for freeze-drying lotus seeds comprises the steps of cooking the lotus seeds, pre-freezing the cooked lotus seeds and then freeze-drying the cooked lotus seeds.
Further, the method of pre-freezing is as follows:
(1) firstly, placing the cooked lotus seeds at 3-6 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 3-6 ℃;
(2) after the treatment of the step (1), cooling the temperature from 3-6 ℃ to-30 ℃ to-40 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1-4 hours;
(3) after the treatment of the step (2), raising the temperature to-10 ℃ to-18 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 0.5-1.5 hours;
(4) and (4) after the treatment in the step (3), reducing the temperature to-20 ℃ to-35 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1-3 hours, and finishing pre-freezing.
Preferably, in the pre-freezing method, in the step (1), the cooked lotus seeds are placed at 5 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at about 5 ℃, so that all the products can be cooled to-30 ℃ to-40 ℃ from the same starting point in the step (2).
Preferably, in the pre-freezing method step (2), the temperature is preferably reduced to-40 ℃.
Preferably, in step (3) of the pre-freezing method, the temperature preferably rises to-18 ℃. The operation of step (3) is the key step, and since the product may form a glass state when being frozen in the operation of step (2), a heat treatment is required to convert the product from the glass state to a crystalline state.
After the heat recovery treatment, the product is cooled again for pre-freezing, preferably, in the step (4) of the pre-freezing method, the temperature is cooled to-35 ℃.
In industrial operations, the pre-freezing method of the product includes a freeze-drying in-box pre-freezing method and an out-box pre-freezing method.
The in-tank pre-freezing method is to directly place the product on a multi-layer shelf in a freeze-drying box of a freeze dryer and freeze the product by a freezer of the freeze dryer. For the purpose of facilitating the taking of vials and ampoules into and out of a box during lyophilization of a large number of vials and ampoules, the vials or ampoules are generally individually packed in a plurality of metal trays and then packed into a box. In order to improve the heat transfer, some metal plates are made into a separable type, and when the metal plates are put into the box, the bottom of the metal plates is drawn away, so that the small bottles are directly contacted with the metal plates of the freeze-drying box; for non-retractable trays, it is desirable that the tray bottom be flat to obtain product uniformity. The large plasma bottle adopting the rotary freezing method is frozen in advance, and then is frozen after a metal frame or block for heat conduction is added.
There are two methods of pre-freezing outside the tank. Some small freeze dryers do not have means for pre-freezing the product. Pre-freezing can only be done using a low temperature refrigerator or alcohol plus dry ice. The other is a special rotary freezer which can freeze a large bottle of products into a shell-shaped structure while rotating. And then into the lyophilization chamber. There is also a special centrifugal pre-freezing method, which is used in centrifugal freeze dryers. The liquid is quickly evaporated under vacuum, and absorbs the heat of the liquid to freeze. The centrifugal force of rotation prevents the escape of gas from the product, allowing the product to freeze "calmly" into a shape.
Further, the method, the freeze drying adopts a freeze dryer to operate, and comprises two steps of sublimation and resolution.
Further, in the method, the sublimation step is: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 5-15 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-10 ℃ to-25 ℃, and maintaining for 8-24 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.1-0.3 mbar.
Further, in the sublimation step, it is preferable to control the temperature of the lyophilizer plate layer at 10 ℃.
Further, in the sublimation step, it is preferable that the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seed is maintained at-25 ℃.
Further, in the sublimation step, it is preferable that the degree of vacuum of the freeze drying chamber is 0.18 mbar.
Further, in the method, the analyzing step includes:
(1) maintaining vacuum degree at 0.1-0.3 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the sublimed lotus seed product to the maximum allowable temperature of 9-30 deg.C;
(2) after the highest temperature is reached, the pressure is adjusted to 0.01-0.03 mbar, the high vacuum is recovered, and the lotus seeds are kept for 4-10 hours under the conditions of the highest allowable temperature and the high vacuum, so that the residual moisture of the lotus seeds is lower than 1-6%.
Further, in the analysis step (1), the maximum allowable temperature is preferably 30 ℃.
Further, in the desorption step (2), the high vacuum degree is preferably 0.01 mbar.
In one embodiment, the preferred conditions for the freeze-drying lotus seed process of the present invention are disclosed, as shown in fig. 1.
Further, in the method, the cooking is to cook or steam the lotus seeds.
The invention also claims the freeze-dried lotus seed prepared by the method of the invention. The freeze-dried lotus seed obtained by the method disclosed by the invention is free from chemical substances, can keep the freeze-dried lotus seed from browning, keeps the physical form of the fresh lotus seed, is free from appearance defect, has a flat surface, is basically equal to the volume when being frozen, is uniform in color, is loose and porous in the interior, is rapid and complete in rehydration, is qualified in residual moisture content, retains the drug effect of the lotus seed, is high in titer, and can be stored for a long time.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method for freeze-drying the lotus seeds is simple to prepare, and chemical substances are not required to be added in the preparation process. The added value and the competitiveness of the product are improved.
(2) The freeze-dried lotus seed obtained by the method disclosed by the invention is free from chemical substances, can keep the freeze-dried lotus seed from browning, keeps the physical form of the fresh lotus seed, is free from appearance defect, has a flat surface, is basically equal to the volume when being frozen, is uniform and consistent in color, is loose and porous in the interior, is rapid and complete in rehydration, is qualified in residual moisture content, and can be stored for a long time.
(3) The lotus seed prepared by the method has moderate sweetness, retains the drug effect of the lotus seed, has high titer, has the effects of invigorating stomach, moistening lung, enriching blood, clearing intestine, facilitating defecation and the like, can reduce the viscosity of blood and reduce the formation of thrombus, is high-grade green food, is also health-care food, is suitable for popularization and eating, and improves the added value and the competitiveness of products.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the preferred conditions of the method for freeze-drying lotus seeds according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
EXAMPLE 1 preparation of lyophilized Lotus seed
The following procedure was followed and the conditions shown in FIG. 1 were followed:
(1) cooking: removing shell of fresh lotus seed, washing with running water, and cooking to obtain cooked lotus seed.
(2) Pre-freezing: firstly, placing the cooked lotus seeds at 5 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 5 ℃; then, the temperature is reduced from 5 ℃ to-40 ℃ and kept for 2 hours; after the treatment, the temperature is raised to-18 ℃ and kept for 1 hour; then the temperature is reduced to-35 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and the pre-freezing is finished.
(3) Sublimation: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 10 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-25 ℃ for 15 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.18 millibar.
(4) And (3) analysis: maintaining the vacuum degree at 0.18 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the temperature of the sublimed lotus seed product to the maximum allowable temperature of 30 ℃; adjusting pressure to 0.01 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and keeping at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 6-8 hr to make residual water content of semen Nelumbinis less than 4% to obtain lyophilized semen Nelumbinis.
EXAMPLE 2 preparation of lyophilized Lotus seed
The operation is carried out according to the following steps:
(1) cooking: removing shell of fresh lotus seed, washing with running water, and cooking to obtain cooked lotus seed.
(2) Pre-freezing: firstly, placing the cooked lotus seeds at 4-5 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 4-5 ℃; then the temperature is reduced from 4-5 ℃ to-35 ℃ to-40 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 2-3 hours; after treatment, the temperature is raised to-15 ℃ to-18 ℃ and kept for 1 hour; then the temperature is reduced to-25 ℃ to-35 ℃, the temperature is kept for 2 hours, and the pre-freezing is finished.
(3) Sublimation: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 10-15 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-15 ℃ to-25 ℃, and maintaining for 18-20 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.1-0.3 mbar.
(4) And (3) analysis: keeping vacuum degree at 0.1-0.3 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the temperature of the sublimed lotus seed product to 25-30 deg.C; adjusting pressure to 0.01 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and maintaining at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 6-8 hr to obtain semen Nelumbinis lyophilized with residual water content of 3-5%.
EXAMPLE 3 preparation of Freeze-dried Lotus seed
The operation is carried out according to the following steps:
(1) cooking: removing shell of fresh lotus seed, washing with running water, and cooking to obtain cooked lotus seed.
(2) Pre-freezing: placing cooked semen Nelumbinis at 3-5 deg.C, and maintaining the temperature of all semen Nelumbinis at 3-5 deg.C; then, the temperature is reduced from 3-5 ℃ to-30 ℃ to-35 ℃, and the temperature is kept for 2-3 hours; after treatment, the temperature is raised to-10 ℃ to-15 ℃ and kept for 0.5-1.5 hours; then the temperature is reduced to-20 ℃ to-25 ℃, the temperature is kept for 2 hours, and the pre-freezing is finished.
(3) Sublimation: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 5-10 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-10 ℃ to-15 ℃, and maintaining for 20-22 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.1-0.3 mbar.
(4) And (3) analysis: keeping vacuum degree at 0.1-0.3 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the temperature of the sublimed lotus seed product to 25-30 deg.C; adjusting pressure to 0.01 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and maintaining at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 6-8 hr to make residual water content of semen Nelumbinis 1-3% to obtain lyophilized semen Nelumbinis.
Comparative example 1
The operation is carried out according to the following steps:
(1) cooking: removing shell of fresh lotus seed, washing with running water, and cooking to obtain cooked lotus seed.
(2) Pre-freezing: pre-freezing the cooked lotus seed at-35 deg.C to-40 deg.C for 4-6 hr, and pre-freezing.
(3) Sublimation: quickly transferring the pre-frozen lotus seeds to a drying bin for drying, controlling the temperature of a plate layer of a freeze dryer at 10 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-25 ℃ and maintaining the temperature for 15 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.18 millibar.
(4) And (3) analysis: maintaining the vacuum degree at 0.18 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the temperature of the sublimed lotus seed product to the maximum allowable temperature of 30 ℃; adjusting pressure to 0.01 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and keeping at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 6-8 hr to make residual water content of semen Nelumbinis less than 4% to obtain lyophilized semen Nelumbinis.
Comparative example 2
The operation is carried out according to the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: removing shell of fresh lotus seed, washing with flowing water, and draining free water with stainless steel screen to obtain pretreated lotus seed.
(2) Pre-freezing: firstly, placing the pretreated lotus seeds at 5 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 5 ℃; then, the temperature is reduced from 5 ℃ to-40 ℃ and kept for 2 hours; after the treatment, the temperature is raised to-18 ℃ and kept for 1 hour; then the temperature is reduced to-35 ℃ and kept for 2 hours, and the pre-freezing is finished.
(3) Sublimation: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 10 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-25 ℃ for 15 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5% of the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, and the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.18 millibar.
(4) And (3) analysis: maintaining the vacuum degree at 0.18 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the temperature of the sublimed lotus seed product to the maximum allowable temperature of 30 ℃; adjusting pressure to 0.01 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and keeping at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 6-8 hr to make residual water content of semen Nelumbinis less than 4% to obtain lyophilized semen Nelumbinis.
Test examples
The dried lotus seeds obtained in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 2 were subjected to sensory quality evaluation, and the results of the evaluation are shown in table 1.
(1) And (3) evaluating the color of the product: the color of the product was scored by 10 professionals (total score 30) and averaged.
(2) Evaluating the product form: the product was scored by 10 professionals according to the form (total score of 30 points), and the average value was obtained.
(3) And (3) evaluating the rehydration of the product: the product was rehydrated at 25 ℃ water temperature, and 10 professionals scored the product according to its rehydration time, rehydration ratio, appearance and sensory attributes (total score 40 points) and the average value was taken.
TABLE 1 product sensory index scores
| Product color | Product form | Rehydration property | Total score | |
| Example 1 | 28 | 27 | 39 | 94 |
| Example 2 | 26 | 27 | 38 | 91 |
| Example 3 | 26 | 26 | 38 | 90 |
| Comparative example 1 | 19 | 15 | 26 | 60 |
| Comparative example 2 | 12 | 20 | 22 | 54 |
In addition, the freeze-dried lotus seed product in the embodiment 1 and fresh lotus seeds are taken to be subjected to nutrient component analysis, the lotus seeds prepared by the method are moderate in sweetness and high in potency, retain the drug effect of the fresh lotus seeds, have the effects of invigorating stomach, moistening lung, enriching blood, clearing intestines, facilitating defecation and the like, can reduce the viscosity of blood and reduce the formation of thrombus, are high-grade green food, are also health-care food, are suitable for popularization and eating, and improve the additional value and the competitiveness of the product.
EXAMPLE 4 chocolate-coated Freeze-dried Lotus seed
And (3) placing the freeze-dried lotus seeds prepared in the example 1 on a conveyor belt, spraying the heated and melted chocolate liquid on the surfaces of the freeze-dried lotus seeds by using a sprayer, wherein the thickness of a chocolate layer is 1mm, and packaging after the chocolate is cooled and solidified.
EXAMPLE 5 chocolate-coated Freeze-dried Lotus seed
The freeze-dried lotus seed prepared in example 2 was placed in a molten chocolate solution, dipped to coat a chocolate coating with a thickness of 1.5mm, and packaged after the chocolate was cooled and solidified.
Finally, the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all of them should be covered in the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The method for freeze-drying the lotus seeds is characterized in that the lotus seeds are cooked firstly, the cooked lotus seeds are pre-frozen and then freeze-dried, the freeze-drying is carried out by adopting a freeze dryer, the method comprises two steps of sublimation and resolution, and the sublimation step is as follows: controlling the temperature of a freeze dryer plate layer at 5-15 ℃, maintaining the temperature of the pre-frozen lotus seeds at-10 ℃ to-25 ℃, and maintaining for 8-24 hours; the vacuum degree of a freeze drying box of the freeze dryer is controlled to be 30% +/-5 of saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the lotus seed temperature, the vacuum degree of the freeze drying box is 0.18 mbar, and the analysis steps are as follows: maintaining vacuum degree at 0.1-0.3 mbar, and heating the temperature of the freeze dryer plate layer and the sublimed lotus seed product to the maximum allowable temperature of 9-30 deg.C; adjusting the pressure to 0.01-0.03 mbar after reaching the highest temperature, recovering high vacuum, and keeping at the highest allowable temperature and high vacuum for 4-10 hr to make the residual water content of semen Nelumbinis 1-6%; the pre-freezing method comprises the following steps:
(1) firstly, placing the cooked lotus seeds at 3-6 ℃ to keep the temperature of all the lotus seeds at 3-6 ℃;
(2) after the treatment of the step (1), cooling the temperature from 3-6 ℃ to-30 ℃ to-40 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1-4 hours;
(3) after the treatment of the step (2), raising the temperature to-10 ℃ to-18 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 0.5-1.5 hours;
(4) and (4) after the treatment in the step (3), reducing the temperature to-20 ℃ to-35 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1-3 hours, and finishing pre-freezing.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooking is cooking or steaming the lotus seed.
3. A freeze-dried lotus seed produced by the method of any one of claims 1-2.
4. A chocolate-coated freeze-dried lotus seed, which is characterized in that a layer of chocolate is coated outside the freeze-dried lotus seed prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 2.
5. The chocolate-coated freeze-dried lotus seed according to claim 4, wherein the thickness of the chocolate layer is 0.2-2 mm.
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