CN107492893A - A kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method - Google Patents
A kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107492893A CN107492893A CN201710689878.4A CN201710689878A CN107492893A CN 107492893 A CN107492893 A CN 107492893A CN 201710689878 A CN201710689878 A CN 201710689878A CN 107492893 A CN107492893 A CN 107492893A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
- H02J3/16—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by adjustment of reactive power
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method, when there is Voltage Instability in power system, flexible direct current power transmission system control strategy is switched into emergency control policy by conventional control strategy, the optimal control target value of flexible direct current power transmission system active power and reactive power is obtained by " predetermined target value method " or " trend heuristic ", make the control targe value of the active power and the final operation of reactive power of flexible direct current power transmission system after optimization, the present invention can improve AC system voltage level, improve Power System Voltage Stability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the Technology of HVDC based Voltage Source Converter field in power system field of power transmission, more particularly to flexible direct current are defeated
Electric system emergency control method.
Background technology
Power system is a complicated nonlinear dynamic system, and wherein voltage stabilization Journal of Sex Research is Electric Power Network Planning and operation
Important research direction.As power system scale constantly expands, the contrary distribution situation of load center and large-scale power supply highlights,
Load scale away from power supply constantly increases, and new test is brought to power system voltage stabilization.It is the stabilization of power system, reliable
Operation depends on the rapid coordination control of active power and reactive power in system, and traditional control method substantially can only be in static state
In the case of control system trend, shortage is rapidly injected, optimizing regulation, coordinated control system are active and the ability of reactive power.
In recent years, being constructed and put into operation for multiple flexible DC power transmission engineerings indicated flexible direct current power transmission system in electricity both at home and abroad
Application in Force system obtains tremendous expansion, and as the important component of power system.The wattful power that soft lineal system has
Quick, the independent control ability of rate and reactive power, controllability, flexibility and the stability of AC network can be greatly improved,
More control technology means are provided for power system voltage stabilization control.Currently, soft direct line unites conventional control strategy to hand over
The optimal purpose for turning to its control targe, reaching power grid security economical operation of direct current hybrid system trend, and ground as current
Study carefully focus；But the conventional control strategy does not have without reference to the control strategy for the purpose of improving AC system voltage stability
It is proposed the control method of the active power of the soft lineal system transmission of optimal design-aside and caused reactive power during Voltage Instability.
The content of the invention
In view of this, the present invention requires for the control of Power System Voltage Stability and combines flexible direct current power transmission system
Control feature, there is provided a kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method, pass through " predetermined target value method " or " trend sound out
Method " obtains the optimal control target value of active power and reactive power, improves Power System Voltage Stability.
To achieve the above object, the technical scheme is that：A kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method, bag
Include following steps：
Step S1：Detect AC network busbar voltage Ui, when there is Voltage Instability, it is normal to exit flexible direct current power transmission system
Running status automatically controls；
Step S2：By " predetermined target value method " or " trend heuristic " obtain flexible direct current power transmission system active power and
The optimal control target value of reactive power；
Step S3：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether voltage range requirement is met；Such as it is unsatisfactory for, repeat step
S2, until meeting to require, maintain current operating conditions；
Step S4：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether Voltage Instability, such as still Voltage Instability, repeat step S2,
Readjust the optimal control target value of flexible direct current power transmission system active power and reactive power；Otherwise flexible direct current is switched to
Transmission system normal operating condition automatically controls.
Further, described " predetermined target value method " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) it is offline or online according to the method for operation of electrical network parameter, anticipation or reality, load level and voltage deviation degree
Calculate the control targe value P of active power and reactive powerrefiAnd Qrefi, and form predetermined target value table；
2) control targe value PrefiAnd QrefiSolve problems be converted into the optimal power flow problems of multiple target, in control targe
Value PrefiAnd QrefiUnder the conditions of, AC network busbar voltage variation delta UiFor：
Alternating voltage compensation target is in the case where meeting flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation boundary condition, makes f (Prefi,
Qrefi)=Δ Us-ΔUiMinimum, i.e.,
Wherein, RsAnd XsRespectively the AC network equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance of soft straight receiving end, U are arrived in conversionsFor specified system
System voltage, Δ UsFor Voltage Instability when ac grid voltage target compensation amount, giFor flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation border
Condition, subscript m in and max represent lower and upper limit respectively, according to above formula is online or the different voltage deviation Δ U of off-line calculationiBar
Predetermined target value P under partrefiAnd Qrefi；
3) target grid voltage deviation Δ U is detectedi, perform online or off-line calculation control targe value PrefiAnd Qrefi。
Further, described " trend heuristic " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) active-power P of flexible direct current power transmission system is detectedi, reactive power Qi, ac bus voltage Ui, judge flexibility
The operating current I of DC transmission system transverteriWhether maximum constrained value is reached；
If 2) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriNot up to maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic
Scheme one：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi, detect and obtain alternating current
Net busbar voltage UiVariation delta UPi；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=PiAnd Qrefi=Qi+
Δ Q, detection obtain AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi；
3) such as Δ UPi>ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P, nothing
Work(power QrefiIt is constant；Such as Δ UPi<ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system reactive power operation state is adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+
Δ Q, active-power PrefiIt is constant, judge whether flexible direct current power transmission system meets safe operation boundary condition, repeat 2) -3) straight
To AC network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value；
If 4) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriReach maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic
Scheme two：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi- Δ Q, detection are handed over
Flow power network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UPi′；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi- Δ P and
Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q, detection obtain AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi′；
5) such as Δ UPi′>ΔUQi', flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P,
And reactive power operation state is adjusted to Qrefi=Qi-ΔQ；Such as Δ UPi′<ΔUQi', by flexible direct current power transmission system active power
Running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi- Δ P, reactive power operation state are adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q, judges flexible DC power transmission
Whether system meets safe operation boundary condition, repeats 4) -5) until AC network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value.
Further, the flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation boundary condition is as follows：
The active power constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transmission：
Reactive power caused by flexible direct current power transmission system constrains：
The apparent energy constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system：
The maximum operating currenbt constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The modulation ratio range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The phase shift angle range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
Ac bus voltage range constrains：
Subscript "-" represents higher limit, and subscript " _ " represents lower limit.
The present invention by " predetermined target value method " or " trend heuristic " in Voltage Instability, quickly obtain active power and
The optimal control target value of reactive power, improves Power System Voltage Stability.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method of the present invention.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
A kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method, comprises the following steps：
Step S1：Detect AC network busbar voltage Ui, when there is Voltage Instability, it is normal to exit flexible direct current power transmission system
Running status automatically controls；
Step S2：By " predetermined target value method " or " trend heuristic " obtain flexible direct current power transmission system active power and
The optimal control target value of reactive power；
" predetermined target value method " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) it is offline or online according to the method for operation of electrical network parameter, anticipation or reality, load level and voltage deviation degree
Calculate the control targe value P of active power and reactive powerrefiAnd Qrefi, and form predetermined target value table；
2) control targe value PrefiAnd QrefiSolve problems be converted into the optimal power flow problems of multiple target, in control targe
Value PrefiAnd QrefiUnder the conditions of, AC network busbar voltage variation delta UiFor：
Alternating voltage compensation target is in the case where meeting flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation boundary condition, makes f (Prefi,
Qrefi)=Δ Us-ΔUiMinimum, i.e.,
Wherein, RsAnd XsRespectively the AC network equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance of soft straight receiving end, U are arrived in conversionsFor specified system
System voltage, Δ UsFor Voltage Instability when ac grid voltage target compensation amount, giFor flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation border
Condition, subscript m in and max represent lower and upper limit respectively, according to above formula is online or the different voltage deviation Δ U of off-line calculationiBar
Predetermined target value P under partrefiAnd Qrefi；
3) target grid voltage deviation Δ U is detectedi, perform online or off-line calculation control targe value PrefiAnd Qrefi。
" trend heuristic " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) active-power P of flexible direct current power transmission system is detectedi, reactive power Qi, ac bus voltage Ui, judge flexibility
The operating current I of DC transmission system transverteriWhether maximum constrained value is reached；
If 2) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriNot up to maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic
Scheme one：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi, detect and obtain alternating current
Net busbar voltage UiVariation delta UPi；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=PiAnd Qrefi=Qi+
Δ Q, detection obtain AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi；
3) such as Δ UPi>ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P, nothing
Work(power QrefiIt is constant；Such as Δ UPi<ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system reactive power operation state is adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+
Δ Q, active-power PrefiIt is constant, judge whether flexible direct current power transmission system meets safe operation boundary condition, repeat 2) -3) straight
To AC network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value；
If 4) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriReach maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic
Scheme two：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi- Δ Q, detection are handed over
Flow power network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UPi′；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi- Δ P and
Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q, detection obtain AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi′；
5) such as Δ UPi′>ΔUQi', flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P,
And reactive power operation state is adjusted to Qrefi=Qi-ΔQ；Such as Δ UPi′<ΔUQi', by flexible direct current power transmission system active power
Running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi- Δ P, reactive power operation state are adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q, judges flexible DC power transmission
Whether system meets safe operation boundary condition, repeats 4) -5) until AC network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value.
Step S3：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether voltage range requirement is met；Such as it is unsatisfactory for, repeat step
S2, until meeting to require, maintain current operating conditions；
Step S4：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether Voltage Instability, such as still Voltage Instability, repeat step S2,
Readjust the optimal control target value of flexible direct current power transmission system active power and reactive power；Otherwise flexible direct current is switched to
Transmission system normal operating condition automatically controls.
Flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation boundary condition is as follows：
The active power constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transmission：
Reactive power caused by flexible direct current power transmission system constrains：
The apparent energy constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system：
The maximum operating currenbt constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The modulation ratio range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The phase shift angle range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
Ac bus voltage range constrains：
Subscript "-" represents higher limit, and subscript " _ " represents lower limit.
Although the present invention is disclosed as above with preferred embodiment, it is not for limiting the present invention, any this area
Technical staff without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, may be by the methods and technical content of the disclosure above to this hair
Bright technical scheme makes possible variation and modification, therefore, every content without departing from technical solution of the present invention, according to the present invention
Technical spirit to any simple modifications, equivalents, and modifications made for any of the above embodiments, belong to technical solution of the present invention
Protection domain.It the foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, all impartial changes done according to scope of the present invention patent
Change and modify, should all belong to the covering scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Step S1：Detect AC network busbar voltage Ui, when there is Voltage Instability, exit flexible direct current power transmission system normal operation
State automatically controls；
Step S2：Flexible direct current power transmission system active power and idle is obtained by " predetermined target value method " or " trend heuristic "
The optimal control target value of power；
Step S3：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether voltage range requirement is met；Such as it is unsatisfactory for, repeat step S2, until
Meet to require, maintain current operating conditions；
Step S4：Detect AC network busbar voltage UiWhether Voltage Instability, such as still Voltage Instability, repeat step S2, adjust again
The optimal control target value of whole flexible direct current power transmission system active power and reactive power；Otherwise flexible DC power transmission system is switched to
System normal operating condition automatically controls.
2. a kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described " pre-
If desired value method " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) it is offline or in line computation according to the method for operation of electrical network parameter, anticipation or reality, load level and voltage deviation degree
The control targe value P of active power and reactive powerrefiAnd Qrefi, and form predetermined target value table；
2) control targe value PrefiAnd QrefiSolve problems be converted into the optimal power flow problems of multiple target, in control targe value
PrefiAnd QrefiUnder the conditions of, AC network busbar voltage variation delta UiFor：
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Wherein, RsAnd XsRespectively the AC network equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance of soft straight receiving end, U are arrived in conversionsFor rating system electricity
Pressure, Δ UsFor Voltage Instability when ac grid voltage target compensation amount, giFor flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation perimeter strip
Part, subscript m in and max represent lower and upper limit respectively, according to above formula is online or the different voltage deviation Δ U of off-line calculationiCondition
Under predetermined target value PrefiAnd Qrefi；
3) target grid voltage deviation Δ U is detectedi, perform online or off-line calculation control targe value PrefiAnd Qrefi。
A kind of 3. flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that " tide
Stream heuristic " concretely comprises the following steps：
1) active-power P of flexible direct current power transmission system is detectedi, reactive power Qi, ac bus voltage Ui, judge flexible direct current
The operating current I of transmission system transverteriWhether maximum constrained value is reached；
If 2) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriNot up to maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic scheme
One：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi, it is female that detection obtains AC network
Line voltage UiVariation delta UPi；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=PiAnd Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q,
Detection obtains AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi；
3) such as Δ UPi>ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P, idle work(
Rate QrefiIt is constant；Such as Δ UPi<ΔUQi, flexible direct current power transmission system reactive power operation state is adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q,
Active-power PrefiIt is constant, judge whether flexible direct current power transmission system meets safe operation boundary condition, repeat 2) -3) until handing over
Flow power network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value；
If 4) the operating current I of flexible direct current power transmission system transverteriReach maximum constrained value, perform trend heuristic scheme
Two：It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi+ Δ P and Qrefi=Qi- Δ Q, detection obtain alternating current
Net busbar voltage UiVariation delta UPi′；It is respectively P to set active and Reactive Power Control desired valuerefi=Pi- Δ P and Qrefi
=Qi+ Δ Q, detection obtain AC network busbar voltage UiVariation delta UQi′；
5) such as Δ UPi′>ΔUQi', flexible direct current power transmission system active power running status is adjusted to Prefi=Pi+ Δ P, and nothing
Work(power operating states are adjusted to Qrefi=Qi-ΔQ；Such as Δ UPi′<ΔUQi', flexible direct current power transmission system active power is run
State is adjusted to Prefi=Pi- Δ P, reactive power operation state are adjusted to Qrefi=Qi+ Δ Q, judges flexible direct current power transmission system
Whether meet safe operation boundary condition, repeat 4) -5) until AC network busbar voltage UiIt is compensated to required value.
4. a kind of flexible direct current power transmission system emergency control method according to Claims 2 or 3, it is characterised in that described
Flexible direct current power transmission system safe operation boundary condition is as follows：
The active power constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transmission：
Reactive power caused by flexible direct current power transmission system constrains：
The apparent energy constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system：
The maximum operating currenbt constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The modulation ratio range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
The phase shift angle range constraint of flexible direct current power transmission system transverter：
Ac bus voltage range constrains：
Subscript "-" represents higher limit, and subscript " _ " represents lower limit.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710689878.4A CN107492893B (en) | 2017-08-14 | 2017-08-14 | Emergency control method for flexible direct current transmission system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113852100A (en) * | 2021-09-24 | 2021-12-28 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | TCPST emergency control starting criterion generation method based on data driving |
| CN117039975A (en) * | 2023-10-10 | 2023-11-10 | 国网经济技术研究院有限公司 | Active control method and system for preventing overmodulation harmonic distortion of flexible direct current system |
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| CN106961109A (en) * | 2017-04-25 | 2017-07-18 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | A kind of many direct current transportation feed out power system mesomeric state control method for frequency |
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| CN106961109A (en) * | 2017-04-25 | 2017-07-18 | 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 | A kind of many direct current transportation feed out power system mesomeric state control method for frequency |
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| ZECE ZHANG等: "Transmission Network Including VSC-HVDC Expansion Planning Based on Genetic Algorithm With Shift Operation", 《IET GENERATION, TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION》 * |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113852100A (en) * | 2021-09-24 | 2021-12-28 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | TCPST emergency control starting criterion generation method based on data driving |
| CN117039975A (en) * | 2023-10-10 | 2023-11-10 | 国网经济技术研究院有限公司 | Active control method and system for preventing overmodulation harmonic distortion of flexible direct current system |
| CN117039975B (en) * | 2023-10-10 | 2023-12-08 | 国网经济技术研究院有限公司 | Active control method and system for preventing overmodulation harmonic distortion of flexible direct current system |
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