CN107565839B - A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor - Google Patents
A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107565839B CN107565839B CN201710832070.7A CN201710832070A CN107565839B CN 107565839 B CN107565839 B CN 107565839B CN 201710832070 A CN201710832070 A CN 201710832070A CN 107565839 B CN107565839 B CN 107565839B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- submodule
- submodule capacitor
- bridge
- bridge arm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of design and control methods for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor, by the negative level fan-out capability for utilizing bridge-type submodule in the steady state, in the case where keeping inverter transmission capacity and constant DC voltage, increase exchange side phase voltage peak value, makes index of modulation m2> 1 realizes that alternating voltage promotes operation, reduces the fluctuation of submodule capacitor voltage to a certain extent.On the basis of pressure-raising operation, in conjunction with two frequency multiplication circulation optimal controls, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth in full operation area can be made to further decrease, to effectively reduce submodule capacitor requirements, reduce the cost of submodule.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to multilevel power electronic converter technical fields, more particularly, to a kind of reduction bridge-type MMC
The design and control method of submodule capacitor.
Background technique
Modularization multi-level converter (Modular Multilevel Converter, MMC) by its switching device without
Sound state voltage-sharing, easily extension, system effectiveness be high and the advantages such as output waveform is high-quality, it has also become changes in flexible DC transmission
Flow the first choice topology of device.
In the existing flexible DC transmission engineering based on MMC, the inverter based on semi-bridge type submodule topology is used.
Semi-bridge type MMC does not have direct-current short circuit failure defense ability, needs to realize by exchange side breaker or DC side breaker
The removing of DC side failure.But according to exchange side breaker, breaker can only realize DC Line Fault in phase current zero crossing
Removing, there is delay after a failure and between breaker effective action, will lead to dc-side short-circuit fault and develop into exchange side
Short trouble, and AC circuit breaker reclosing time sequence is complex；According to DC side breaker, since DC current did not had
The technical difficulty of zero point, dc circuit breaker is big, according to CIGRE literature survey, can be applied to the high straightening of ± 500kV and ± 800kV
Flowing the breaker development time is respectively 10 years and 15 years or so.
Bridge-type MMC can carry out direct-current short circuit failure based on the bridge-type submodule for having negative level fan-out capability
Initiative Defense.But the number due to bridge-type submodule compared to semi-bridge type submodule switching device increases, and can generate
The problem of loss of high construction cost and operation, these problems also limit bridge-type MMC practical soft to a certain extent
Application in property DC transmission engineering.Existing submodule capacitor requirements reduce scheme mainly by injecting two frequencys multiplication in bridge arm
Circulation realizes the reduction of submodule capacitor voltage fluctuation.But there is the through-flow deficiency of increase switching device in above scheme.
It can be seen that high construction cost existing for existing bridge-type MMC application technology, running wastage are big, and it is difficult to not
In the case that increase switching device is through-flow, the technical issues of voltage fluctuation of capacitor reduces is realized.
Summary of the invention
Aiming at the above defects or improvement requirements of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of reduction bridge-type MMC submodules
Thus the design and control method of capacitor solves high construction cost, running wastage existing for existing bridge-type MMC application technology
Greatly, and be difficult to do not increase switching device it is through-flow in the case where, realize voltage fluctuation of capacitor reduce the technical issues of.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a kind of designs and controlling party for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor
Method, comprising:
(1) inverter transmission capacity S, DC voltage U are keptdcIt is constant, energy is exported using bridge-type submodule negative level
Power promotes exchange side voltage peak, so that the index of modulation is m2> 1；
(2) after promoting exchange side voltage peak, bridge arm maximum output voltage increases, constant in submodule capacitor voltage rating
In the case where, to meet bridge arm maximum output voltage demand, the submodule number of each bridge arm isN is each bridge
The original submodule number of arm, m1For raw modulation coefficient, 0 < m1≤1；
(3) as index of modulation m2The bridge arm submodule number of > 1, each bridge arm isWhen, obtain harmonic circulating current
Under inhibition, then submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε uses two frequency multiplication circulation control algolithms, works as power-factor angle[- π,
π] region in when, calculate two double frequency voltage U of differencehUnder phase angle [alpha] combination, the submodule capacitor voltage of each power-factor angle
The minimum value ε of stability bandwidthmin；
(4) with εminIn maximum value as the control target under full operation area, obtain under the control target each power because
Two double frequency voltage of target and target phase angles corresponding to number angle, are superimposed to bridge arm for two double frequency voltage of target and target phase angles
Voltage instruction value keeps submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth significant under conditions of not increasing submodule switching device through-current capability
It reduces.
Further, after exchange side voltage peak is promoted are as follows:Wherein, UamTo exchange side
Voltage peak.
Further, when harmonic circulating current is effectively suppressed, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε are as follows:
Wherein, C indicates submodule capacitance, VcIndicate submodule capacitor voltage, ω indicates fundamental frequency angular speed.
Further, two 0≤U of double frequency voltage in step (3)h≤0.5Udc, the π of 0≤α of phase angle≤2.
In general, through the invention it is contemplated above technical scheme is compared with the prior art, can obtain down and show
Beneficial effect:
The present invention by using the negative level fan-out capability of bridge-type submodule, keeping inverter transmission to hold in the steady state
In the case that amount and DC voltage are constant, increase exchange side phase voltage peak value, as index of modulation m2When > 1, exchange is realized
The operation of side pressure-raising, can be such that submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth reduces to a certain extent.Further, pass through control bridge appropriate
Two frequency multiplication circulation of arm can further decrease submodule capacitor voltage under the premise of not increasing the through-current capability of switching device
Stability bandwidth can reduce submodule capacitance in this way, advantageously reduce the volume of submodule, weight and cost.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Flow chart；
Fig. 2 is m in full operation area in the case of the loop current suppression that the embodiment of the present invention 1 provides1=1 and m2When=1.414
Submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth curve；
Fig. 3 (a) is row for the national games under natural circulation, loop current suppression and the circulation optimal control that the embodiment of the present invention 2 provides
Voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate curve in region；
Fig. 3 (b) is row for the national games under natural circulation, loop current suppression and the circulation optimal control that the embodiment of the present invention 2 provides
Bridge arm current virtual value curve in region.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.As long as in addition, technical characteristic involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below
Not constituting a conflict with each other can be combined with each other.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor, comprising:
(1) inverter transmission capacity S, DC voltage U are keptddcIt is constant, energy is exported using bridge-type submodule negative level
Power promotes exchange side voltage peak, so that the index of modulation is m2> 1；After the exchange side voltage peak is promoted are as follows:Wherein, UamTo exchange side voltage peak.
(2) after promoting exchange side voltage peak, bridge arm maximum output voltage increases, constant in submodule capacitor voltage rating
In the case where, to meet bridge arm maximum output voltage demand, the submodule number of each bridge arm isN is each bridge
The original submodule number of arm, m1For raw modulation coefficient, 0 < m1≤1；
(3) as index of modulation m2The bridge arm submodule number of > 1, each bridge arm isWhen, derive harmonic circulating current
Under inhibition, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε.On this basis, using two frequency multiplication circulation control algolithms, in power-factor angle
When in the region of [- π, π], two double frequency voltage U of difference are calculatedhUnder phase angle [alpha] combination, the submodule electricity of each power-factor angle
Hold the minimum value ε of voltage fluctuation ratemin；Two 0≤U of double frequency voltageh≤0.5Udc, the π of 0≤α of phase angle≤2, harmonic circulating current had
When effect inhibits, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε are as follows:
Wherein, C indicates submodule capacitance, VcIndicate submodule capacitor voltage, ω indicates fundamental frequency angular speed.
(4) with εminIn maximum value as control target, obtain two double frequency voltage of target and the mesh under each power-factor angle
Phase angle is marked, two double frequency voltage of target and target phase angles are superimposed to bridge arm voltage instruction value, is not increasing submodule switch
Under conditions of device through-current capability, significantly reduce submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth.
Embodiment 1
The embodiment of the present invention 1 to illustrate keeping inverter transmission capacity and in the case where constant DC voltage,
Exchange side phase voltage is promoted, index of modulation m is made2=1.414, reduce submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth, reduces submodule
Superiority in terms of capacitor requirements.
For clearer explanation, analyzed as follows:
Assuming that inverter works under the premise of rectification state, and harmonic circulating current is effectively suppressed, and is with bridge arm in a phase
Example, can be obtained bridge arm voltage, electric current are as follows:
Wherein, vpa, ipaFor bridge arm voltage and electric current in a phase, UdcFor DC side voltage rating, idc, iaRespectively DC side
Electric current with exchange side phase current instantaneous value, m is the index of modulation, and ω is fundamental frequency angular speed,For power-factor angle, t is system fortune
The row time.
Keeping inverter transmission capacity S and DC voltage UdcIn the case where constant, DC side electric current and inverter
Transmission capacity relationship may be expressed as:
Therefore, upper bridge arm instantaneous power ppaAre as follows:
Wherein, ppaFor upper bridge arm instantaneous power.
By taking bridge arm in a phase as an example, the energy of storage can be obtained by integrating to instantaneous power, be shown below:
Wherein, EmEnergy is stored for upper bridge arm.
To calculate Em, it is necessary first to calculate ppaZero crossing.Submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε and bridge arm store ENERGY Em
Relationship are as follows:
Wherein, ε is submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth, and N is bridge arm submodule number, and C is submodule capacitance, VcFor son
Module capacitance voltage.
Therefore, in different modulating Coefficient m and power factorIn range, the expression of submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth
Formula are as follows:
Above-mentioned expression formula can also indicate are as follows:
Preferably, to meet bridge arm maximum output voltage demand, as index of modulation m2When=1.414, bridge arm maximum output
Voltage is m11.207 times when=1.Therefore in the case where submodule capacitor voltage rating is constant, each bridge arm submodule
It is original 1.207 times that number, which needs to increase,.
In inverter transmission capacity S and DC voltage UdcCentainly, under conditions of bridge arm circulation is effectively suppressed, m1=
1 and m2When=1.414 (m=1 and m=1.414), the voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate ε under full operation area is as shown in Fig. 2 in attached drawing.
Wherein, solid line and dotted line point are than being m1=1 and m2Voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate curve when=1.414, under full operation area.Observation
Known to Fig. 2 curve:
1) compared to m1=1, using bridge-type submodule negative level fan-out capability, realizes exchange side pressure-raising operation, make to adjust
Coefficient m processed2=1.414, the stability bandwidth of submodule capacitor voltage can be made to reduce in full operation area to a certain extent.
2) still, in practical projects, the selection principle of submodule capacitance parameter is that voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate should meet entirely
Maximum fluctuation rate under operation area.And and m1=1 compares, and exchanges side voltage peak by being promoted, makes the index of modulation
1.414, the maximum fluctuation rate under full operation area is reduced to 0.65p.u. (as shown in A1 and B1 in Fig. 2) from 0.98p.u., is dropped
Low amplitude is smaller.
Therefore consider to further decrease submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth by two frequency multiplication circular current control methods.
Embodiment 2
This example utilizes pressure-raising in the case where keeping inverter transmission capacity and constant DC voltage to illustrate
Operation makes m2=1.414 scheme in conjunction with two frequency multiplication circulation optimal controls is reducing submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth, is reducing
Superiority in terms of submodule capacitor requirements.
For clearer explanation, analyzed as follows:
Step 1: calculating under each power-factor angle, the smallest voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate in different circulation injecting schemes, and select
The maximum value of wherein stability bandwidth is selected as final control target εtarget；Two 0≤U of double frequency voltage in different circulation injecting schemesh
≤0.5Udc, the π of 0≤α of phase angle≤2.
Step 2: according to the control target ε in the first steptarget, calculate it is all make stability bandwidth meet 0.98 εtarget≤ε
≤1.02εtargetTwo double frequency voltage UhAnd phase angle [alpha]；
Step 3: calculating each group of (U of gained in second steph, α) and corresponding bridge arm current, wherein meeting bridge arm currentMinimum UhWith α as final control target (IrmsmaxIt indicates under nature circulation state, bridge arm
The maximum value of electric current).If all UhIt is all unsatisfactory for the limitation requirement of bridge arm current with α, then changes the control in the first step
Target εtarget, i.e. εtarget_NEW=1.02 εtarget。
By above-mentioned control method, can further subtract under conditions of not increasing submodule switching device through-current capability
The stability bandwidth of small capacitances voltage.
Validity to illustrate the invention takes the parameter of MMC system as shown in table 1 to be calculated.Voltage fluctuation of capacitor with
The a reference value of bridge arm current is respectively m1The maximum value with electric current is fluctuated when=1, under full operation area.It is controlled according to above-mentioned circulation
Scheme draws voltage fluctuation of capacitor and bridge arm current curve under full operation area, as shown in Figure 3.Wherein, three songs of Fig. 3 (a)
Line respectively indicates m2Capacitor when=1.414, under natural circulation, loop current suppression and circulation optimal control, in full operation area
Voltage fluctuation rate curve；Three curves of Fig. 3 (b) respectively indicate m2When=1.414, natural circulation, loop current suppression and circulation are excellent
Change under control, the bridge arm current virtual value curve in full operation area；
The operation of 1 pressure-raising of table, makes index of modulation m2When=1.414, system parameter table
| System parameter | Numerical value |
| Inverter transmission capacity | 400MVA |
| Specified alternating voltage | 346.35kV |
| Rated direct voltage | ±200kV |
| Bridge arm submodule number | 242 |
| Bridge arm inductance | 0.248H (13%) |
| Submodule capacitor | 7424μF |
As can be seen from Figure 3:
1) the exchange side pressure-raising proposed using this patent runs the control program in conjunction with two frequency multiplication circulation optimal controls,
Submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth can be further decreased, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth in full operation area is reduced to
0.34p.u. reduces inverter cost to reduce submodule capacitor requirements.
2) the circulation optimization control scheme and by this programme proposed can also reduce the same of submodule capacitor voltage
When, increase bridge arm current virtual value not.Show effectiveness of the invention.
It is analyzed according to embodiment 1 and embodiment 2, it is known that in practical projects, the selection principle of submodule capacitance parameter is
Voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate should meet the maximum fluctuation rate under full operation area.And and m1=1 compares, and exchanges side voltage by being promoted
Peak value makes the index of modulation 1.414, and the maximum fluctuation rate under full operation area is reduced to 0.65p.u. from 0.98p.u..Therefore
Consider that other controls further decrease submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth.Keep inverter transmission capacity and DC voltage not
Become, promotes exchange side voltage, ac-side current can be made to reduce, to reduce the bridge arm current of inverter.Therefore, selection is suitable
Two frequency multiplication circulation control scheme, submodule can be further decreased under the premise of not increasing the through-current capability of switching device
Block voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate.When the index of modulation is 1.414, using two frequency multiplication circulation system optimizing controls, do not increasing switch
In the case where the through-current capability of device, the voltage fluctuation of capacitor rate in full operation area can be made to be further reduced to
0.34p.u. reduces submodule block cost to reduce submodule capacitor requirements.
As it will be easily appreciated by one skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, not to
The limitation present invention, any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should all include
Within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor, which comprises the steps of:
(1) MMC transmission capacity S, DC voltage U are keptdcIt is constant, using bridge-type submodule negative level fan-out capability, promoted
Side voltage peak is exchanged, so that the index of modulation is m2> 1；
(2) after promoting exchange side voltage peak, bridge arm maximum output voltage increases, in the feelings that submodule capacitor voltage rating is constant
Under condition, to meet bridge arm maximum output voltage demand, the submodule number of each bridge arm isN is each bridge arm
Original submodule number, m1For raw modulation coefficient, 0 < m1≤1；
(3) as index of modulation m2The bridge arm submodule number of > 1, each bridge arm isWhen, obtain harmonic circulating current inhibition
Under, then submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε uses two frequency multiplication circulation control algolithms, works as power-factor angleAt [- π, π]
When in region, two double frequency voltage U of difference are calculatedhUnder phase angle [alpha] combination, the submodule capacitor voltage of each power-factor angle is fluctuated
The minimum value ε of ratemin；
(4) with εminIn maximum value as the control target under full operation area, obtain each power-factor angle under the control target
Two double frequency voltage of target and target phase angles are superimposed to bridge arm voltage by corresponding two double frequency voltage of target and target phase angles
Instruction value significantly reduces submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth under conditions of not increasing submodule switching device through-current capability.
2. a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor as described in claim 1, feature exist
In after the exchange side voltage peak is promoted are as follows:Wherein, UamTo exchange side voltage peak.
3. a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, feature
It is, under the harmonic circulating current inhibits, submodule capacitor voltage stability bandwidth ε are as follows:
Wherein, C indicates submodule capacitance, VcIndicate submodule capacitor voltage, ω indicates fundamental frequency angular speed.
4. a kind of design and control method for reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, feature
It is, two 0≤U of double frequency voltage in the step (3)h≤0.5Udc, the π of 0≤α of phase angle≤2.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710832070.7A CN107565839B (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2017-09-14 | A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710832070.7A CN107565839B (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2017-09-14 | A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107565839A CN107565839A (en) | 2018-01-09 |
| CN107565839B true CN107565839B (en) | 2019-06-07 |
Family
ID=60980018
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710832070.7A Active CN107565839B (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2017-09-14 | A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN107565839B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109039126B (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2020-10-30 | 华中科技大学 | Control method for reducing loss of full-bridge MMC sub-module |
| CN112701894B (en) * | 2021-01-26 | 2022-02-22 | 北京四方继保自动化股份有限公司 | Loop current injection MMC module voltage fluctuation suppression method considering bridge arm current |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104485830A (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2015-04-01 | 清华大学 | Method for reducing capacitance value of modular multilevel converter |
| CN105391329A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-03-09 | 华中科技大学 | Full-bridge type MMC (modular multilevel converter) alternating voltage-boosting operation method |
| JP2016063610A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2016-04-25 | 株式会社東芝 | Power conversion device |
-
2017
- 2017-09-14 CN CN201710832070.7A patent/CN107565839B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2016063610A (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2016-04-25 | 株式会社東芝 | Power conversion device |
| CN104485830A (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2015-04-01 | 清华大学 | Method for reducing capacitance value of modular multilevel converter |
| CN105391329A (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2016-03-09 | 华中科技大学 | Full-bridge type MMC (modular multilevel converter) alternating voltage-boosting operation method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN107565839A (en) | 2018-01-09 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| WO2021017170A1 (en) | Modularized multilevel converter for multi-port direct current power flow control and control method | |
| CN103219738B (en) | Direct current transmission system based on three-pole type structure | |
| CN110752763B (en) | Modular multilevel converter topology and modulation method thereof | |
| CN102780226B (en) | Direct-current-side voltage control method of cascaded STATCOM based on chopping-control voltage sharing and control circuit | |
| Ahmad et al. | An approach to improve active power flow capability by using dynamic unified power flow controller | |
| CN105356770B (en) | A kind of MMC submodule topological structure based on H bridge | |
| CN105024569B (en) | Bifurcation structure Modular multilevel converter suitable for low modulation than application | |
| WO2020082762A1 (en) | Pwm method, modulator and system for three-level rectifier suppressing common mode voltage | |
| CN107565839B (en) | A kind of design and control method reducing bridge-type MMC submodule capacitor | |
| CN105024392A (en) | Control method for flexible direct-current power transmission system | |
| CN104993533A (en) | Modular multilevel converter inter-bridge-arm energy balance control method | |
| CN106786562B (en) | A kind of the self-excitation activation system and method for static synchronous series compensator | |
| CN108599606B (en) | A kind of control method for reducing MMC bridge arm submodule quantity | |
| Zhang et al. | Coordinated power oscillation damping from a VSC-HVDC grid integrated with offshore wind farms: using capacitors energy | |
| Teng et al. | Common high-frequency bus-based cascaded multilevel solid-state transformer with ripple and unbalance power decoupling channel | |
| Yuvaraja et al. | Performance and analysis of modular multilevel converter | |
| CN117353379A (en) | Control method and system for high-order grid-connected converter based on virtual double-machine parallel technology | |
| Langner et al. | Application benefits of line-or self-commutated static var compensator | |
| CN109039126A (en) | A kind of control method reducing the loss of bridge-type MMC submodule | |
| CN105141159B (en) | A kind of three-phase modular multilevel inverter parallel system and its control method | |
| CN106505898A (en) | Z sources NPC three-level inverter invariable power grid-connection control systems based on SVPWM | |
| CN205583713U (en) | Novel distributed electrical power production system's invertion power supply | |
| CN108258698A (en) | A kind of two close cycles damped control system for improving VSC connections and exchanging weak grid stability | |
| NarayanaGadupudi | Recent advances of STATCOM in power transmission lines–A review | |
| CN109149981B (en) | A kind of Multipurpose Optimal Method based on genetic algorithm suitable for MMC |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |