CN107522593A - A kind of pre- distillation system of methanol - Google Patents
A kind of pre- distillation system of methanol Download PDFInfo
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- CN107522593A CN107522593A CN201710679016.3A CN201710679016A CN107522593A CN 107522593 A CN107522593 A CN 107522593A CN 201710679016 A CN201710679016 A CN 201710679016A CN 107522593 A CN107522593 A CN 107522593A
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- alkali lye
- backflash
- methanol
- rectifying tower
- distillation system
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/74—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/74—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
- C07C29/76—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment
- C07C29/80—Separation; Purification; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment by distillation
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of pre- distillation system of methanol, it includes pre-rectifying tower, condenser, backflash and alkali lye conveying device, the pre-rectifying tower, condenser, backflash are sequentially connected, the alkali lye conveying device is connected with the pre-rectifying tower and the backflash respectively, crude carbinol enters the pre-rectifying tower, refined methanol after pre- rectifying exports from the bottom of towe of the pre-rectifying tower, it is 6.5~7.5 that the alkali lye conveying device, which provides the PH that alkali lye controls the phegma at the backflash, so that the PH of the refined methanol at the pre-rectifying tower bottom of towe is 8~9.Alkali lye conveying device provided by the invention can control the pH value of pre-rectifying tower and backflash simultaneously, effectively corrosion of the reduction crude carbinol middle acid substance to equipment, the service life of extension device, reduce the number of turnaround of unit, and the effectively save cost of overhaul is used.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of chemical, and in particular to a kind of pre- distillation system of methanol.
Background technology
Methanol is structure saturated monohydroxy alcohol the simplest, is the Organic Chemicals and high-grade fuel on basis, mainly should
For fields such as fine chemistry industry, plastics, for manufacturing a variety of organic products such as formaldehyde, acetic acid, chloromethanes, first ammonia, sulphur dimethyl ester,
And one of important source material of agricultural chemicals, medicine.
The synthetic reaction of methanol is typical compound gas-solid catalysis process, typically first synthetic coarse methanol, then through pre-
Rectifying, distillation process obtain the high methanol product of quality.
The main component of crude carbinol is methanol, it is also possible to which containing light component organic impurities, (boiling point is compared with methanol under uniform pressure
The component of low boiling point), such as formic acid, methyl formate, these light component organic impurities are mainly removed by pre-rectifying tower.Crude carbinol
When being sent into pre-rectifying tower by feeding line, methanol is refined from the bottom of pre-rectifying tower with liquid form output, light component impurity
And the unrectified methanol in part enters condenser with gas phase from the top of pre-rectifying tower, condenser by vapor condensation get off through
Backflash sends pre-rectifying tower back to, for use as backflow.
The acidic materials such as formic acid are dissolved in the internals that can not only corrode tower after water in the pre- distillation process of crude carbinol, reduce tower
Service life, and the acidity of refined methanol can be caused exceeded.In order to prevent the acidic materials in crude carbinol from corroding tower internals, Chang
Alkali lye is added in pre-rectifying tower, to reduce sour corrosion.
Alkali lye typically adds in the bottom of towe of pre-rectifying tower, with the acidic materials at neutralizing tower bottom, reduces the acidity of refined methanol, but
After the acidic materials such as formic acid and methyl formate in crude carbinol enter pre-rectifying tower, pre- rectifying can be enriched to upwards as light component
The tower top of tower, subsequently into backflash, thus the acidic materials such as formic acid are difficult that acid-base neutralization reaction occurs with the alkali lye of bottom of towe, with
Backflash enriched acidic materials are caused, in the case of containing the aqueous solution so that the acidic materials aqueous solution is formed in backflash,
Heavy corrosion backflash and reflux pipeline, the service life of equipment is reduced, repair rate is high, influences the production of methanol.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of pre- distillation system of methanol, for solving to flow back in existing pre- distillation system
The problem of groove and reflux pipeline are by heavy corrosion.
To achieve these goals, the present invention provides following technical scheme:A kind of pre- distillation system of methanol includes pre- rectifying
Tower, condenser, backflash and alkali lye conveying device, the pre-rectifying tower, condenser and backflash are sequentially connected, the alkali
Liquid conveying device is connected with the pre-rectifying tower and the backflash respectively, and crude carbinol enters the pre-rectifying tower, after pre- rectifying
Refined methanol exported from the bottom of towe of the pre-rectifying tower, the alkali lye conveying device provides alkali lye and controls returning at the backflash
The PH of flow liquid is 6.5~7.5 so that the PH of the refined methanol at the pre-rectifying tower bottom of towe is 8~9.
Preferably, the alkali lye conveying device includes the caustic dosage of the lye tank (vat) of storage alkali lye, the regulation lye tank (vat)
The PLC control devices of the PH detector of phegma pH value and control caustic dosage at regulating valve, the detection backflash, it is described
Regulating valve is connected with the lye tank (vat), the backflash respectively, the PH detector respectively with the backflash, the pre- essence
Tower connection is evaporated, the PLC control devices are connected with the regulating valve, the PH detector respectively.
Alkali lye conveying device provided by the invention monitors the PH of phegma at backflash, PH detections using PH detector at any time
The signal of device is fed back to after PLC control devices, and the pH value that PLC control devices can be directed to phegma at backflash is carried out accordingly
Regulation so that alkali lye regulation process more automate, improve the stability of system operation, it is not necessary to set the round-the-clock inspection of special messenger
PH value is surveyed, is adapted to 24 hours continuous productions.
Preferably, the alkali lye is sodium hydroxide solution, the mass ratio of the sodium hydroxide and crude carbinol for 0.08~
0.11:1000.
The caustic dosage of alkali lye provided by the invention needs suitable scope, if the alkali lye added is too many, alkali lye is possible to
Reacted with the methyl formate contained in backflash, generate formic acid, etching apparatus on the contrary, and the refined methanol of output can be strengthened
Alkalescence, influence follow-up distillation process;If the alkali lye added is very little, alkali lye is possible to be not enough to the acidic materials by backflash
Reaction is complete, still can etching apparatus so that the rectified methanol acidity of output is exceeded, influence product quality.
Preferably, the mass concentration scope of the sodium hydroxide is 8%~10%.
The concentration of alkali lye provided by the invention is also required to suitable scope, if excessive concentration, it is likely that alkali lye is conveyed
The equipment of device causes to corrode, if concentration is too low, it is likely that slow with the speed of acidic materials reaction, PH regulating effects are bad.
Preferably, the alkali lye conveying device also includes being used for the alkali lye delivery pump for conveying alkali lye, the alkali lye delivery pump
Between the lye tank (vat) and the regulating valve.
The present invention provides the conveying that alkali lye delivery pump carries out alkali lye, safer.
Preferably, the alkali lye delivery pump is centrifugal pump.
The present invention provides centrifugal pump conveying alkali lye, and the transfer efficiency of centrifugal pump is high, highly reliable.
Preferably, the centrifugal pump is magnetic drive pump or canned motor pump.
The present invention provides magnetic drive pump or canned motor pump conveying alkali lye, No leakage so that course of conveying is safer.
Preferably, the pre-rectifying tower is gasket packing tower.
Pre-rectifying tower provided by the invention is combination tower, can strengthen the mass transport process between gas-liquid two-phase, improves the place of tower
Reason ability and separative efficiency.
Preferably, the condenser is shell and tube condenser.
Condenser provided by the invention is shell and tube condenser, and layout is simple, is easy to make, clean facility, and unit
Heat transfer area is big possessed by volume, and heat transfer effect is good.
Preferably, the pre- distillation system of the methanol also includes the gas-liquid separation for being used to separate the gas phase of the condenser discharge
Device, the gas-liquid separator are connected with the condenser, backflash respectively.
The present invention provides gas-liquid separator and the gas phase that condenser is discharged further is separated, as far as possible by methanol
Reclaimed Deng useful constituent, in order to avoid wasting, while can also reduce the pollution to environment.
Compared to prior art, the pre- distillation system of methanol provided by the invention has the advantage that:
First, alkali lye conveying device provided by the invention adds alkali lye in backflash, anti-with the acidic materials in backflash
Should, the PH of phegma at control backflash, while micro- excessive alkali lye enters in pre-rectifying tower, with pre-rectifying tower with phegma
Acidic materials react, and can control the PH of pre-rectifying tower bottom of towe refined methanol simultaneously, both effectively reduce crude carbinol middle acid substance pair
The corrosion of the equipment such as backflash, between the PH for causing the refined methanol of bottom of towe output again is 8~9, meet the needs of production run;
2nd, the pre- distillation system of methanol provided by the invention controls the PH of phegma at backflash between 6.5~7.5,
Close to neutrality, can effective extension device service life, reduce the number of turnaround of unit, the effectively save cost of overhaul is used, guarantee first
The continuous production of alcohol.
Brief description of the drawings
By reading the detailed description of hereafter preferred embodiment, it is various other the advantages of and benefit it is common for this area
Technical staff will be clear understanding.Accompanying drawing is only used for showing the purpose of preferred embodiment, and is not considered as to the present invention
Limitation.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 shows a kind of structural representation of the pre- distillation system of the methanol of preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Reference
1- pre-rectifying towers, 2- condensers,
3- gas-liquid separators, 4- backflashes,
5- alkali lye conveying devices, 51- lye tank (vat)s,
52- alkali lye delivery pumps, 53- regulating valves,
54-PH detectors, 55-PLC control devices.
Embodiment
The invention provides many applicable creative concepts, the creative concept can be reflected in a large number of on specific
Hereinafter.Specific embodiment described in following embodiments of the present invention is only as embodiment of the invention
Exemplary illustration, and be not meant to limit the scope of the invention.
Noun of the present invention is explained first:
Rectifying refers to the mixed liquor being made up of the different component of volatility, and part is carried out simultaneously and repeatedly in rectifying column
Vaporization and partial condensation, separate it into the process of almost pure state component.
The general principle of rectifying is different using mixture each component volatility, from rectifying column bottom heated material, generation
Rise steam and sufficient counter current contacting is carried out on column plate or filler with the phegma that overhead condensation gets off, the mistake of mass-and heat-transfer occurs
Journey, volatile components vaporization enter gas phase, and difficult volatile component condensation enters liquid phase, so repeated multiple times to obtain mixture each component
To separation.
Pre- rectifying:Remove being lighter than for representative such as remaining dissolved gas and dimethyl ether, formic acid, methyl formate in crude carbinol
The low-boiling point material of methanol;Removing simultaneously and the close methanol alkane azeotropic mixture of methanol boiling point.
The invention will be further described with specific embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, the pre- distillation system of methanol includes pre-rectifying tower 1, condenser 2, gas-liquid separator 3, backflash
4 and alkali lye conveying device 5, the pre-rectifying tower 1, condenser 2, backflash 4 be sequentially connected, the gas-liquid separator 3 is distinguished
It is connected with the condenser 2, backflash 4, the alkali lye conveying device 5 connects with the pre-rectifying tower 1 and the backflash 4 respectively
Connect.
The pre-rectifying tower 1 is the main body that crude carbinol carries out pre- distillation process, and crude carbinol enters the pre- essence from middle and upper part
Evaporate in tower 1, it is unrectified with liquid form output, light component impurity and part from the bottom of the pre-rectifying tower 1 to refine methanol
Methanol enters the condenser 2 with gas phase from the top of the pre-rectifying tower 1.In the present embodiment, the pre-rectifying tower 1
For gasket packing tower.
The condenser 2 is condensed the gas phase that the pre-rectifying tower 1 is discharged, and the liquid phase condensed out enters described return
Chute 4;Uncooled part low boiling component and fixed gas enter the gas-liquid separator 3.In the present embodiment, the condensation
Device 2 is shell and tube condenser.
The gas-liquid separator 3 separates the gas phase that the condenser 2 is discharged, after its gas-liquid separation, the liquid phase isolated
Into the backflash 4 to reclaim, the fixed gas isolated accordingly is discharged.
The liquid phase that liquid phase that the backflash 4 condenses out the condenser 2, the gas-liquid separator 3 are isolated is entered
Row recovery, and send the pre-rectifying tower 1 back to, for use as backflow.
The alkali lye conveying device 5 include lye tank (vat) 51, alkali lye delivery pump 52, regulating valve 53, PH detector 54 and
PLC control devices 55, the lye tank (vat) 51, the alkali lye delivery pump 52, the regulating valve 53 are sequentially connected, the regulating valve 53
It is connected with the backflash 4, the PH detector 54 is connected with the backflash 4, pre-rectifying tower 1 respectively, the PLC controls
Device 55 is connected with the regulating valve 53, PH detector 54 respectively.
The lye tank (vat) 51 is used to store alkali lye, and the big I of its volume is selected according to the output of methanol or the pH value of methanol
Select.
The alkali lye delivery pump 52 is used to convey alkali lye, preferably centrifugal pump.The centrifugal pump is preferably magnetic drive pump or screen
Pump is covered, the loss in alkali lye transportation can be reduced as far as possible.
Magnetic drive pump is mainly made up of several parts such as pump head, magnetic driver, motor, connecting bottom board.Magnetic drive pump
Magnetic driver is made up of outer magnet rotor, interior magnet rotor and non-magnetic separation sleeve.When motor drives outer magnet rotor rotation,
Magnetic field energy penetrates air-gap and namagnetic substance, drives the interior magnet rotor being connected with impeller to make synchronous rotary, realizes the nothing of power
The synchronous static seal structure for transmitting, the movable sealing structure easily revealed being converted into zero leakage of contact.Due to pump shaft, interior magnet rotor
Completely enclosed by the pump housing, separation sleeve, so as to thoroughly solve " run, drip, leak " problem.Canned motor pump is a kind of unprssurized pump, pump
All it is sealed in the pressure vessel that a pumped medium is full of with motor, this pressure vessel only has static seal, and by
One electric wire group provides rotating excitation field and drives rotor.This structure eliminates the rotation axis seal dress that conventional centrifugal pump has
Put, therefore complete No leakage can be accomplished.
The regulating valve 53 is adjusted the caustic dosage of the lye tank (vat) 51 by the control of the PLC control devices 55, until institute
The PH for stating phegma at backflash 4 is 6.5~7.5.
The PH detector 54 is used for the PH for detecting phegma at the backflash 4, and signal is fed back into the PLC and controlled
Device 55 processed.
The PH detector 54 is preferably PH meters, and PH meters are to measure solution pH value with potentiometry.PH is in Latin
In, be Pondus hydrogenii abbreviation, be hydrionic activity in material, pH value is then the logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
Negative.The main measuring part of PH meters is glass electrode and reference electrode, and glass electrode is sensitive to PH, and the current potential of reference electrode
It is stable.PH two electrodes counted are put into same solution together, just constitute a galvanic cell, and the current potential of galvanic cell, just
It is glass electrode and the algebraical sum of reference electrode current potential.The reference electrode current potential of PH meters is stable, then keeps stabilization in temperature
In the case of, the potential change for the galvanic cell that solution and electrode are formed is only relevant with the current potential of glass electrode, and glass electrode
Current potential depends on the pH value of solution to be measured, therefore passes through the measure of the change to current potential, it is possible to draws the pH value of prepare liquid.
The PLC control devices 55 are used to control caustic dosage, specifically, the PLC control devices 55 receive the PH inspections
The signal feedback of device 54 is surveyed, according to the PH of phegma at the backflash 4 of the PH detector 54 feedback, the PLC control devices
The 55 control regulating valves 53, are delivered to the backflash 4, by the PH of phegma at the backflash 4 by different amounts of alkali lye
It is stable between 6.5~7.5.The PLC control devices 55 can monitor the PH of phegma at the backflash 4, and root at any time
According to described in the Signal Regulation of the PH detector 54 at backflash 4 phegma PH so that alkali lye regulation process more automate,
Improve the stability of system operation, it is not necessary to set the round-the-clock detection pH value of special messenger, be adapted to 24 hours continuous productions.
The alkali lye is preferably sodium hydroxide solution.The mass ratio of the sodium hydroxide and crude carbinol is 0.08~0.11:
1000.The mass concentration of the sodium hydroxide ranges preferably from 8%~10%.
The caustic dosage of the alkali lye needs suitable scope, micro- excessive sodium hydroxide solution, has both been enough the backflow
Acidic materials reaction in groove 4 is complete so that the pH value for flowing into the phegma of the pre-rectifying tower 1 is 6.5~7.5, in
Property, in case acidic materials etching apparatus and pipeline, influence to produce;Simultaneously micro- excessive alkali lye with phegma from the backflash
4 are flowed into the pre-rectifying tower 1, and the acidic materials that may contain in the methanol of bottom of towe have been reacted so that the outflow pre- essence
The pH value for evaporating the refined methanol of tower 1 is 8~9, in alkalescence, to meet the production run needs of follow-up distillation process.
If the alkali lye added is too many, and the material such as residual formic acid methyl esters in the backflash 4, then sodium hydroxide be possible to
Methyl formate reacts, and generates formic acid, etching apparatus on the contrary, and can strengthen the smart first of the bottom of towe output of the pre-rectifying tower 1
The alkalescence of alcohol, influence follow-up distillation process;If the alkali lye added is very little, sodium hydroxide is possible to be not enough to the backflash
Acidic materials reaction in 4 is complete, acidic materials in the backflash 4 still can etching apparatus, and the pre-rectifying tower 1
The rectified methanol acidity of bottom of towe output is exceeded, influences product quality.
Sodium hydroxide is reacted with acidic materials such as formic acid, acetic acid, and the reaction principle removed is:
HCOOH+NaOH→HCOONa+H2O
CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O
If also containing amine substance in crude carbinol, amine substance is typically with compound state (CH3NH2)2HCO3Or CH3NH2OH
In the presence of sodium hydroxide can make it be decomposed into free state, be removed in the pre-rectifying tower 1.
Its reaction principle is:
(CH3NH2)2HCO3+NaOH→CH3NH2+Na2CO3+H2O
The present invention sets the alkali lye conveying device 5, and alkali lye is added in the backflash 4, and in the backflash 4
Acidic materials react, and control the pH value of phegma at the backflash 4;Then micro- excessive alkali lye enters described pre- with phegma
Rectifying column 1, in the pre-rectifying tower 1, gas phase and liquid phase separation in crude carbinol, gas phase are entered from the top of the pre-rectifying tower 1
Enter the condenser 2, liquid phase returns to the bottom of towe of the pre-rectifying tower 1, thus at bottom of towe alkali lye concentration it is also higher, alkali lye exists
Bottom of towe is reacted with the acidic materials in the pre-rectifying tower 1, while the refined methanol of the bottom of towe of pre-rectifying tower 1 can be controlled
PH so that between the PH of the refined methanol of bottom of towe output is 8~9, meet the needs of production run, therefore the alkali lye conveying device
5 can control the PH of phegma and the bottom of towe refined methanol of pre-rectifying tower 1 at the backflash 4 simultaneously, effectively reduce acid in crude carbinol
Property corrosion of the material to equipment, the service life of extension device reduces the number of turnaround of unit, and the effectively save cost of overhaul is used.
In the present embodiment, by the alkali lye conveying device 5 plus alkali, the alkali lye is sodium hydroxide, per hour thick first
The inlet amount of alcohol is 15000kg, and caustic dosage is the sodium hydroxide solution that 12.25kg concentration is 10%, is 1.225kg after folding hundred,
The mass ratio of i.e. described sodium hydroxide and crude carbinol is 0.82:1000.
Take respectively plus alkali before and after at the backflash 4 pH value of phegma contrast, it is and thick with the separately sampled detection of PH meters
The pH value of methanol and the bottom of towe refined methanol of the pre-rectifying tower 1 does reference, comparing result such as table 1.
The comparing result of table 1
From table 1 it follows that before alkali is added, for crude carbinol because containing acidic materials such as formic acid, its PH is 4.8 or so,
In acidity, after the 1 pre- rectifying of pre-rectifying tower, the low-boiling point material such as formic acid is pooled to the backflash 4 so that described time
The pH value of phegma is 4.11 or so at chute 4, lower compared with the pH value of crude carbinol, acid stronger;After adding alkali, sodium hydroxide and first
The substance reactions such as acid, the pH value of phegma is significantly raised at the backflash 4, has reached 6.61 or so, close to neutrality, effectively subtracts
Few corrosion to equipment and pipeline;Micro- excessive alkali enters in the pre-rectifying tower 1, with the pre-rectifying tower 1 with phegma
Acidic materials react so that the PH of the refined methanol of the bottom of towe of pre-rectifying tower 1 is 8.99 or so, in alkalescent, is met follow-up
The needs of production run.
It should be noted that the present invention will be described rather than limits the invention for above-described embodiment, and this
Art personnel can design alternative embodiment without departing from the scope of the appended claims.In claim
In, any reference symbol between bracket should not be configured to limitations on claims.Word "comprising" is not excluded for depositing
In element or step not listed in the claims.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of pre- distillation system of methanol, it is characterised in that the pre- distillation system of methanol includes pre-rectifying tower (1), condenser
(2), backflash (4) and alkali lye conveying device (5), the pre-rectifying tower (1), condenser (2) and backflash (4) connect successively
Connect, the alkali lye conveying device (5) is connected with the pre-rectifying tower (1) and the backflash (4) respectively, described in crude carbinol entrance
Pre-rectifying tower (1), the refined methanol after pre- rectifying export from the bottom of towe of the pre-rectifying tower (1), and the alkali lye conveying device (5) carries
The PH that the phegma at the backflash (4) place is controlled for alkali lye is 6.5~7.5 so that the essence at pre-rectifying tower (1) bottom of towe
The PH of methanol is 8~9.
2. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the alkali lye conveying device (5) includes storage
Deposit the lye tank (vat) (51) of alkali lye, the regulating valve (53) of caustic dosage of the regulation lye tank (vat) (51), detection backflash (4) place
Phegma PH PH detector (54) and the PLC control devices (55) for controlling caustic dosage, the regulating valve (53) respectively with institute
State lye tank (vat) (51), the backflash (4) is connected, the PH detector (54) respectively with the backflash (4), the pre- essence
Tower (1) connection is evaporated, the PLC control devices (55) are connected with the regulating valve (53), the PH detector (54) respectively.
3. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the alkali lye is sodium hydroxide solution, institute
The mass ratio for stating sodium hydroxide and crude carbinol is 0.08~0.11:1000.
4. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the mass concentration scope of the sodium hydroxide
For 8%~10%.
5. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the alkali lye conveying device (5) also includes
For conveying the alkali lye delivery pump (52) of alkali lye, the alkali lye delivery pump (52) is located at the lye tank (vat) (51) and the regulating valve
(53) between.
6. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the alkali lye delivery pump (52) is centrifugation
Pump.
7. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 6, it is characterised in that the centrifugal pump is magnetic drive pump or shielding
Pump.
8. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the pre-rectifying tower (1) is gasket packing
Tower.
9. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the condenser (2) condenses for shell and tube
Device.
10. the pre- distillation system of methanol according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the pre- distillation system of methanol also includes
For separate the condenser (2) discharge gas phase gas-liquid separator (3), the gas-liquid separator (3) respectively with it is described cold
Condenser (2), backflash (4) connection.
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Application publication date: 20171229 |