CN107489538B

CN107489538B - Active cylinder configuration for an engine including deactivated engine cylinders

Info

Publication number: CN107489538B
Application number: CN201710425395.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: A·J·理查兹; J·E·罗林格
Original assignee: Ford Global Technologies LLC
Current assignee: Ford Global Technologies LLC
Priority date: 2016-06-09
Filing date: 2017-06-08
Publication date: 2022-05-31
Anticipated expiration: 2037-06-08
Also published as: DE102017112631A1; CN107489538A

Abstract

The present application relates to active cylinder configurations for engines including deactivated engine cylinders. Systems and methods for operating an engine having deactivated and non-deactivated valves are presented. The common engine block and cylinder head may be used in two different vehicles, where a first of the two different vehicles includes valves of selected cylinders that are always active when the first of the two different vehicles is operating. The second of the two different vehicles includes valves of selected cylinders that are always active when the second of the two different vehicles is operating, the valves of the selected cylinders of the second vehicle being different from the valves of the selected cylinders of the first vehicle.

Description

Active cylinder configuration for an engine including deactivated engine cylinders

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial No.62/347,834 filed on 9/6/2016. The entire contents of the above application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

Technical Field

The present description relates to systems and methods for selectively deactivating one or more cylinders of an internal combustion engine. The systems and methods may be applied to engines that operate poppet valves to control flow into and out of the engine cylinders.

Background

The cylinders of the engine may be deactivated to reduce engine pumping work and increase thermal efficiency in the cylinders that remain active. A first group of engine cylinders may remain active and combust air and fuel throughout the engine's cycle, while a second group of engine cylinders is deactivated by keeping intake and exhaust valves closed. The first group of engine cylinders is always the same group of cylinders.

More recently, engines have been implemented with deactivating (deactivating) valve operators such that all cylinders of the engine may be selectively activated and deactivated. This allows active cylinders that combust air and fuel to be periodically deactivated and the deactivated cylinders to be activated. The combination of active and deactivated cylinders provides the desired engine torque. Additionally, to provide the desired engine torque, the actual total number of active cylinders may remain the same, while the active cylinders forming the actual total number of active cylinders may change between engine cycles. This may be referred to as a rolling variable displacement engine. Such engines provide flexibility to activate different engine cylinders, but the ability to activate and deactivate each engine cylinder increases the cost of the engine system and is cost prohibitive for engines having a larger number of cylinders (e.g., six and eight cylinder engines).

Disclosure of Invention

The present inventors have recognized the above disadvantages and have developed a vehicle system comprising: a first vehicle comprising a first cylinder block and a first cylinder head casting to which a first actual total number of deactivatable valve operators are coupled; and a second vehicle comprising a second cylinder block and a second cylinder head casting, a second actual total number of the deactivation valve operators being coupled to the second cylinder head casting, the first cylinder block being identical to the second cylinder block, the first cylinder head casting being identical to the second cylinder head casting.

By having different vehicle configurations with the same engine block and cylinder head and different actual total number of deactivated valve operators, vehicle system costs for different vehicles may be reduced. In particular, a larger higher quality vehicle may be configured with fewer deactivated valve operators as compared to a lower quality vehicle that includes the same engine block and cylinder head as the higher quality vehicle. The smaller actual total number of deactivated valve operators in the higher quality vehicle increases the actual total number of non-deactivated valve operators in the higher quality vehicle such that the higher quality vehicle always has a larger actual total number of cylinders that cannot be deactivated when the higher quality vehicle engine is operating as compared to the actual total number of cylinders that cannot be deactivated in the lower quality vehicle. Since higher quality vehicles use a greater number of active cylinders to propel the vehicle even under light driver demand conditions, it may be desirable to configure the actual total number of deactivated valve operators based on vehicle mass or performance goals. In this way, the same engine block and cylinder head may be configured to reduce system costs and improve engine fuel efficiency.

The present description may provide several advantages. For example, the method may reduce vehicle system costs. Additionally, the method may provide benefits of cylinder deactivation, such as lower engine pumping work. Further, the method may improve reliability of cylinder deactivation since fewer deactivated valve operators may be applied based on vehicle configuration and goals.

The above advantages and other advantages and features of the present description will be apparent from the following detailed description when taken alone or in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

It should be appreciated that the summary above is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. It is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

Drawings

The advantages described herein will be more fully understood by reading examples of embodiments referred to herein, individually or with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a single cylinder of an engine;

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the engine of FIG. 1A included in a powertrain;

2A-2F illustrate example valve configurations for a four cylinder engine having cylinders that may be deactivated;

3A and 3B illustrate example modes of activated and deactivated cylinders of a four-cylinder engine;

4A-4C illustrate example valve configurations for an eight cylinder engine having cylinders that may be deactivated;

FIG. 5A illustrates an example camshaft for a hydraulically operated valve deactivation system;

FIG. 5B illustrates an example deactivation valve operator for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 5C illustrates an example valve operator for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 5D illustrates an example cylinder and valve deactivation sequence for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A illustrates an example camshaft for an alternative hydraulically operated valve deactivation system;

FIG. 6B shows a cross section of a camshaft and saddle for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 6C illustrates an example valve deactivation valve operator for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 6D is an example cylinder and valve deactivation sequence for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an example method for operating an engine with deactivated cylinders and valves;

FIG. 8A is a flowchart of an example method for selectively activating and deactivating cylinders and cylinder valves of an engine having both deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated intake valves, and having only non-deactivated exhaust valves;

FIG. 8B is a block diagram for estimating the amount of oil in deactivated cylinders;

FIG. 9 is an example sequence for activating and deactivating cylinders and cylinder valves of an engine having both deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated intake valves, and only non-deactivated exhaust valves;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an example method for selectively activating and deactivating cylinders and cylinder valves of an engine having deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated exhaust valves and deactivated exhaust valves;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method for determining available cylinder modes;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating whether cylinder deactivation may be performed in response to how frequently cylinder activation/deactivation is performed;

FIG. 13 is a sequence illustrating cylinder activation and deactivation according to the method of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method for estimating engine fuel consumption as a basis for selectively allowing cylinder deactivation;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a method for estimating engine fuel consumption as a basis for selectively allowing cylinder deactivation;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating engine cam phasing for selection of an engine cylinder mode;

FIG. 17 is a sequence showing selection of engine cylinder modes in response to engine cam phasing;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart of a method for selecting an engine cylinder mode in response to engine fuel consumption based on operating the engine in various transmission gears;

FIG. 19 is a sequence showing selection of a transmission gear and actual total number of active cylinders to improve engine fuel consumption;

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of a method for selecting different engine cylinder modes when operating a vehicle in various retarding modes;

FIG. 21 is a sequence for operating the engine in different cylinder modes based on operating the vehicle in different deceleration modes;

FIG. 22 is a flowchart for determining whether conditions exist for operating the engine in various Variable Displacement (VDE) engine modes;

FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a method for controlling engine intake manifold pressure;

FIG. 24 is a sequence showing engine intake manifold pressure control according to the method of FIG. 23;

FIG. 25 is a flowchart of a method for controlling engine intake manifold pressure;

FIG. 26 is an operational sequence for controlling engine intake manifold pressure;

27A and 27B show a flow chart for adjusting engine actuators to improve engine cylinder mode changes;

FIGS. 28A and 28B show a sequence for improving cylinder mode change;

FIG. 29 is a flow chart for delivering fuel to the engine during a cylinder mode change;

FIG. 30 is a sequence for illustrating fuel delivery to the engine during a cylinder mode change;

FIG. 31 is a flow chart of a method for controlling engine oil pressure during a cylinder mode change;

FIG. 32 is a sequence showing oil pressure control during a change of cylinder mode;

FIG. 33 is a flow chart of a method of improving engine knock control during a cylinder mode change;

FIG. 34 is a sequence showing engine knock control during different engine cylinder modes;

FIG. 35 is a flow chart of a method for adjusting spark gain;

FIG. 36 is a sequence showing adjustable spark gain;

FIG. 37 is a flow chart of a method for determining a knock reference value based on cylinder mode;

Fig. 38 is a sequence showing selection of the knock reference value;

FIG. 39 is a flow chart of a method for selecting an engine cylinder mode in the presence of valve degradation;

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of a sequence for selecting an engine cylinder mode in the presence of valve degradation;

FIG. 41 is a flow chart for sampling an oxygen sensor in response to cylinder deactivation; and

FIG. 42 is a flow chart for sampling a camshaft sensor in response to cylinder deactivation.

Detailed Description

The present description relates to systems and methods for selectively activating and deactivating cylinders and cylinder valves of an internal combustion engine. The engine may be configured and operated as shown in fig. 1A-6D. Various methods and predictive operating sequences for an engine including deactivated valves are shown in fig. 7-42. The different methods may operate in conjunction and with the systems shown in fig. 1A-6D.

Referring to FIG. 1A, an internal combustion engine 10 including a plurality of cylinders, one cylinder of which is shown in FIG. 1A, is controlled by an electronic engine controller 12. The engine 10 is composed of a cylinder head casting 35 and a cylinder block 33, the cylinder head casting 35 and the cylinder block 33 including the combustion chamber 30 and the cylinder wall 32. Piston 36 is positioned therein and reciprocates via a connection with crankshaft 40. A flywheel 97 and a ring gear 99 are coupled to crankshaft 40. The starter 96 (e.g., a low voltage (operating at less than 30 volts) motor) includes a pinion shaft 98 and a pinion gear 95. The pinion shaft 98 may selectively advance the pinion 95 to engage the ring gear 99. The starter 96 may be mounted directly to the front of the engine or to the rear of the engine. In some examples, starter 96 may selectively supply torque to crankshaft 40 via a belt or chain. In one example, the starter 96 is in a base state when not engaged to the engine crankshaft.

Combustion chamber 30 is shown communicating with intake manifold 44 and exhaust manifold 48 via respective intake valve 52 and exhaust valve 54. Each intake and exhaust valve may be operated by an intake camshaft 51 and an exhaust camshaft 53. The position of the intake camshaft 51 may be determined by an intake cam sensor 55. The position of the exhaust camshaft 53 may be determined by an exhaust cam sensor 57. The angular position of intake valve 52 may be moved relative to crankshaft 40 via a phase adjustment device 59. The angular position of exhaust valve 54 may be movable with respect to crankshaft 40 via a phase adjustment device 58. A valve operator, shown in detail below, may transfer mechanical energy from intake camshaft 51 to intake valve 52, and from exhaust camshaft 53 to exhaust valve 54. Additionally, in other examples, a single camshaft may operate intake valve 52 and exhaust valve 54.

Fuel injector 66 is shown positioned to inject fuel directly into cylinder 30, which is known to those skilled in the art as direct injection. Optional fuel injector 67 is shown positioned to port inject fuel into cylinder 30, which is known to those skilled in the art as port fuel injection. Fuel injectors 66 and 67 deliver liquid fuel in proportion to the pulse width from controller 12. Fuel is delivered to fuel injectors 66 and 67 by a fuel system (not shown) including a fuel tank, fuel pump, and fuel rail (not shown). In one example, a high pressure dual stage fuel system may be used to generate a higher fuel pressure.

Further, intake manifold 44 is shown in communication with turbocharger compressor 162 and engine intake 42. In other examples, compressor 162 may be a supercharger compressor. Shaft 161 mechanically couples turbocharger turbine 164 to turbocharger compressor 162. Optional electronic throttle or central throttle 62 adjusts the position of throttle plate 64 to control airflow from compressor 162 to intake manifold 44. Since the inlet of the throttle 62 is within the boost chamber 45, the pressure in the boost chamber 45 may be referred to as the throttle inlet pressure. The throttle outlet is in intake manifold 44. In some examples, charge motion control valve 63 is positioned downstream of throttle 62 and upstream of intake valve 52 in the direction of airflow into engine 10 and is operated by controller 12 to regulate airflow into combustion chamber 30. The compressor recirculation valve 47 may be selectively adjusted to a plurality of positions between fully open and fully closed. Wastegate 163 may be adjusted via controller 12 to allow exhaust gas to selectively bypass turbine 164 to control the speed of compressor 162. The air filter 43 cleans air entering the engine intake 42.

Distributorless ignition system 88 provides ignition spark to combustion chamber 30 via spark plug 92 in response to controller 12. Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen (UEGO) sensor 126 is shown coupled to exhaust manifold 48 upstream of catalytic converter 70. Alternatively, a two-state exhaust gas oxygen sensor may be substituted for UEGO sensor 126. A pressure sensor 127 is shown positioned in the exhaust manifold 48 as an exhaust pressure sensor. Alternatively, pressure sensor 127 may be positioned in combustion chamber 30 as a cylinder pressure sensor. Spark plug 92 may also serve as an ion sensor for ignition system 88.

In one example, converter 70 can include a plurality of catalyst bricks. In another example, multiple emission control devices, each having multiple bricks, can be used. In one example, converter 70 can be a three-way type catalyst. Additionally, converter 70 may include a particulate filter.

The controller 12 is shown in FIG. 1A as a conventional microcomputer that includes: a microprocessor unit (CPU)102, input/output ports (I/O)104, Read Only Memory (ROM)106 (e.g., non-transitory memory), random access memory (ROM)108, Keep Alive Memory (KAM)110, and a conventional data bus. Controller 12 is shown receiving various signals from sensors coupled to engine 10, including, in addition to those signals previously discussed: engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) from temperature sensor 112 coupled to cooling sleeve 114; an engine mount (engine mount) with integrated vibration and/or movement sensors 117 that can provide feedback to compensate for and evaluate engine noise, vibration, and harshness; a position sensor 134 coupled to accelerator pedal 130 for sensing force applied by foot 132; a position sensor 154 coupled to the brake pedal 150 for sensing the force applied by the foot 152; a measurement of engine manifold pressure (MAP) from pressure sensor 122 coupled to intake manifold 44; an engine position sensor from a Hall effect sensor 118 sensing a position of crankshaft 40; a measurement of air mass entering the engine from sensor 120; and a measurement of throttle position from sensor 68. Atmospheric pressure may also be sensed (sensor not shown) for processing by controller 12. In a preferred aspect of the present description, the engine position sensor 118 generates a predetermined number of equally spaced pulses every revolution of the crankshaft, thereby enabling the engine speed (RPM) to be determined. The controller 12 may also receive information from other sensors 24, which other sensors 24 may include, but are not limited to, an engine oil pressure sensor, an ambient pressure sensor, and an engine oil temperature sensor.

During operation, each cylinder within engine 10 typically undergoes a four-stroke cycle: the cycle includes an intake stroke, a compression stroke, an expansion stroke, and an exhaust stroke. The cylinder cycle of a four-stroke engine is two engine revolutions and the engine cycle is also two revolutions. During the intake stroke, generally, exhaust valve 54 closes and intake valve 52 opens. Air is introduced into combustion chamber 30 via intake manifold 44 and piston 36 moves to the bottom of the cylinder to increase the volume within combustion chamber 30. The position at which piston 36 is near the bottom of the cylinder and at the end of its stroke (e.g., when combustion chamber 30 is at its largest volume) is typically referred to by those skilled in the art as Bottom Dead Center (BDC).

During the compression stroke, intake valve 52 and exhaust valve 54 are closed. Piston 36 moves toward cylinder head casting 35 to compress the air within combustion chamber 30. Those skilled in the art will generally refer to the point at which piston 36 is at the end of its stroke and closest to cylinder head casting 35 (e.g., when combustion chamber 30 is at its smallest volume) as Top Dead Center (TDC). In a process hereinafter referred to as injection, fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber. In a process hereinafter referred to as ignition, the injected fuel is ignited by a known ignition means, such as a spark plug 92, resulting in combustion.

During the expansion stroke, the expanding gases push piston 36 back to BDC. Crankshaft 40 converts piston movement into rotational torque of the rotating shaft. Finally, during the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve 54 opens to release the combusted air-fuel mixture to exhaust manifold 48 and the piston returns to TDC. Note that the above is presented as an example only, and that intake and exhaust valve opening and/or closing timings may vary, such as to provide positive or negative valve overlap, late intake valve closing, or various other examples.

The driver required torque may be determined via the position of the accelerator pedal 130 and the vehicle speed. For example, the accelerator pedal position and the vehicle speed may index a table that outputs the driver demand torque. The driver demand torque may represent a desired engine torque or a torque at a location along a driveline including the engine. The engine torque may be determined from the driver demanded torque by adjusting the driver demanded torque for a gear ratio, a transaxle reduction ratio, and other driveline components.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a vehicle 125 including a powertrain 100. The powertrain of FIG. 1B includes the engine 10 shown in FIG. 1A. The drive train 100 may be powered by the engine 10. The engine torque may be adjusted via an engine torque actuator 191, which engine torque actuator 191 may be a fuel injector, a camshaft, a throttle, or other device. The engine crankshaft 40 is shown coupled to a torque converter 156. Specifically, the engine crankshaft 40 is mechanically coupled to a torque converter impeller 285. The torque sensor 41 provides torque feedback, and it can be used to assess engine noise, vibration, and discomfort. Torque converter 156 also includes a turbine 186 to output torque to transmission input shaft 170. A transmission input shaft 170 mechanically couples the torque converter 156 to the automatic transmission 158. The torque converter 156 also includes a torque converter bypass lock-up clutch 121 (TCC). When the TCC is locked, torque may be transferred directly from the impeller 185 to the turbine 186. The TCC is electrically operated by the controller 12. Alternatively, the TCC may be hydraulically locked. In one example, the torque converter may be referred to as a component of the transmission.

When the torque converter lock-up clutch 121 is fully released, the torque converter 156 transmits engine torque to the automatic transmission 158 via fluid transfer between the torque converter turbine 186 and the torque converter impeller 185, allowing torque multiplication. In contrast, when the torque converter lock-up clutch 121 is fully engaged, engine output torque is directly transferred to the input shaft 170 of the transmission 158 via the torque converter clutch. Alternatively, the torque converter lock-up clutch 121 may be partially engaged, allowing the amount of torque transferred directly to the transmission to be adjusted. Controller 12 may be configured to adjust the amount of torque transmitted by the torque converter by adjusting torque converter lock-up clutch 121 in response to various engine operating conditions or based on driver-based engine operation requests.

The automatic transmission 158 includes gears (e.g., reverse and gears 1-6)136 and a forward clutch 135 for the gears. Gears 136 (e.g., 1-10) and clutch 135 may be selectively engaged to propel the vehicle. The torque output from the automatic transmission 158 may then be transferred to the wheels 116 via an output shaft 160 to propel the vehicle. Specifically, the automatic transmission 158 may transmit the input drive torque at the input shaft 170 in response to vehicle driving conditions prior to transmitting the output drive torque to the wheels 116.

Additionally, by engaging wheel brakes 119, frictional forces may be applied to wheels 116. In one example, wheel brakes 119 may be engaged in response to the driver stepping their foot on a brake pedal as shown in FIG. 1A. In other examples, controller 12 or a controller linked to controller 12 may apply the engage wheel brakes. Likewise, the friction to the wheels 116 may be reduced by releasing the wheel brakes 119 in response to the driver releasing his foot from the brake pedal. Additionally, as part of the automatic engine stop process, the vehicle brakes may apply friction to the wheels 116 via the controller 12.

Controller 12 may be configured to receive input from engine 10, as shown in more detail in fig. 1A, and to control the torque output of the engine, and/or the operation of the torque converter, transmission, clutches, and/or brakes, accordingly. As one example, engine torque output may be controlled by adjusting a combination of spark timing, fuel pulse width, fuel pulse timing, and/or air charge by controlling throttle opening and/or valve timing, valve lift, and boost of a turbocharged or supercharged engine. In the case of a diesel engine, controller 12 may control engine torque output by controlling a combination of fuel pulse width, fuel pulse timing, and air charge. In all cases, engine control may be performed on a cylinder-by-cylinder basis to control engine torque output. The controller 12 may also control torque output and electrical energy generation from the DISG by adjusting the current flowing to and from the field and armature windings of the DISG, as is known in the art.

When the idle stop condition is satisfied, controller 12 may initiate engine shutdown by shutting off fuel and spark to the engine. However, in some examples, the engine may continue to rotate. Additionally, to maintain the amount of torsion in the transmission, the controller 12 may ground the rotating elements of the transmission 158 to the case 159 of the transmission, and thus to the frame of the vehicle. When an engine restart condition is met and/or a vehicle operator desires to launch the vehicle, controller 12 may reactivate engine 10 by cranking engine 10 and resuming cylinder combustion.

Intake manifold 44 of engine 10 is in pneumatic communication with vacuum reservoir 177 via valve 176. The vacuum reservoir may provide vacuum to the brake booster 178, the heating/ventilation/cooling system 179, the wastegate actuator 180, and other vacuum operated systems. In one example, valve 176 may be a solenoid valve that may be opened and closed to selectively allow or prevent communication between intake manifold 44 and

vacuum consumers

178 and 180. Additionally, vacuum source 183, such as a pump or an injector, may selectively provide vacuum to engine intake manifold 44 such that if there is a leak through throttle 62, engine 10 may be restarted with engine intake manifold pressure less than atmospheric pressure. The vacuum source 183 may also selectively supply vacuum to the vacuum consumers 178-180 via the three-way valve 171, for example, when the vacuum level in the vacuum reservoir 177 is less than a threshold. The volume of intake manifold 44 may be adjusted via variable boost volume valve 175.

Referring now to FIG. 2A, an example engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. In this configuration, engine 10 is an in-line four cylinder engine having a first valve configuration. The portions of the engine combustion chamber formed in the head casting 35 (which may also be referred to as a portion of a cylinder) are numbered from 1 to 4 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 200. In this example, each combustion chamber is shown with two intake valves and two exhaust valves. Deactivating the intake valve 208 is shown as a poppet valve, where X passes through the poppet valve shaft. Deactivating exhaust valves 204 is shown as a poppet valve, where X passes through the poppet valve shaft. The non-deactivated intake valve 206 is shown as a poppet valve. The non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 are also shown as poppet valves.

The illustrated camshaft 270 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via the non-deactivated exhaust valve operators 250. The camshaft 270 is also in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated intake valves 206 via the non-deactivated intake valve operators 251. The illustrated camshaft 270 is in mechanical communication with the deactivated exhaust valves 204 via the deactivated exhaust valve operators 252. The camshaft 270 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated intake valves 208 via the deactivated intake valve operators 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

In this configuration,

cylinders

2 and 3 are shown with deactivated intake valve 208 and deactivated exhaust valve 204.

Cylinders

1 and 4 are shown with non-deactivated intake valves 206 and non-deactivated exhaust valves 202. However, in some examples, non-deactivated intake valves 206 and non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 may be replaced with deactivated exhaust valves and deactivated intake valves such that all engine cylinders may be selectively deactivated.

The configuration of fig. 2A provides for deactivating

cylinders

2 and 3 together or separately. Additionally, since both the intake and exhaust valves of

cylinders

2 and 3 are deactivated, these cylinders are deactivated by closing both the intake and exhaust valves and stopping the flow of fuel to

cylinders

2 and 3 throughout the engine cycle. For example, if the engine's firing order is 1-3-4-2, the engine may fire in the order of 1-2-1-2 or 1-3-2-1-4-2 or 1-3-2-1-3-2-1-4-2 or other combinations, where

cylinders

1 and 2 combust air and fuel. However, if cylinders 1-4 each include a deactivated intake valve and a deactivated exhaust valve,

cylinders

1 and 2 may not ignite (e.g., combust air and fuel) during some engine cycles. For example, the engine firing order may be 3-4-3-4 or 1-3-2-1-3-2 or 3-4-2-3-4-2 or other combinations where

cylinders

1 and 2 do not combust air and fuel during the engine cycle. It should be noted that deactivated cylinders may trap exhaust gas or fresh air depending on whether fuel is injected into the cylinder and combusted before the exhaust valve is deactivated in the closed position.

Fig. 2A also shows a first knock sensor 203 and a second knock sensor 205. The first knock sensor 203 is located closer to the

cylinders

1 and 2. The second knock sensor 205 is located closer to the

cylinders

3 and 4. The first knock sensor may be used to detect knock from

cylinders

1 and 2 during some conditions and from cylinders 1-4 during other conditions. Likewise, the second knock sensor 205 may be used to detect knock from

cylinders

3 and 4 during some conditions and from cylinders 1-4 during other conditions. Alternatively, the knock sensor may be mechanically coupled to the engine block.

Referring now to FIG. 2B, an alternative example engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. In this configuration, engine 10 is an in-line four cylinder engine, where a portion of the cylinders have only deactivated intake valves. The portions of the engine combustion chamber formed in the head casting 35 are again numbered from 1 to 4 as indicated for the engine cylinder 200. Each cylinder is shown with two intake valves and two exhaust valves. Cylinders 1-4 include non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 but do not include deactivated exhaust valves.

Cylinders

1 and 4 also include non-deactivated intake valves 206 but do not include deactivated intake valves.

Cylinders

2 and 3 include deactivated intake valves 208 but not non-deactivated intake valves.

The illustrated camshaft 270 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via the non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. The camshaft 270 also mechanically communicates with the non-deactivating intake valves 206 via non-deactivating intake valve operators 251. The camshaft 270 also mechanically communicates with the deactivated intake valves 208 via the deactivated intake valve operators 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

The configuration of FIG. 2B provides for deactivation of

cylinders

2 and 3 together or separately by deactivating intake valve 208. As the engine rotates, the exhaust valves of

cylinders

2 and 3 continue to open and close during the engine cycle. Additionally, since only the intake valves of

cylinders

2 and 3 are deactivated, these cylinders are deactivated by closing only the intake valves and stopping the fuel flow to

cylinders

2 and 3 throughout the engine cycle. Again, if the engine's firing order is 1-3-4-2, the engine may fire in the order of 1-2-1-2 or 1-3-2-1-4-2 or 1-3-2-1-3-2-1-4-2 or other combinations, where

cylinders

1 and 2 combust air and fuel. It should be noted that in this configuration, the deactivated cylinders draw exhaust gas into themselves and expel the exhaust gas during the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinders. Specifically, exhaust gas is drawn into the deactivated cylinder when an exhaust valve of the deactivated cylinder is opened near a beginning of an exhaust stroke, and exhaust gas is expelled from the deactivated cylinder when a piston of the cylinder approaches a top-dead-center exhaust stroke before the exhaust valve closes.

In other examples,

cylinders

1 and 4 may include deactivated intake valves, while

cylinders

2 and 3 include non-deactivated intake valves. Otherwise, the valve arrangement may be the same.

Referring now to FIG. 2C, another alternative example engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. In this configuration, engine 10 is an in-line four cylinder engine, with all engine cylinders including deactivated intake valves 208 and none of the cylinders including deactivated exhaust valves. The portions of the engine combustion chambers formed in the head casting 35 are again numbered from 1 to 4 as indicated for the engine cylinders 200. Each cylinder is shown with two intake valves and two exhaust valves. Cylinders 1-4 include deactivated intake valves 208 but not non-deactivated intake valves. Cylinders 1-4 also include non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 but not deactivated exhaust valves. Engine 10 is also shown having a first knock sensor 220 and a second knock sensor 221.

The illustrated camshaft 270 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via the non-deactivated exhaust valve operators 250. The camshaft 270 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated intake valves 208 via the deactivated intake valve operators 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

The configuration of FIG. 2C provides for deactivating cylinders 1-4 in any combination during an engine cycle by deactivating only the intake valves of cylinders 1-4. As the engine rotates, the exhaust valves of cylinders 1-4 continue to open and close during the engine cycle. Additionally, cylinders 1-4 may be deactivated by closing only the intake valves and stopping the flow of fuel to cylinders 1-4 throughout the engine cycle, or a combination of both. If the engine's firing order is 1-3-4-2, the engine may fire in the order of 1-2-1-2 or 1-3-2-1-4-2 or 1-3-2-1-3-2-1-4-2 or other combinations of cylinders 1-4, since each cylinder may be deactivated individually without deactivating other engine cylinders. It should be noted that in this configuration, the deactivated cylinders draw exhaust gas into themselves and expel the exhaust gas during the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinders. Specifically, exhaust gas is drawn into the deactivated cylinder when an exhaust valve of the deactivated cylinder is opened near a beginning of an exhaust stroke, and exhaust gas is expelled from the deactivated cylinder when a piston of the cylinder approaches a top-dead-center exhaust stroke before the exhaust valve closes.

Referring now to FIG. 2D, another alternative engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. The system of fig. 2D is the same as the system of fig. 2A, except that the system of fig. 2D includes an intake camshaft 271 and an exhaust camshaft 272. The portions of the engine combustion chamber formed in the head casting 35 (which may also be referred to as a portion of a cylinder) are numbered from 1 to 4 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 200.

The illustrated camshaft 271 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via a non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. The camshaft 272 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivating intake valves 206 via the non-deactivating intake valve operators 251. Camshaft 271 is shown in mechanical communication with deactivated exhaust valves 204 via deactivated exhaust valve operator 252. Camshaft 272 is in mechanical communication with deactivated intake valve 208 via deactivated intake valve operator 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

Referring now to FIG. 2E, another alternative engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. The system of FIG. 2E is the same as the system of FIG. 2B, except that the system of FIG. 2E includes an intake camshaft 271 and an exhaust camshaft 272. The portions of the engine combustion chamber formed in the head casting 35 (which may also be referred to as a portion of a cylinder) are numbered from 1 to 4 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 200.

Camshaft 271 is shown in mechanical communication with non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via a non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. Camshaft 272 is in mechanical communication with non-deactivated intake valve 206 via non-deactivated intake valve operator 251. Camshaft 272 is also in mechanical communication with deactivated intake valve 208 via deactivated intake valve operator 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

Referring now to FIG. 2F, another alternative engine configuration of engine 10 is shown. The system of FIG. 2F is the same as the system of FIG. 2C, except that the system of FIG. 2F includes an intake camshaft 271 and an exhaust camshaft 272. The portions of the engine combustion chamber formed in the head casting 35 (which may also be referred to as a portion of a cylinder) are numbered from 1 to 4 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 200.

Camshaft 271 is shown in mechanical communication with non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via a non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. Camshaft 272 is in mechanical communication with deactivated intake valve 208 via deactivated intake valve operator 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

The deactivatable valve operators shown in fig. 2A-2F may be of the lever type (see, For example, fig. 6B), sleeve type (see, For example, U.S. patent publication No.2014/0303873, U.S. patent application No.14/105,000, entitled "Position Detection For a Lobe Switching cam System," filed 12.12.2013 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety For all purposes), cam Lobe type, or lash adjuster type. In addition, each of the cylinder heads shown in fig. 2A-2F may be mechanically coupled to the same cylinder block 33 shown in fig. 1A. The cylinder heads shown in fig. 2A-2F may be formed from the same casting, and the deactivated and non-deactivated valve operators for each cylinder head configuration may vary as shown in fig. 2A-2F.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, an example cylinder deactivation mode is shown. In FIG. 3A, cylinder 4 of engine 10 is shown with an X passing therethrough to indicate that cylinder 4 may be deactivated during an engine cycle while

cylinders

1, 2, and 3 remain active. The active cylinder is shown without an X to indicate that the cylinder is active. Via the system shown in fig. 2C, one cylinder may be deactivated during an engine cycle. Alternatively, when engine 10 is configured as shown in FIG. 2C, cylinder 1 may be the only cylinder deactivated during an engine cycle. When engine 10 is configured as shown in fig. 2A, 2B, and 2C, cylinder 2 may be the only cylinder deactivated during an engine cycle. Likewise, when engine 10 is configured as shown in fig. 2A, 2B, and 2C, cylinder 3 may be the only cylinder deactivated during an engine cycle. Cylinders 200 are shown in a straight line.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, another example cylinder deactivation mode is shown. In FIG. 3B,

cylinders

2 and 3 of engine 10 are shown with an X passing therethrough to indicate that

cylinders

2 and 3 may be deactivated during an engine cycle while

cylinders

1 and 4 remain active. An active cylinder is shown without an X to indicate that the cylinder is active. Via the systems shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C,

cylinders

2 and 3 may be deactivated during an engine cycle. Alternatively, when engine 10 is configured as shown in FIG. 2C,

cylinders

1 and 4 may be the only cylinders deactivated during an engine cycle. The deactivated cylinders shown in fig. 2A-2F and 3A-3B are cylinders in which the valves are closed to prevent flow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold as the engine rotates, and in which fuel injection to the deactivated cylinders is stopped. Spark provided to the deactivated cylinders may also be deactivated. Cylinders 200 are shown in a straight line.

In this manner, individual cylinders or groups of cylinders may be deactivated. Additionally, deactivated cylinders may be reactivated from time to reduce the likelihood of engine oil bleeding into the engine cylinders. For example, cylinders may be fired at 1-4-1-4-1-4-2-1-4-3-1-4-1-4 to reduce the likelihood of oil infiltration into

cylinders

2 and 3 after

cylinders

2 and 3 have been deactivated.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, another example configuration of engine 10 is shown. The portions of the engine combustion chambers formed in

cylinder heads

35 and 35a (which may also be referred to as a portion of the cylinders) are numbered from 1 to 8 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 1-8. The engine 10 includes a first bank 401 including cylinders 1-4 in the cylinder head casting 35 and a second bank 402 including cylinders 5-8 in the cylinder head casting 35 a. In this configuration, engine 10 is a V-type eight cylinder engine including deactivated intake valves 208 and non-deactivated intake valves 206. Engine 10 also includes deactivated exhaust valves 204 and non-deactivated exhaust valves 202. The valves control airflow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via the engine cylinders 200. In some examples, deactivated exhaust valve 204 may be replaced with non-deactivated exhaust valve 202 to reduce system cost while maintaining the ability to deactivate engine cylinders (e.g., stop fuel flow to deactivated cylinders and stop airflow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via the cylinders as the engine rotates). Thus, in some examples, engine 10 may include only non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 in combination with deactivated intake valves 208 and non-deactivated intake valves 206.

In this example,

cylinders

5, 2, 3, and 8 are shown as cylinders having valves that are always active so that air flows from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via

cylinders

5, 2, 3, and 8 as the engine rotates.

Cylinders

1, 6, 7, and 4 are shown as cylinders having valves that may be selectively deactivated in a closed position such that air does not flow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via

cylinders

1, 6, 7, and 4, respectively, when the valves in the respective cylinders are deactivated in a closed state during an engine cycle. In other examples, such as FIG. 4B, the cylinders with valves that are always active are

cylinders

5 and 2. The actual total number of cylinders with valves always active may be based on vehicle mass and engine displacement or other considerations.

The

valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 open and close via a single camshaft 420. The

valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 may be in mechanical communication with a single camshaft 420 via a push rod and a conventional lash adjuster or Deactivation adjuster or Hydraulic Cylinder as shown in U.S. patent publication No.2003/0145722 entitled "Hydraulic Cylinder Deactivation with rotating sleeve" filed on day 2, month 1 of 2002 and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Alternatively, the

valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 may be operated via conventional roller cam followers and/or via valve operators as shown in fig. 6A, 6B, and 5C. In other examples, the valve may be deactivated via a sleeved cam lobe as shown in U.S. patent publication No. 2014/0303873.

The illustrated camshaft 420 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via the non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. The camshaft 420 is also in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated intake valves 206 via a non-deactivated intake valve operator 251. The camshaft 420 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated intake valves 208 via a deactivated intake valve operator 253. The camshaft 420 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated exhaust valve 204 via the deactivated exhaust valve operator 252. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

Referring now to FIG. 4B, another example configuration of engine 10 is shown. The portions of the engine combustion chambers formed in

cylinder heads

35 and 35a (which may also be referred to as a portion of the cylinders) are numbered from 1 to 8 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 1-8. The engine 10 includes a first bank 401 including cylinders 1-4 in the cylinder head casting 35 and a second bank 402 including cylinders 5-8 in the cylinder head casting 35 a. In this configuration, engine 10 is also a V-type eight cylinder engine including deactivated intake valves 208 and non-deactivated intake valves 206. Engine 10 also includes deactivated exhaust valves 204 and non-deactivated exhaust valves 202. The valves control airflow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via the engine cylinders 200. The

valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 are operated via the intake camshaft 51 and the exhaust camshaft 53. Each cylinder bank includes an intake camshaft 51 and an exhaust camshaft 53.

In some examples, deactivated exhaust valves may be replaced with non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 to reduce system cost while maintaining the ability to deactivate engine cylinders (e.g., stop fuel flow to deactivated cylinders and stop airflow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via the cylinders as the engine rotates). Thus, in some examples, engine 10 may include only non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 in combination with deactivated intake valves 208 and non-deactivated intake valves 206.

In this example,

cylinders

5 and 2 are shown as cylinders having valves that are always active, such that as the engine rotates, air flows from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via

cylinders

5 and 2.

Cylinders

1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are shown as cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that may be selectively deactivated in a closed position such that air does not flow from an engine intake manifold to an engine exhaust manifold via

cylinders

1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8, respectively, when valves in the respective cylinders are in a closed state when deactivated. In this example, the cylinders are deactivated by deactivating intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinders. For example, cylinder 3 may be deactivated such that air does not flow through cylinder 3 via deactivated

valves

208 and 204.

The

valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 are opened and closed via four camshafts.

Valves

202, 204, 206, and 208 may be in mechanical communication with the camshaft via valve operators shown in FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 5C or hydraulic cylinders or lifters that may deactivate the valves. The engine shown in fig. 4A and 4B has a firing sequence of 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8.

Engine 10 is also shown having a first knock sensor 420, a second knock sensor 421, a third knock sensor 422, and a fourth knock sensor 423. Thus, the first bank 401 includes a first knock sensor 420 and a second knock sensor 421. The first knock sensor 420 may detect knock in cylinder number one and cylinder number two. The second knock sensor 421 may detect knocking in cylinder number three and cylinder number four. The second bank 402 includes a third knock sensor 422 and a fourth knock sensor 423. The third knock sensor 422 may detect knocking in the

cylinders

5 and 6. The fourth knock sensor 423 may detect knocking in the

cylinders

7 and 8.

The exhaust camshaft 53 is shown in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via a non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. The intake camshaft 51 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated intake valves 206 via a non-deactivated intake valve operator 251. The exhaust camshaft 53 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated exhaust valves 204 via a deactivated exhaust valve operator 252. The intake camshaft 51 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated intake valves 208 via a deactivated intake valve operator 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

The cylinder head configuration shown in FIG. 4B may be incorporated into a vehicle having a lower mass than a vehicle including the cylinder head configuration shown in FIG. 4A. Since lower quality vehicles may only use two cylinders to cruise at steady highway speeds, the configuration of FIG. 4B may be incorporated into a lower quality vehicle. Conversely, the configuration of FIG. 4A may be incorporated into a higher quality vehicle because a vehicle with a higher quality may use four cylinders to cruise at a steady highway speed. 2A-2F may be incorporated into a lower mass vehicle. The cylinder heads shown in fig. 2A-2F with a higher practical total number of inactive cylinders may be incorporated into higher quality vehicles. In addition, the number of cylinders in the cylinder head casting shown in fig. 2A-4C that are non-deactivated cylinders may be based on the transaxle reduction ratio of the vehicle. For example, if the vehicle has a lower transaxle reduction ratio (e.g., 2.69:1 versus 3.73:1), a cylinder head configuration having a lower actual total number of cylinders that are not deactivated may be selected so that highway cruise efficiency may be improved. Thus, different vehicles having different masses and transaxle reduction ratios may include the same engine block and cylinder head castings, but the actual total number of deactivated and non-deactivated valve operators may vary from vehicle to vehicle.

Referring now to FIG. 4C, another example configuration of engine 10 is shown. The portions of the engine combustion chambers formed in the cylinder heads 35 and 35a (which may also be referred to as a portion of the cylinders) are numbered from 1 to 8 according to the cylinder number indicated for each engine cylinder 1-8. The engine 10 includes a first bank 401 including cylinders 1-4 in the cylinder head casting 35 and a second bank 402 including cylinders 5-8 in the cylinder head casting 35 a. In this configuration, engine 10 is also a V-type eight cylinder engine including deactivated intake valves 208 and non-deactivated intake valves 206. Engine 10 also includes non-deactivated exhaust valves 202. The valves control airflow from the engine intake manifold to the engine exhaust manifold via the engine cylinders 200. The

valves

202, 206, and 208 are operated via the intake camshaft 51 and the exhaust camshaft 53. Each cylinder bank includes an intake camshaft 51 and an exhaust camshaft 53.

In this example, all engine exhaust valves 202 are non-deactivated. The exhaust camshaft 53 is shown in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated exhaust valves 202 via a non-deactivated exhaust valve operator 250. The intake camshaft 51 is in mechanical communication with the non-deactivated intake valves 206 via a non-deactivated intake valve operator 251. The intake camshaft 51 is also in mechanical communication with the deactivated intake valves 208 via a deactivated intake valve operator 253. Some intake and exhaust valves are not shown with valve operators to reduce complexity in the figure, but each valve is provided with a valve operator (e.g., a non-deactivated valve with a non-deactivated valve operator and a deactivated valve with a deactivated valve operator).

The deactivatable valve operators shown in fig. 4A-4C may be of the lever type (see, For example, fig. 6B), sleeve type (see, For example, U.S. patent publication No.2014/0303873, U.S. patent application No.14/105,000, entitled "Position Detection For a Lobe Switching cam System," filed 12.12.2013 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety For all purposes), cam Lobe type, or lash adjuster type. In addition, each of the cylinder heads shown in fig. 4A-4C may be mechanically coupled to the same cylinder block 33 shown in fig. 1A. The cylinder head 35 shown in fig. 4A-4C may be formed from the same casting, and the deactivated and non-deactivated valve operators for each cylinder head configuration may vary as shown in fig. 4A-4C. Likewise, the cylinder head 35a shown in fig. 4A-4C may be formed from the same casting, and the deactivated and non-deactivated valve operators for each cylinder head configuration may vary as shown in fig. 4A-4C.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, an example valve operating system is shown. The depicted embodiment may represent one of two mechanisms for an in-line four cylinder engine or for a V-8 engine. Similar mechanisms are possible for different numbers of engine cylinders. The valve operating system 500 includes an intake camshaft 51 and an exhaust camshaft 53. A chain, gear or belt 599 mechanically couples the camshaft 51 and the camshaft 53 so that they rotate together at the same speed. Specifically, a chain 599 mechanically couples the sprocket 520 to the sprocket 503.

The exhaust camshaft 53 includes

cylindrical journals

504a, 504b, 504c, and 504d that rotate within

respective valve bodies

501a, 501b, 501c, and 501 d. The illustrated

valve bodies

501a, 501b, 501c, and 501d are incorporated into an exhaust camshaft saddle 502, which exhaust camshaft saddle 502 may be part of the cylinder head casting 35.

Discrete metering grooves

571a, 571b, 571c, and 571d are incorporated into

journals

504a, 504b, 504c, and 504 d.

Discrete metering grooves

571A, 571B, 571c, and 571d may be aligned with crankshaft 40 shown in fig. 1A to allow oil flow through

journals

504a, 504B, 504c, and 504d consistent with a desired engine crankshaft angle range, such that the exhaust valve operator shown in fig. 5B is deactivated at the desired crankshaft angle, thereby stopping air flow from the engine cylinders.

Shoulders

505a, 505B, 505c and 505d prevent oil from flowing to the valve operator shown in FIG. 5B when the respective shoulders cover the respective

valve body outlets

506, 508, 510 and 512.

Oil may flow to the valve operator as shown in fig. 5B via

valve body outlets

506, 508, 510, and 512. Pressurized oil from oil pump 580 can selectively pass through

valve body inlets

570, 572, 574, and 576 when the shoulder does not block valve body inlets and

valve body outlets

506, 508, 510, and 512;

metering grooves

571a, 571b, 571c, and 571 d; and a valve body outlet. The pressurized oil may deactivate the valve operator, as described in further detail below. As the exhaust camshaft 53 rotates, the

shoulders

505a, 505b, 505c, and 505d selectively open and close passages to the

valve bodies

501a, 501b, 501c, and 501d for pressurized oil from the oil pump 580. Exhaust camshaft 53 also includes

cam lobes

507a, 507b, 509a, 509b, 511a, 511b, 513a, and 513b to open and close the exhaust valves as the lobe lift increases and decreases in response to exhaust camshaft rotation.

In one example, pressurized oil selectively flows through metering groove 571a to the exhaust valve operator of cylinder number one via valve body inlet 570. As exhaust camshaft 53 rotates,

cam lobes

507a and 507b may provide mechanical force to lift the exhaust valves of cylinder number one of a four or eight cylinder engine. Similarly, pressurized oil selectively flows through metering groove 571b to the exhaust valve operator of cylinder number two via valve body inlet 572. As exhaust camshaft 53 rotates, cam lobes 509a and 509b may provide mechanical force to lift the exhaust valves of cylinder two of a four or eight cylinder engine. Likewise, pressurized oil selectively flows through metering groove 571c to the exhaust valve operator of cylinder number three via valve body inlet 574. As exhaust camshaft 53 rotates,

cam lobes

511a and 511b may provide mechanical force to lift the exhaust valves of cylinder three of a four or eight cylinder engine. In addition, pressurized oil selectively flows through metering groove 571d to the exhaust valve operator of cylinder number four via valve body inlet 576. As exhaust camshaft 53 rotates,

cam lobes

513a and 513b may provide mechanical force to lift exhaust valves of cylinder four of a four or eight cylinder engine. Thus, the exhaust camshaft 53 may provide a force to open the poppet valves of the cylinder banks.

The intake camshaft 51 includes

cylindrical journals

521a, 521b, 521c, and 521d that rotate within

respective valve bodies

540a, 540b, 540c, and 540 d. The illustrated

valve bodies

540a, 540b, 540c, and 540d are incorporated into an intake camshaft saddle 522, which may be part of the cylinder head casting 35.

Continuous metering grooves

551a, 551b, 551c and 551d merge into

journals

521a, 521b, 521c and 521 d. However, in some examples, the

continuous metering grooves

551a, 551b, 551c, and 551d may be eliminated and oil may be supplied directly from the pump 580 to the intake valve operator.

Pressurized oil flows from the oil pump 580 to the

control valves

586, 587, 588, and 589 via a passage or gallery (gallery) 581. Control valve 586 may open allowing oil to flow into valve body inlet 550, metering groove 551a, and valve body outlet 520a before oil flows to the intake valve operator for cylinder number one via passage 520 b. Pressurized oil is also supplied to the inlet 570 via a passage or conduit 520 c. Therefore, by closing valve 586, deactivation of the intake and exhaust valves of cylinder number one may be prevented. Outlet 506 supplies oil to reservoir 506b and to the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one.

The selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number two is similar to the selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number one. Specifically, pressurized oil flows from oil pump 580 to valve 587 via passage or gallery 581, and valve 587 may be opened, allowing oil to flow into valve body inlet 552, metering groove 551b, and valve body outlet 524a before the oil flows to the intake valve operator of cylinder number two via passage 524 b. Pressurized oil is also supplied to the valve body inlet 572 via passage or conduit 524 c. Therefore, by closing valve 587, deactivation of the intake and exhaust valves of cylinder number two can be prevented. Outlet 508 supplies oil to reservoir 508b and to the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number two.

The selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number three is similar to the selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number one. For example, pressurized oil flows from the oil pump 580 to the valve 588 via passage or gallery 581, and the valve 588 may be opened to allow oil to flow into the valve body inlet 554, metering groove 551c and valve body outlet 526a before the oil flows to the intake valve operator for cylinder number three via passage 526 b. Pressurized oil is also supplied to the valve body inlet 574 via passage or conduit 526 c. Therefore, by closing valve 588, deactivation of the intake and exhaust valves of cylinder number three may be prevented. Outlet 510 supplies oil to reservoir 510b and to the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number three.

The selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number four is similar to the selective operation of the intake and exhaust valves for cylinder number one. Specifically, pressurized oil flows from oil pump 580 to valve 589 via passage or gallery 581, and valve 589 may be opened, allowing oil to flow into valve body inlet 556, metering groove 551d, and valve body outlet 528a before the oil flows to the intake valve operator of cylinder number four via passage 528 b. Pressurized oil is also supplied to the control valve body inlet 576 via passage or conduit 528 c. Therefore, by closing valve 589, deactivation of the intake and exhaust valves of cylinder number four can be prevented. Outlet 512 supplies oil to reservoir 512b and to the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number four.

The intake valve operators shown in FIG. 5B may be actuated by the cam lobes 523a-529B to operate the intake valves of the cylinder banks. Specifically,

cam lobes

523a and 523b operate the two intake valves of cylinder number one, respectively.

Cam lobes

525a and 525b operate the two intake valves of cylinder number two, respectively. Cam lobes 527a and 527b operate the two intake valves of cylinder number three, respectively.

Cam lobes

529a and 529b operate the two intake valves of cylinder number four, respectively.

Thus, the intake and exhaust valves of a cylinder bank may be activated and deactivated individually. Additionally, in some examples as previously described, oil may be supplied directly to the intake valve operator from valves 586 & 589 so that, if desired, the continuous metering grooves 551a-551d may be omitted to reduce system costs.

Oil pump 580 also supplies oil to cooling nozzle 535 to spray piston 36 shown in fig. 1A via cooling nozzle flow control valve 534. The oil pressure in the gallery 581 may be controlled via the dump valve 532 or by adjusting an oil pump displacement actuator 533, which oil pump displacement actuator 533 adjusts the displacement of an oil pump 580. The controller 12 shown in fig. 1A may be in electrical communication with a cooling nozzle flow control valve 534, an oil pump displacement actuator 533, and a dump valve 532. The oil pump displacement actuator may be a solenoid valve, a linear actuator, or other known displacement actuators.

Referring now to FIG. 5B, exemplary deactivation of intake valve operator 549 and exhaust valve operator 548 for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system of FIG. 5A is illustrated. The intake camshaft 51 rotates such that the lobe 523a selectively lifts the intake follower 545 and the intake follower 545 selectively opens and closes the intake valve 52. The rocker shaft 544 provides selective mechanical linkage between the intake follower 545 and the intake valve contactor 547. Passage 546 allows pressurized oil to reach the piston shown in FIG. 5C so that intake valve 52 may be deactivated (e.g., held in a closed position during an engine cycle). Intake valve 52 may be activated when oil pressure in passage 546 is low.

Similarly, the exhaust camshaft 53 rotates such that the lobe 507a selectively lifts the exhaust follower 543, and the exhaust follower 543 selectively opens and closes the exhaust valve 54. The rocker shaft 542 provides selective mechanical linkage between the exhaust follower 543 and the exhaust valve contactor 540. Passage 541 allows oil to reach the piston shown in FIG. 5C so that exhaust valve 54 may be activated (e.g., opened and closed during an engine cycle) or deactivated (e.g., held in a closed position during an engine cycle).

Referring now to FIG. 5C, an example exhaust valve operator 548 is shown. The intake valve operator comprises similar components and operates in a manner similar to that of the exhaust valve actuator. Therefore, the description of the intake valve operator is omitted for the sake of brevity.

The exhaust follower 543 is shown with an oil passage 565 extending within the camshaft follower 564. The oil passage 565 is in fluid communication with the port 568 in the rocker shaft 542. The piston 563 and latching pin (latching pin)561 selectively lock the follower 543 to the exhaust valve contactor 540, which causes the exhaust valve contactor 540 to move in response to movement of the follower 543 when oil is not acting on the piston 563. Exhaust valve operator 548 is in an active state during such conditions.

Oil pressure within

oil passages

567 and 565 may act on piston 563. Piston 563 is forced by high pressure oil in passage 565 against the force of spring 569 from its rest position shown in fig. 5C (e.g., its normally activated state) to a state where it is deactivated. A spring 569 biases piston 563 to a normal locked position that allows exhaust valve contactor 540 to operate exhaust valve 54 when oil pressure in passage 565 is low.

Latching pin 561 stops at a position (e.g., an unlocked position) where follower 543 is no longer locked to exhaust valve contactor 540, thereby deactivating exhaust valve 54 when normally locked latching pin 561 is fully displaced by high pressure oil operating on piston 563. When exhaust valve operator 548 is in the deactivated state, camshaft follower 564 rocks in response to the movement of cam lobe 507 a. When piston lockout pin 561 is in its unlocked position, exhaust valve 54 and exhaust valve contactor 540 remain stationary.

Thus, oil pressure may be used to selectively activate and deactivate intake and exhaust valves via intake and exhaust valve operators. Specifically, the intake and exhaust valves may be deactivated by allowing oil to flow to the intake and exhaust valve operators. It should be noted that the intake and exhaust valve operators may be activated and deactivated via the mechanism shown in FIG. 5C. Fig. 5B and 5C depict a deactivated valve actuator with a rocker shaft installed. Other types of deactivating valve actuators are possible and compatible with the present invention, including deactivating roller finger followers, deactivating lifters, or deactivating lash adjusters.

Referring now to FIG. 5D, a valve and cylinder deactivation sequence for the mechanism of FIGS. 5A-5C is shown. The valve deactivation sequence may be provided by the system of fig. 1A and 5A-5C.

The first plot from the top of fig. 5D is a plot of exhaust cam groove width versus (overturs) crankshaft angle. The vertical axis represents the exhaust camshaft groove width measured at the location of an oil outlet passage, such as passage 506 of FIG. 5A. The groove width increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents engine crankshaft angle, where zero is the top dead center compression stroke of the cylinder where the intake and exhaust grooves are shown. In this example, the exhaust groove corresponds to 571a of fig. 5A. The crankshaft angle for the exhaust groove width is the same as in the third graph from the top of fig. 5D.

The second plot from the top of fig. 5D is a plot of intake cam groove width versus crankshaft angle. The vertical axis represents the intake camshaft groove width, and the groove width increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents engine crankshaft angle, where zero is the top dead center compression stroke of the cylinder where the intake and exhaust grooves are shown. In this example, the intake grooves correspond to 551a of fig. 5A. The crank angle for the intake groove width is the same as that in the third graph from the top of fig. 5D.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 5D is a plot of intake and exhaust valve lift versus engine crankshaft angle. The vertical axis represents the valve lift, and the valve lift increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents the engine crankshaft angle and the three graphs are aligned according to the crankshaft angle. The thin solid line 590 represents the intake valve lift for cylinder number one when the intake valve operator for cylinder number one is activated. The thick solid line 591 represents exhaust valve lift for cylinder number one when the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one is activated. The thin dashed line 592 indicates the intake valve lift for cylinder number one if the intake valve operator for cylinder number one is enabled. The heavy dashed line 593 represents the exhaust valve lift for cylinder number one if the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one is enabled. The vertical lines A-D represent crankshaft angles of interest for the sequence.

Prior to crank angle A, the intake valve lift for cylinder number one is shown increasing and then decreasing. An oil control valve, such as 586 of FIG. 5A, closes before crankshaft angle A to prevent intake and exhaust valves from deactivating. Prior to crankshaft angle A, the illustrated intake valve lift 590 is increased during the intake stroke of cylinder number one. Prior to crankshaft angle A, sufficient pressurized oil to deactivate the intake valve is not present in the continuous intake camshaft groove.

At crankshaft angle A, an oil control valve (e.g., 586 of FIG. 5A) may be opened to deactivate the intake and exhaust valves. After the oil control valve opens, the continuous intake camshaft groove is pressurized with oil so that the intake valve operator lockout pin may be displaced with the camshaft lobe on the base circle of the intake valve for cylinder number one. At the crank angle a, the exhaust camshaft grooves 571a are also pressurized with oil. At angle a, the outlet passage 506 is not pressurized with oil because the shoulder 505A (shown in fig. 5A) covers the valve body outlet 506 (shown in fig. 5A). Therefore, at crank angle A, only the intake valve begins to be deactivated. The intake valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal position prior to crankshaft angle C to prevent the intake valve from opening.

At crank angle B, the shoulder of the exhaust camshaft journal 521a of cylinder number one gives way for the discontinuous groove 571a, which allows oil to reach the exhaust valve operator of cylinder number one. Oil can flow to the intake and exhaust valve operators at crank angle B, but since the exhaust valve is partially lifted at crank angle B, the exhaust valve operates until the exhaust valve closes near crank angle C. The exhaust valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal engaged position prior to crankshaft angle D to prevent the exhaust valve from opening.

At crankshaft angle C, the intake valve is not open because the intake valve operator is deactivated within the engine cycle. In addition, the exhaust valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal position prior to crankshaft angle D to prevent the exhaust valve from opening. Thus, the exhaust valve does not open during the cylinder cycle. The intake and exhaust valves may remain deactivated until the intake and exhaust operators are reactivated by reducing oil pressure to the intake and exhaust valve operators.

Intake and exhaust valves may be reactivated by deactivating oil control valve 586 and allowing oil pressure to decrease in the intake and exhaust valve operators, or by dumping oil pressure from the intake and exhaust valve operators via dump valves (not shown).

When the exhaust cam groove land blocks the passage 506, after the crankshaft angle D, the oil reservoir 506b maintains oil pressure in the oil passage 506 during part of the cycle. During periods when oil supply from the pump is interrupted, reservoir 506b compensates for oil leakage through the various voids. The oil reservoir 506b may include a dedicated piston and spring, or may be combined with a latching pin mechanism, such as the mechanism depicted in fig. 5C.

Referring now to FIG. 6A, a camshaft for an alternative hydraulically operated valve deactivation system is shown. The camshaft 420 may be included in the engine system shown in FIG. 4A.

In this example, the camshaft 420 may be an intake camshaft or an exhaust camshaft or a camshaft that operates both intake and exhaust valves. The intake and exhaust valves of each engine cylinder may be individually activated and deactivated. The camshaft 420 includes a sprocket 619, the sprocket 619 allowing the crankshaft 40 of FIG. 1A to drive the camshaft 420 via a chain. The camshaft 420 includes four journals 605a-605d, the journals 605a-605d including lands 606a-606d and discontinuous grooves 608a-608 d. Camshaft saddle 602 includes a retaining groove 610a (shown in FIG. 6B) for each of

valve bodies

670a, 670B, 670c, and 670 d. The fixed channel 610a is disposed in axial alignment with the discontinuous channels 608a-608 d. The camshaft 420 also includes cam lobes. In one example, the camshaft 420 may operate both intake and exhaust valves as the camshaft 420 rotates. Specifically, lobe 620 operates the intake valve and lobe 622 operates the exhaust valve for cylinder number one. The lobe 638 operates the intake valve of cylinder number two, and the lobe 639 operates the exhaust valve of cylinder number two. The lobe 648 operates the intake valve for cylinder number three, and the lobe 649 operates the exhaust valve for cylinder number three. Lobe 658 operates the intake valve and lobe 659 operates the exhaust valve of cylinder number four.

The camshaft saddle 602 includes

valve bodies

670a, 670b, 670c, and 670d to support and provide oil passages to the camshaft grooves. Specifically, the valve body 670a includes an inlet 613, a first outlet 612, and a second outlet 616. The first outlet 612 provides oil to the exhaust valve operator. The second outlet 616 provides oil to the intake valve operator. The valve body 670b includes an inlet 633, a first outlet 636, and a second outlet 632. The first outlet 636 provides oil to the exhaust valve operator. The second outlet 632 provides oil to the intake valve operator. The valve body 670c includes an inlet 643, a first outlet 646, and a second outlet 642. The first outlet 646 provides oil to the exhaust valve operator. The second outlet 642 provides oil to the intake valve operator. The valve body 670d includes an inlet 653, a first outlet 656, and a second outlet 652. The first outlet 656 provides oil to the exhaust valve operator. The second outlet 652 provides oil to the intake valve operator. When the

control valves

614, 634, 644, and 654 are activated and open, the

passages

616, 632, 642, and 652 supply pressurized oil from the oil pump 690 to the intake valve operator 649 (shown in fig. 6C) via galleries or passages 692 for the respective cylinder numbers 1-4. When the

control valves

614, 634, 644, and 654 are open, the

outlets

612, 636, 646, and 656 may supply oil pressure to the exhaust valve operator 648 (shown in fig. 6C). The discontinuous grooves 608a-608d selectively provide oil paths between the

inlets

613, 633, 643 and 653 and the

valve body outlets

612, 636, 646 and 656 leading to the exhaust valve operator. Journals 605a-605d are partially surrounded by discontinuous grooves 608a-608d (circular scribed). Reservoirs 609a-609d provide oil to keep the exhaust valve deactivated when land 606a covers passage 612 for a short period of time.

Referring now to FIG. 6B, a cross-sectional valve body 670a and its associated components are shown. The camshaft 420 is coupled to the camshaft saddle 602 via the cap 699. The cover covers a fixing groove 610a formed in the camshaft saddle 602. The camshaft 420 includes a discontinuous groove 608a axially aligned with a fixed groove 610 a. The valve 614 selectively allows oil to flow to the intake valve operator via passage 616 and into the stationary groove 610 a. The shoulder 606a selectively covers and uncovers the outlet 612, the outlet 612 providing oil to the reservoir 609a and the exhaust valve operator as the camshaft 420 rotates.

Referring now to FIG. 6C, an example deactivated intake valve operator 649 and deactivated exhaust valve operator 648 are shown for the hydraulically operated valve deactivation system shown in FIG. 6A. The camshaft 420 rotates such that the lobe 620 selectively lifts the intake follower 645 and the intake follower 645 selectively opens and closes the intake valve 52. The rocker shaft 644 provides selective mechanical linkage between the intake follower 645 and the intake valve contactor 647. The intake valve operator 649 and exhaust valve operator 648 comprise components and operate as the operators depicted in fig. 5C. Passage 646 allows pressurized oil to reach the piston shown in FIG. 5C so that intake valve 52 may be deactivated (e.g., held in a closed position during an engine cycle). Intake valve 52 may be activated (e.g., opened and closed during an engine cycle) when oil pressure in passage 646 is low.

Similarly, cam lobe 622 rotates to selectively lift exhaust follower 643, exhaust follower 643 selectively opening and closing exhaust valve 54. Rocker shaft 642 provides selective mechanical linkage between exhaust follower 643 and exhaust valve contactor 640. Passage 641 allows oil to reach the piston shown in FIG. 5C such that exhaust valve 54 may be deactivated (e.g., held in a closed position during an engine cycle). When piston 563 is returned to its normal or base position via spring 569 as shown in fig. 5C, the low oil pressure in passage 641 activates (e.g., opens and closes) exhaust valve 54 during the engine cycle.

In this manner, a single cam may operate both the intake and exhaust valves. Additionally, intake and exhaust valves driven via a single cam may be deactivated via intake valve operators 649 and exhaust valve operators 648.

Referring now to FIG. 6D, a valve and cylinder deactivation sequence for the mechanism of FIGS. 6A-6C is shown. The valve deactivation sequence may be provided by the system of fig. 1A and 6A-6C.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 6D is a plot of exhaust cam groove width versus crankshaft angle at the port leading to the exhaust valve operator. The vertical axis represents the exhaust camshaft groove width, and the groove width increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents engine crankshaft angle, where zero is the top dead center compression stroke of the cylinder where the intake and exhaust grooves are shown. In this example, the vent groove corresponds to the width of groove 608a of fig. 6A measured at the oil outlet passage 612. The crank angle for the exhaust groove width is the same as that in the third graph from the top of fig. 6D.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 6D is a plot of intake and exhaust valve lift versus engine crankshaft angle. The vertical axis represents the valve lift, and the valve lift increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents the engine crankshaft angle, and the three graphs are aligned according to the crankshaft angle. Thin solid line 690 represents the intake valve lift for cylinder number one when the intake valve operator for cylinder number one is activated. The thick solid line 691 represents the exhaust valve lift for cylinder number one when the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one is activated. The thin dashed line 692 represents the intake valve lift for cylinder number one if the intake valve operator for cylinder number one is enabled. The heavy dashed line 693 represents the exhaust valve lift for cylinder number one if the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one is enabled. The vertical lines A-D represent crankshaft angles of interest for the sequence.

Prior to crank angle A, the intake valve lift for cylinder number one is shown to increase and then decrease. An oil control valve, such as 614 of FIG. 6A, closes before crank angle A to prevent intake and exhaust valves from being used. Prior to crankshaft angle A, intake valve lift 690 is shown increasing during the intake stroke of cylinder number one. Prior to crankshaft angle A, sufficient pressurized oil to deactivate the intake valve is not present in the continuous intake camshaft groove.

At crankshaft angle A, an oil control valve (e.g., 614 of FIG. 6A) may be opened to deactivate the intake and exhaust valves. After the oil control valve opens, the fixed groove (e.g., 608a of fig. 6B) and the passage 616 are pressurized with oil so that the intake valve operator lockout pin may be displaced while the outlet 616 is covered via the shoulder 606 a. Thus, at angle A, the outlet passage 616 is not pressurized with oil because the shoulder 606A (shown in FIG. 6A) covers the valve body outlet 616. Therefore, at crank angle A, only the intake valve begins to be deactivated. The intake valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal position prior to crankshaft angle C to prevent the intake valve from opening.

At crank angle B, the shoulder of exhaust camshaft shoulder 606a for cylinder number one gives way to the discontinuous groove 608a, which allows oil to reach the outlet 616 and the exhaust valve operator for cylinder number one. Oil can flow to the intake and exhaust valve operators at crank angle B, but since the exhaust valve is partially lifted at crank angle B, the exhaust valve operates until the exhaust valve closes near crank angle C. The exhaust valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal engaged position prior to crankshaft angle D to prevent the exhaust valve from opening.

At crankshaft angle C, the intake valve is not open because the intake valve operator is deactivated during the engine cycle. In addition, the exhaust valve operator lockout pin disengages from its normal position prior to crankshaft angle D to prevent the exhaust valve from opening. Thus, the exhaust valve does not open during the cylinder cycle. The intake and exhaust valves may remain deactivated until the intake and exhaust operators are reactivated by reducing oil pressure to the intake and exhaust valve operators.

Intake and exhaust valves may be reactivated by deactivating the oil control valve 614 and allowing oil pressure to decrease in the intake and exhaust valve operators, or by dumping oil pressure from the intake and exhaust valve operators via a dump valve (not shown).

When the exhaust cam groove land blocks the passage 616, after crank angle D, the oil reservoir 609a maintains oil pressure in the oil passage 616 during part of the cycle. During periods when the oil supply from the pump is interrupted, reservoir 609a compensates for oil leakage through the various voids. The oil reservoir 609a may include a dedicated piston and spring, or may be combined with a latching pin mechanism, such as the mechanism shown in fig. 5C.

Thus, the system of fig. 1A-6D provides a vehicle system comprising: a first vehicle comprising a first cylinder block and a first cylinder head casting to which a first actual total number of deactivatable valve operators are coupled; and a second vehicle comprising a second cylinder block and a second cylinder head casting, a second actual total number of the deactivation valve operators being coupled to the second cylinder head casting, the first cylinder block being identical to the second cylinder block, the first cylinder head casting being identical to the second cylinder head casting.

In some examples, the vehicle system includes a situation where the first actual total number of deactivated valve operators is different from the second actual total number of deactivated valve operators. The vehicle system includes the case where the first cylinder head casting includes a deactivated intake valve operator but not a deactivated exhaust valve operator. The vehicle system includes a second cylinder head casting that includes a deactivated intake valve operator and a deactivated exhaust valve operator. The vehicle system also includes a controller including executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory to reduce boost pressure output of the turbocharger by a first amount at engine speed and driver torque demand in response to a request to reactivate a cylinder in the first cylinder head. The vehicle system further includes additional instructions to reduce the boost pressure output of the turbocharger by a second amount at the engine speed and the driver demand torque in response to reactivating cylinders in the second cylinder head. Vehicle systems include those in which the cylinder head is part of a cylinder bank.

The vehicle system further includes: a first vehicle comprising a first engine comprising a first cylinder block and a first cylinder head casting to which a first actual total number of non-stop valve operators are coupled; and a second vehicle comprising a second engine comprising a second cylinder block and a second cylinder head casting to which a second actual total number of non-deactivatable valve operators are coupled, the first cylinder block being identical to the second cylinder block, the first cylinder head casting being identical to the second cylinder head casting. Vehicle systems include situations where the first and second engines include deactivated valve operators that slide along a camshaft to selectively activate and deactivate cylinders.

In some examples, the system further includes a controller including executable instructions stored in non-transitory memory to deactivate the one or more cylinders by deactivating the valve operator and stopping the supply of fuel to the one or more engine cylinders. The system further includes additional instructions to adjust an actual total number of deactivated cylinders in the engine cycle in response to the estimate of the amount of oil in the one or more deactivated cylinders, wherein deactivating the one or more cylinders includes maintaining the intake valve in a closed state during the engine cycle. The system also includes additional instructions to sample the exhaust gas oxygen sensor via a first method in response to deactivating a cylinder of the engine, and to sample the exhaust gas oxygen sensor via a second method in response to activating the cylinder. The system also includes additional instructions to sample the camshaft position sensor via a first method in response to deactivating cylinders of the engine, and to sample the camshaft position sensor via a second method in response to activating cylinders. The system includes situations where the engine includes one or more deactivated valve operators, and situations where the one or more deactivated valve operators maintain the intake valves in a closed state throughout the engine cycle.

The system may further comprise: an engine comprising a block in which an actual total number of cylinders are included and a cylinder head comprising a first actual total number of deactivated valve operators in a first configuration, the cylinder head comprising a second actual total number of deactivated valve operators in a second configuration; and a controller including executable instructions stored in the non-transitory memory to deactivate the first actual total number of cylinders and change an engine firing order while deactivating the first actual total number of cylinders. The vehicle system includes a case where a first cylinder is activated and a second cylinder is deactivated to change an engine firing order while a first actual total number of cylinders are deactivated, and a case where the first actual total number of cylinders is a constant value. Vehicle systems include situations where engine cylinders are deactivated by holding cylinder poppet valves closed while the engine is rotating within an engine cycle. The vehicle system further includes additional instructions to stop fuel flow to the deactivated cylinders. The vehicle system further includes additional instructions to adjust boost pressure provided via the turbocharger in response to a request to activate the engine cylinders. Vehicle systems include situations where the engine firing sequence always includes the same two cylinder numbers.

It should be noted that the system of fig. 1A-6D may be operated to provide a desired engine torque, where the actual total number of active cylinders may remain the same, while the active cylinders forming the actual total number of active cylinders may vary between different engine cycles. Further, the actual total number of cylinders that combust air and fuel to produce the desired engine torque during an engine cycle may vary between different engine cycles, if desired. This may be referred to as a rolling variable displacement engine. For example, a four cylinder engine with a firing order of 1-3-4-2 may fire

cylinders

1 and 3 during a first engine cycle,

fire cylinders

3 and 2 during a next engine cycle, fire cylinders 1-3-2 during a next engine cycle, fire cylinders 3-4-2 during a next engine cycle, and so on, to provide a constant desired engine torque.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a method for operating an engine having deactivated cylinders and valves is shown. The method of fig. 7 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 7 may be performed in conjunction with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 702, method 700 determines an engine hardware configuration. In one example, the engine hardware configuration may be stored in memory at the time of manufacture. The engine hardware configuration information may include, but is not limited to, information describing: an actual total number of engine cylinders, an actual total number of engine cylinders not including deactivated intake and exhaust valves, an actual total number of engine cylinders including deactivated intake valves, an identification of cylinders including deactivated intake valves (e.g., cylinder number), an identification of cylinders including deactivated exhaust valves, an identification of cylinders not including deactivated intake and exhaust valves, an engine knock sensor location, an actual total number of engine knock sensors, and other system configuration parameters. Method 700 reads vehicle configuration information from memory and proceeds to 704.

At 704, method 700 judges whether cylinder deactivation via deactivation of intake and/or exhaust valves is available in view of the system configuration information retrieved at 702. If method 700 judges that cylinder deactivation via intake and/or exhaust valves is not available or possible, the answer is no and method 700 proceeds to exit. Otherwise, the answer is yes and method 700 proceeds to 706.

At 706, method 700 judges whether or not cylinder intake valve deactivation is available. In other words, method 700 judges whether or not only the intake valves of the engine cylinders can be deactivated (e.g., maintained in a closed state throughout the engine cycle) to deactivate the cylinders while the engine is rotating, and all the exhaust valves of all the engine cylinders continue to operate. In some engine configurations, it may be desirable to deactivate only the intake valves of the deactivated cylinders to reduce system costs. Fig. 2B and 2C show two examples of such engine configurations. The cylinder intake and exhaust valves may be deactivated in a closed state in which the intake and exhaust valves are not opened from closed positions within an engine cycle. Method 700 determines that while the engine is rotating, only the intake valves of the engine cylinders may be deactivated to deactivate the engine cylinders while all of the engine exhaust valves of the engine cylinders continue to operate based on the hardware configuration determined at 702. If method 700 judges that only the intake valves of the engine cylinders can be deactivated to deactivate the engine cylinders while the engine is rotating, and all the engine exhaust valves of the engine cylinders continue to operate, the answer is yes and method 700 proceeds to 708. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 700 proceeds to 710.

At 708, method 700 determines engine cylinders where intake valves may be deactivated and exhaust valves continue to operate while the engine is rotating. 8A-8B may determine engine cylinders where the intake valve may be deactivated and the exhaust valve continues to operate. Method 700 proceeds to 712 after engine cylinders in which the intake valve may be deactivated are determined.

At 710, method 700 determines engine cylinders where intake and exhaust valves may be deactivated while the engine is rotating. The method may determine an engine cylinder in which intake and exhaust valves may be deactivated based on the method of FIG. 10. Method 700 proceeds to 712 after engine cylinders in which intake and exhaust valves may be deactivated are determined.

At 712, method 700 determines an allowable cylinder mode for operating the engine. The cylinder pattern identifies how many engine cylinders are active and which cylinders are active (e.g.,

cylinder numbers

1, 3, and 4). Method 700 determines the allowed cylinder mode according to the method of FIG. 11. After the allowable cylinder modes are determined, method 700 proceeds to 714.

At 714, method 700 adjusts engine oil pressure in response to cylinder mode. Method 700 adjusts engine oil pressure according to the method of fig. 31. Method 700 proceeds to 716 after engine oil pressure is adjusted.

At 716, method 700 deactivates selected cylinders according to the allowed cylinder modes. Method 700 deactivates the intake and/or exhaust valves, and thus the selected cylinder, based on the allowed cylinder mode determined at 712. For example, if the engine is a four cylinder engine and the allowed cylinder modes include three active cylinders, method 700 deactivates one cylinder. The particular cylinder that is active and the cylinder that is deactivated may be based on cylinder mode. The cylinder mode may vary with vehicle operating conditions such that the same actual total number of cylinders may be active and the same actual total number of cylinders may be deactivated, but the activated and deactivated cylinders may vary between different engine cycles. The valve operation of the deactivated cylinder is based on the cylinder deactivation mode associated with the deactivated cylinder. For example, if the allowed cylinder modes include a cylinder deactivation mode from the method of FIG. 20, the valves in the deactivated cylinders may be operated according to the cylinder deactivation mode described in FIG. 20.

If multiple actual total number of active cylinders are allowed, the actual total number of active cylinders in the particular cylinder mode that provides the lowest fuel consumption while providing the desired driver requested torque is enabled. Additionally, allowed transmission gears may be engaged that may be associated with the enabled allowed cylinder modes.

Method 700 may deactivate intake and/or exhaust valves via the systems described herein or via other known valve deactivation systems. If the engine knock sensor or other sensor indicates that engine noise is greater than a threshold or vibration is greater than a threshold immediately after changing cylinder mode, a different actual total number of active cylinders and transmission gears may be selected (e.g., transmission gear and cylinder mode prior to changing cylinder mode, which may be a larger actual total number of active cylinders). The knock sensor may be sampled at engine crankshaft intervals outside of the engine knock window to avoid knock-based switching patterns. Knock sensor output from within the knock window may be excluded for reactivating the cylinder in response to engine vibrations.

The engine cylinder may be deactivated by maintaining the intake valve in a closed position throughout the engine cycle. Additionally, fuel injection to the deactivated cylinders may also be stopped. Spark delivery to the deactivated cylinders may also be deactivated. In some examples, the exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinders are also held in a closed position throughout the engine cycle while the intake valves are deactivated such that gas is trapped in the deactivated cylinders. Method 700 proceeds to 718 after the selected engine cylinder is deactivated via the intake and exhaust valves.

At 718, method 700 controls engine knock in response to cylinder deactivation. Method 700 controls engine knock according to the method of fig. 33-38. Method 700 proceeds to 720 after engine knock is controlled.

At 720, method 700 performs cylinder deactivation diagnostic. Method 700 performs cylinder diagnostics according to the method of fig. 39-40. Method 700 proceeds to exit after cylinder diagnostics are performed.

Referring now to FIG. 8A, a method of determining a cylinder in which an intake valve may be deactivated is shown. The method of fig. 8A may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 8A may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 802, method 800 selects an actual total number of cylinders of the engine. The actual total number of cylinders may be based on vehicle mass and performance requirements. In some examples, the engine will have four cylinders, while in other examples, the engine will have six or eight cylinders. In addition, the actual total number of engine cylinders having valves that remain active at all times as the engine rotates is determined. In one example, the actual total number of cylinders with valves (e.g., intake and exhaust poppet valves) that remain active while the engine is rotating is based on the amount of power required for the vehicle to operate at a desired speed (e.g., 60 KPH). If the engine has the ability to provide an amount of power having two or more cylinders, the engine may be manufactured to include two cylinders with valves that remain active at all times (e.g., open and close within an engine cycle). If the engine has the ability to provide an amount of power having four or more cylinders, the engine may be manufactured to include four cylinders with valves that remain active at all times. The remaining cylinders are provided with deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated exhaust valves. After determining the actual total number of engine cylinders and the actual total number of cylinders with valves that are always active, method 800 proceeds to 804.

At 804, the engine is configured with non-deactivated intake valve operators and non-deactivated exhaust valve operators in engine cylinders that remain active at all times as the engine rotates. The remaining engine cylinders are provided with deactivated intake valve operators and non-deactivated exhaust valve operators. Method 800 proceeds to 806 after the engine is assembled with deactivated and non-deactivated valves.

At 806, method 800 estimates an amount of oil in a cylinder having an intake valve deactivated during an engine cycle such that the intake valve does not open during the engine cycle or a cycle of the cylinder in which the intake valve is operated. In one example, the amount of oil in the engine cylinders is estimated based on the empirical model described in FIG. 8B. Method 800 determines an amount of oil in each engine cylinder, wherein an intake valve of the cylinder is deactivated, and wherein the cylinder is deactivated such that airflow through the cylinder is substantially stopped (e.g., less than 10% of airflow through the cylinder during an idle state). The amount of oil in each cylinder is revised for each engine cycle. After the amount of oil in each cylinder is determined, method 800 proceeds to 808.

Additionally, method 800 may estimate engine oil quality at 806. The engine oil quality may be an estimate of the contaminants in the engine oil. The value assigned to the engine oil mass may be from 0 to 100, with 0 corresponding to the end of its life cycle and 100 corresponding to fresh oil. In one example, the estimation of engine oil mass is based on engine operating time, engine load during operating time, and engine speed during operating time. For example, the average engine load and engine speed may be determined during engine operating time. The average engine load and engine speed index a table of empirically determined values, and the table outputs an oil quality value. It may be desirable to limit the amount of time that cylinder deactivation is available in response to oil quality, as low oil quality may increase engine wear during cylinder deactivation and/or may increase engine emissions during cylinder deactivation.

The method 800 may also determine the actual total number of particulate regenerations since the last engine oil change. The particulate filter is regenerated by increasing the temperature of the particulate filter and burning carbonaceous soot stored in the particulate filter. After an engine oil change, the actual total number of particulate filter regenerations increases each time the particulate filter regenerates.

At 808, method 800 prevents cylinders containing more than a threshold amount of oil from being deactivated. In other words, if a cylinder having a deactivated intake valve (e.g., an intake valve that remains closed over an engine cycle) contains more than a threshold amount of oil, the cylinder is reactivated (e.g., the cylinder intake and exhaust valves are opened and closed during the engine cycle, and air and fuel are combusted in the cylinder) such that oil access to the cylinder may be limited. The cylinder is reactivated by activating an intake valve operator and supplying spark and fuel to the cylinder. If the cylinder is reactivated, it remains activated at least until the amount of oil in the cylinder is less than a threshold amount. Additionally, the amount of intake and exhaust valve opening time overlap may be increased in response to the amount of oil in the deactivated cylinder exceeding a threshold. By increasing intake and exhaust valve opening time overlap in response to the amount of oil in the cylinder exceeding a threshold, oil vapor may be expelled from the cylinder to improve subsequent combustion event stability and emissions. Additionally, one cylinder may be activated in response to the amount of oil in the one cylinder, while a second cylinder may be deactivated during the same engine cycle such that the actual total number of active engine cylinders remains constant during the engine cycle. The cylinders may be activated and deactivated as described elsewhere herein. For example, one cylinder may be activated during its cycle by opening the intake and exhaust valves. The second cylinder may be deactivated during a cycle of the second cylinder by closing the intake valve or keeping the intake valve closed, or closing the intake and exhaust valves and keeping the intake and exhaust valves closed.

If a cylinder having deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated exhaust valves is deactivated by keeping the intake valves of the deactivated cylinder closed during a cycle of the deactivated cylinder while the exhaust valves continue to open and close, the closing timing of the exhaust valves may be adjusted in response to deactivating the cylinder such that cylinder compression and expansion losses may be reduced. Method 800 proceeds to exit after reactivating cylinders containing more than a threshold amount of oil.

Additionally, at 808, the cylinder may not be deactivated or may be reactivated (e.g., combusting air and fuel in the cylinder) in response to the oil quality being less than the threshold value. Additionally, method 800 may enable or prevent engine cylinders from being deactivated in response to an actual total number of particulate filter regenerations since the last engine oil change was greater than a threshold. These actions may improve vehicle emissions and/or reduce engine wear.

Referring now to FIG. 8B, a block diagram of an example empirical model for estimating oil mass in an engine cylinder is shown. The amount of oil in each deactivated cylinder may be estimated via a model similar to model 850, but the functions or variables in the tables described may have different values depending on the cylinder number.

The model 850 estimates the base oil mass entering a cylinder having an intake valve deactivated (e.g., an intake valve held in a closed position for an engine or cylinder cycle) and an exhaust valve operated at block 852. The cylinder oil volume is empirically determined and set in a table or function stored in the controller memory. In one example, the table or function is indexed by engine speed and cylinder or exhaust pressure. The table or function outputs the amount of oil in the cylinder. The amount of oil is directed to block 854.

At block 854, the amount of oil in the cylinder is multiplied by a scalar or real number that adjusts the amount of oil in response to the oil temperature. The oil viscosity may vary with oil temperature, and the amount of oil that may enter a deactivated cylinder may vary with oil temperature. Since oil viscosity decreases with oil temperature, the amount of oil that can enter a deactivated cylinder may increase with increasing oil temperature. In one example, block 854 includes a plurality of empirically determined scalars for different oil temperatures. The amount of oil from block 852 is multiplied by the scalar in block 854 to determine the amount of oil in the engine cylinders as a function of the oil temperature.

At 856, a scalar based on engine or cylinder Compression Ratio (CR) is multiplied by the output of block 854 to determine the amount of oil in the engine cylinder as a function of oil temperature and engine compression ratio. In one example, because a vacuum is created in the cylinder after the exhaust valve closes, the amount of oil in the cylinder is increased to achieve a higher cylinder compression ratio. The value of 856 is empirically determined and stored in memory.

At 858, the amount of oil in the cylinder is multiplied by a value that is a function of the exhaust valve closing position or the trapped cylinder volume. This value increases as the exhaust valve closing timing is retarded from top dead center exhaust stroke because additional exhaust volume is trapped in the cylinder as the exhaust valve closing retardation increases. This value decreases as the exhaust valve closing timing advances from top dead center exhaust stroke because additional exhaust volume is trapped in the cylinder as the exhaust valve closing advance increases. 858 the function is empirically determined and stored to memory. The amount of oil in the cylinder is passed to block 860.

At block 860, the amount of oil in the cylinder is multiplied by a scalar that adjusts the amount of oil in response to engine temperature. Engine temperature may affect the clearances between engine components, and the amount of oil entering the cylinder may vary with engine temperature and engine component clearances. In one example, block 860 includes a plurality of empirically determined scalars for different engine temperatures. The amount of oil entering the cylinder decreases as engine temperature increases because the clearance between engine components may decrease as engine temperature increases. Block 860 outputs an estimate of oil in the engine cylinders.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an example operating sequence for a four cylinder engine is shown. In this example, engine cylinders # two and # three may be selectively activated and deactivated by activating and deactivating intake valves for cylinders # two and # three. Four-cylinder engines have a 1-3-4-2 firing sequence when combusting air and fuel. The vertical markers at times T0-T7 represent times of interest in the sequence. The graphs of fig. 9 are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of fig. 9 is a plot of estimated oil versus time in cylinder number two. The vertical axis represents the estimated amount of oil in cylinder number two, and the estimated amount of oil in cylinder number two increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 902 represents a threshold limit for the amount of oil in cylinder number two that is not exceeded.

The second plot from the top of fig. 9 is a plot of estimated oil versus time in cylinder number three. The vertical axis represents the estimated oil volume in cylinder number three, and the estimated oil volume in cylinder number three increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 904 represents a threshold limit for the amount of oil that is not exceeded in cylinder number three.

The third plot from the top of fig. 9 is a plot of the number of operating cylinders requested. The number of operating cylinders requested may be a function of driver torque demand, engine speed, and other operating conditions. The vertical axis represents the number of engine cylinders requested for operation, and the number of engine cylinders requested for operation is shown along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 9 is a plot of operating state for cylinder number two versus time. The vertical axis represents cylinder number two operating conditions. Cylinder number two operates to combust air and fuel during the engine cycle with intake and exhaust valves open and closed when the traces are at a higher level near the vertical axis arrows. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, cylinder number two is not operating and does not burn air and fuel. The intake valve closes throughout the engine cycle when the trace is near the horizontal axis, and the exhaust valve opens and closes during the engine cycle when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis arrow.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 9 is a plot of operating state for cylinder number three versus time. The vertical axis represents cylinder number three operating conditions. Cylinder number three operates to combust air and fuel during the engine cycle with intake and exhaust valves open and closed when the traces are at a higher level near the vertical axis arrows. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, cylinder number three is not operating and does not burn air and fuel. The intake valve closes throughout the engine cycle when the trace is near the horizontal axis, and the exhaust valve opens and closes during the engine cycle when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis arrow.

At time T0, the estimated amount of oil in cylinder number two is low. The amount of oil estimated in cylinder number three is also low. The engine is operated with four active cylinders (e.g., cylinders combusting air and fuel), as indicated by the number of cylinders requested being equal to four and the operating states of cylinders # two and # three being active (e.g., higher level at cylinder operating state traces). Cylinders number one and four are active whenever the engine is running and combusting air and fuel.

At time T1, the estimated oil in cylinders two and three is low. The number of operating cylinders requested is reduced from 4 to 3. In response to a lower driver demand torque, the number of requested engine cylinders may be reduced. In response to the requested number of cylinders being 3, cylinder number three is deactivated (e.g., combustion is stopped in cylinder number three, intake valves of cylinder number three are deactivated so that they do not open and close during an engine cycle, fuel delivery to the cylinders is stopped, spark delivery to the cylinders may be stopped, and exhaust valves of cylinder number three continue to open and close during each engine cycle). Cylinder number two continues to operate with the active intake valve and burn.

Between time T1 and time T2, the estimated amount of oil in cylinder number two remains low and constant. The estimated amount of oil in cylinder number three is increasing. Because a vacuum may be formed in cylinder number three after the exhaust valve of cylinder number three closes due to the intake valve of cylinder number three being deactivated, the amount of oil in cylinder number three increases.

At time T2, the amount of oil in cylinder number three equals or exceeds threshold 904. Thus, cylinder number three is reactivated, which increases the pressure in the cylinder and pushes oil out of the cylinder through the cylinder ring (cylinder ring), thereby reducing the amount of oil in cylinder number three. However, since the requested number of cylinders is 3, cylinder number two is deactivated (e.g., combustion is stopped in cylinder number two, intake valves of cylinder number two are deactivated so that they do not open and close during an engine cycle, fuel delivery to the cylinders is stopped, spark delivery to the cylinders may be stopped, and exhaust valves of cylinder number two are opened and closed during each engine cycle). In this way, the requested number of operating cylinders is provided even when the oil volume of one cylinder is at or above the threshold limit. The estimated oil amount in cylinder number two is at a lower level. The operating state of cylinder number two is low to indicate that cylinder number two is deactivated. The operating state of cylinder number three is high to indicate that cylinder number three is enabled.

At time T3, the number of requested operating cylinders is 2, and the amount of oil estimated in cylinder number three is low. Cylinder number three is deactivated in response to the low fuel in cylinder number three and the requested number of operating cylinders. Cylinder number two remains deactivated. The amount of oil in cylinder number two continues to increase.

At time T4, the amount of oil in cylinder number two exceeds threshold level 902 and the number of operating cylinders requested is 2. Cylinder number two is reactivated to drain oil from cylinder number two. Cylinder number three remains deactivated so that the number of cylinders firing approaches the number of operating cylinders requested. Shortly after time T4, cylinder number two is reactivated in response to an estimated low oil mass in cylinder number two.

At time T5, the amount of oil in cylinder number three exceeds threshold level 904 and the number of operating cylinders requested is 2. Cylinder number three is reactivated to drain oil from cylinder number three. Cylinder number two remains deactivated so that the number of cylinders firing approaches the number of operating cylinders requested. Shortly after time T5, cylinder number three is reactivated in response to an estimated low oil mass in cylinder number three.

At time T6, the amount of oil in cylinder number two exceeds threshold level 902 and the number of operating cylinders requested is 2. Cylinder number two is reactivated to drain oil from cylinder number two. Cylinder number three remains deactivated so that the number of cylinders firing approaches the number of operating cylinders requested. Shortly after time T6, cylinder number two is reactivated in response to an estimated low oil mass in cylinder number two.

At time T7, the number of operating cylinders requested is increased in response to an increase in driver demand torque. In response to the number of operating cylinders, the operating states of cylinders # two and # three become active to indicate that cylinders # two and # three have been reactivated. By activating cylinders two and three, the amount of oil estimated in cylinders two and three is reduced.

In this manner, engine cylinders may be selectively deactivated and activated to conserve fuel and reduce oil in the engine cylinders. Additionally, activated cylinders may be deactivated to reduce oil in engine cylinders and attempt to match the number of operating cylinders requested. Activating cylinders to remove oil from cylinders takes precedence over deactivating cylinders to match the number of operating cylinders requested so that oil consumption can be reduced.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a method of determining a cylinder in which intake valves may be deactivated is shown. The method of fig. 10 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 10 may be performed in conjunction with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1002, method 1000 selects an actual total number of cylinders of the engine. The actual total number of cylinders may be based on vehicle mass and performance requirements. In some examples, the engine will have four cylinders, while in other examples, the engine will have six or eight cylinders. In addition, the actual total number of engine cylinders having valves that remain active at all times as the engine rotates is determined. In one example, the actual total number of cylinders with valves (e.g., intake and exhaust poppet valves) that remain active while the engine is rotating is based on the amount of power required for the vehicle to operate at a desired speed (e.g., 60 KPH). If the engine has the ability to provide an amount of power having four or more cylinders, the engine may be manufactured to include four cylinders with valves that remain active at all times (e.g., open and close within an engine cycle). If the engine has the ability to provide an amount of power having six or more cylinders, the engine may be manufactured to include six cylinders with valves that remain active at all times. The remaining cylinders are provided with deactivated intake valves and non-deactivated exhaust valves. After determining the actual total number of engine cylinders and the actual total number of cylinders with valves that are always active, method 1000 proceeds to 1004.

At 1004, the engine is configured to have non-deactivated intake valve operators and non-deactivated exhaust valve operators in engine cylinders that remain active at all times as the engine rotates. The remaining engine cylinders are provided with deactivated intake valve operators and deactivated exhaust valve operators. Method 1000 proceeds to 1006 after the engine is assembled with deactivated and non-deactivated valves.

At 1006, method 1000 estimates the amount of oil in the cylinder having the intake valve deactivated during the engine cycle such that the intake valve does not open during the engine cycle or the cycle of the cylinder in which the intake valve operates. In one example, the amount of oil in the engine cylinders is estimated based on the empirical model described in FIG. 8B; however, the function and/or table depicted in FIG. 8B may include variable values that are different than the variable values of an engine having cylinders that are deactivated within an engine cycle by closing only the intake valves. Method 1000 determines an amount of oil in each engine cylinder, wherein an intake valve of the cylinder is deactivated, and wherein the cylinder is deactivated such that airflow through the cylinder is substantially stopped (e.g., less than 10% of airflow through the cylinder during an idle state). The amount of oil in each cylinder is revised for each engine cycle. After the amount of oil in each cylinder is determined, method 1000 proceeds to 1008.

At 1008, method 1000 prevents cylinders containing more than a threshold amount of oil from being deactivated. In other words, if a cylinder having deactivated intake and exhaust valves (e.g., intake and exhaust valves that remain closed during an engine cycle) contains more than a threshold amount of oil, the cylinder is reactivated (e.g., the cylinder intake and exhaust valves are opened and closed during the engine cycle and air and fuel are combusted in the cylinder) such that oil access to the cylinder may be limited. The cylinder is reactivated by activating an intake valve operator and supplying spark and fuel to the cylinder. Method 1000 proceeds to exit after reactivating cylinders containing more than a threshold amount of oil.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a method of determining available cylinder modes for an engine is shown. The method of fig. 11 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 11 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1102, method 1100 evaluates how often the engine cylinder mode is with respect to the limit to determine if the cylinder mode is changing too frequently or reasonably. If the cylinder mode is switched too frequently, the vehicle occupant may be made aware that a cylinder mode switch to a cylinder mode switch becomes undesirable. Method 1100 evaluates a cylinder mode transition according to the method of FIG. 12 and proceeds to 1106.

At 1106, method 1100 evaluates which cylinder modes can provide the requested amount of engine braking torque. Method 1100 proceeds to the method of FIG. 14 to determine which cylinder modes can provide the requested amount of engine braking torque. Method 1100 proceeds to 1108 after determining which cylinder modes can provide the requested amount of brake torque.

At 1108, method 1100 evaluates whether changing the cylinder mode reduces fuel consumption. Method 1100 proceeds to the method of FIG. 15 to determine whether changing cylinder mode can conserve fuel. After determining whether changing cylinder mode will conserve fuel, method 1100 proceeds to 1112.

At 1112, method 1100 evaluates a cam phasing rate for determining a cylinder mode. The cam phasing rate is the rate at which the cam torque actuation phasor changes the position of the engine cam relative to the position of the engine crankshaft. Because cam torque actuated variable valve timing phase actuators rely on valve spring force to operate, and because deactivating cylinder valves reduces the reaction force provided by the valve spring, it may not be desirable to use certain cylinder modes when a high rate of cam phase change is desired. Method 1100 evaluates the cam phase rates of the available cylinder modes according to the method of FIG. 16 and then proceeds to 1114.

At 1114, method 1100 evaluates different transmission gears used to select the cylinder mode. Method 1100 evaluates different transmission gears for selecting a cylinder mode according to the method of fig. 18. Method 1100 proceeds to 1116 after evaluating the different transmission gears used to select the cylinder mode.

At 1116, the method 1100 evaluates tow (towing) and tow (hauling) modes for selecting the cylinder mode. Method 1100 evaluates the tow and traction modes for selecting the cylinder mode according to the method of fig. 20. After evaluating the tow and tow modes for selecting the cylinder mode, method 1100 proceeds to 1118.

At 1118, method 1100 judges whether or not a selection condition for selecting a cylinder mode exists. Method 1100 determines whether conditions exist for determining cylinder mode according to the method of FIG. 22. Method 1100 proceeds to 1120 after determining whether conditions exist for selecting a cylinder mode.

At 1120, method 1100 controls engine Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) during a condition in which one or more cylinders are deactivated by deactivating intake and/or exhaust valves of the engine cylinders. Additionally, when the cylinder is deactivated, fuel delivery to the cylinder and spark delivery to the cylinder are deactivated. Method 1100 controls MAP according to the method of FIG. 23 and proceeds to 1121.

At 1121, method 1100 controls engine Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) during conditions where one or more cylinders are activated by activating intake and/or exhaust valves of the engine cylinders. Additionally, when a cylinder is activated, fuel delivery to the cylinder and spark delivery to the cylinder are enabled. Method 1100 controls MAP according to the method of FIG. 25 and proceeds to 1122.

At 1122, method 1100 controls engine torque during the changing cylinder mode. Method 1100 controls engine torque according to the method of fig. 27A and proceeds to 1124.

At 1124, method 1100 controls fuel supplied to the engine to change cylinder mode. Method 1100 controls fuel supplied to an engine according to the method of fig. 29. Method 1100 proceeds to exit after controlling fuel flow to the engine.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a method for assessing whether changing cylinder modes exceeds a frequency limit is shown. The method of fig. 12 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 12 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 12 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1202, method 1200 judges whether or not the current execution of method 1200 is the first execution of method 1200 since the vehicle and engine were stopped and shut down. Method 1200 may determine that the current execution of method 1200 is the first execution since the vehicle was enabled after the vehicle was disabled (e.g., stopped without intending to restart immediately). In one example, the method 1200 determines that the current execution is the first execution when the value in memory is zero and the method has not been executed since the driver requested vehicle launch via a button or key. If method 1200 determines that the current execution of method 1200 is the first execution of method 1200 since engine stop, the answer is yes and method 1200 proceeds to 1220. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 1200 proceeds to 1204.

At 1220, method 1200 determines the values of variables paynack _ TIME and VDE _ BUSY. The variable PAYBACK _ TIME is the amount of TIME sufficient to pay (cover) the fuel cost of transitioning from one cylinder mode or Variable Displacement Engine (VDE) mode to the next in a newly selected cylinder mode or VDE mode. The fuel cost may be due to reducing engine torque via spark retard or some other adjustment to control engine torque during the mode transition. The variable VDE _ BUSY is a value that is the basis for determining whether the cylinder mode or VDE switching occurs more frequently than desired. The value is updated based on the number of cylinder mode or VDE transitions and the amount of time spent in the cylinder mode or VDE mode. VDE _ BUSY is initially set to zero and PAYBACK _ TIME is empirically determined and stored in memory. In one example, the variable PAYBACK _ TIME may vary depending on the cylinder mode being exited and the cylinder mode being entered. There may be a VDE _ BUSY variable for each cylinder mode, as shown in FIG. 13. After determining the variable values, method 1200 proceeds to 1204.

At 1204, method 1200 judges whether or not the engine is exiting the valve deactivation mode. If valves of one or more cylinders are being activated during an engine cycle (e.g., intake valves are being opened and closed during a transition from not being opened and closed during an engine cycle to being opened and closed during an engine cycle), method 1200 may determine that the engine is exiting the valve deactivation mode. If method 1200 determines that the engine is exiting the valve deactivation mode and valves of at least one cylinder are being reactivated during an engine cycle, the answer is yes and method 1200 proceeds to 1208. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1200 proceeds to 1230.

At 1230, method 1200 judges whether or not the engine is operating in the valve deactivation mode. Method 1200 may determine that the engine is operating in a valve deactivation mode if the intake and/or exhaust valves of the engine cylinders remain closed and do not open and close during the engine cycle. If method 1200 determines that the engine is operating in the valve deactivation mode, the answer is yes and method 1200 proceeds to 1232. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1200 proceeds to 1210.

At 1232, method 1200 counts the amount of time that one or more cylinders have valves in a deactivated state to determine the amount of time that the engine is in the deactivated mode. The engine may have more than one deactivated mode, and the time in each deactivated mode may be determined. For example, an eight cylinder engine may deactivate two cylinders or four cylinders to provide two deactivation modes. The first deactivation mode is when two cylinders are deactivated and the second deactivation mode is when four cylinders are deactivated. Method 1200 determines the amount of time that the engine has two deactivated cylinders and the amount of time that the engine has four deactivated cylinders. Method 1200 proceeds to 1210 after determining an amount of time that one or more engine cylinders are in a deactivated mode.

At 1208, method 1200 determines the amount of TIME to add or subtract from the VDE _ BUSY variable based on the amount of TIME one or more cylinders have deactivated valves and PAYBACK _ TIME. If the engine has deactivated cylinders in one mode for a short period of TIME relative to PAYBACK _ TIME, a larger number is added to the VDE _ BUSY variable. For example, when an eight cylinder engine is operating with an active valve in four cylinders for 4 seconds, the method 1200 may add the value 120 to the VDE _ BUSY variable when the variable PAYBACK _ TIME is 20. On the other hand, when an eight cylinder engine is operating with active valves in four cylinders for 19 seconds, the method 1200 may add the value 40 to the VDE _ BUSY variable when the variable PAYBACK _ TIME is 20. If an eight cylinder engine is operating with active valves in four cylinders for 45 seconds, method 1200 may add a value of-10 to the VDE _ BUSY variable when the variable PAYBACK _ TIME is 20. The value added to VDE _ BUSY may be a linear or non-linear function of the difference between the amount of TIME the engine spends in the cylinder deactivation mode and the value of PAYBACK _ TIME. After the value of VDE _ BUSY has been adjusted, method 1200 proceeds to 1210.

At 1210, method 1200 subtracts a predetermined amount or value from the VDE _ BUSY variable. For example, method 1210 may subtract a value of 5 from the VDE _ BUSY variable. The VDE _ BUSY variable may be driven toward a zero value by subtracting a predetermined amount from the VDE _ BUSY variable. The variable VDE _ BUSY is limited to a positive value greater than zero. Method 1200 proceeds to 1212 after subtracting a predetermined amount from the VDE _ BUSY variable.

At 1212, method 1200 judges whether or not cylinder valve deactivation is requested to reduce the number of active cylinders. Cylinder valve deactivation may be requested in response to a lower driver demand torque or other driving condition. If the method 1200 determines that cylinder valve deactivation is requested from the current cylinder mode or VDE mode, the answer is yes and the method 1200 proceeds to 1214. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1200 proceeds to 1240.

At 1240, method 1200 judges whether cylinder valve reactivation is requested to increase the number of active cylinders (e.g., whether intake valves of two cylinders are requested to be reactivated in response to an increase in driver requested torque). The cylinder valves may be reactivated to reactivate the cylinder. The cylinders may be reactivated in response to an increase in driver demand torque or other condition. If method 1200 determines that cylinder valve reactivation is requested, the answer is yes and method 1200 proceeds to 1244. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1200 proceeds to 1242.

At 1244, the method 1200 authorizes (authorize) reactivation of the deactivated cylinder valves and cylinders. The cylinder valves may be reactivated via the mechanisms shown in fig. 6A and 6B or other known mechanisms. Method 1200 proceeds to exit after the deactivated cylinder valves are authorized to be reactivated. The valves may be activated according to the method of FIG. 22.

At 1242, method 1200 does not authorize activation or deactivation of a different number of cylinder valves than the number of cylinder valves currently activated or deactivated. In other words, the number of valves and cylinders activated is maintained at its current value. After maintaining the current number of cylinders that are activated and deactivated, method 1200 proceeds to exit.

At 1214, method 1200 judges whether or not the amount of time since the cylinder valve reactivation request is greater than the value of variable VDE _ BUSY. If so, the answer is yes and the method 1200 proceeds to 1216. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1200 proceeds to 1242. In this manner, cylinder valve deactivation may be retarded until the amount of time between cylinder mode or VDE mode changes is greater than the value of VDE _ BUSY, which increases when the frequency of cylinder valve deactivation increases and decreases when the frequency of cylinder valve deactivation decreases.

At 1216, method 1200 authorizes deactivation of the selected cylinder valves to deactivate the selected cylinders. The deactivation of fuel supplied to the cylinder and spark supplied to the cylinder may also be authorized. The valves may be deactivated according to the method of fig. 22.

Referring now to FIG. 13, an engine operating sequence according to the method of FIG. 12 is shown. The vertical lines at times T1300-T1314 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 13 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. In this example, deactivating a cylinder means deactivating at least the intake valve of the deactivated cylinder such that the deactivated intake valve remains in a closed state throughout the engine cycle. In some examples, exhaust valves of deactivated cylinders are also deactivated such that the exhaust valves remain in a closed state during a cycle of the engine. Spark and fuel are not supplied to the deactivated cylinders such that combustion does not occur in the deactivated cylinders. Alternatively, cylinder deactivation may include ceasing combustion and fuel injection to the cylinder while the valve of the cylinder continues to operate.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 13 is a plot of cylinder deactivation request versus time. In response to a cylinder deactivation request, engine cylinders may be deactivated. The vertical axis represents cylinder deactivation requests and the horizontal axis represents time. Time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. In this example, the engine is an eight cylinder engine operable with four, six, or eight active cylinders. The numbers along the vertical axis identify which cylinders are or are not requested to be deactivated. For example, when the trace is at a level of 8, no cylinders are requested to be deactivated. When the trace is at a level of 6, two cylinders are requested to be deactivated. When the trace is at a level of 4, four cylinders are requested to be deactivated. The cylinder deactivation request may be based on driver requested torque or other vehicle conditions. In some examples, only the intake valves of the cylinders are deactivated to deactivate the cylinders. In other examples, the intake and exhaust valves are deactivated to deactivate the cylinder. If the cylinder is deactivated, spark and fuel flow to the cylinder is stopped.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 13 is a plot of cylinder activation state versus time. The cylinder activation state provides the actual operating state of the engine cylinder. The vertical axis represents cylinder activation and the horizontal axis represents time. The numbers along the vertical axis identify which cylinders are activated. For example, when the trace is at a level of 8, all cylinders are activated. If the trace is at a level of 6, six cylinders are activated. When the trace is at a level of 4, four cylinders are activated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 13 is a plot of the amount of time the engine is in the first cylinder mode, in this example six cylinders operating. The vertical axis represents the amount of time in the first cylinder mode, and the time in the first cylinder mode increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 13 is a plot of the amount of time the engine is in the second cylinder mode, in this example four cylinders operating. The vertical axis represents the amount of time in the second cylinder mode, and the time in the second cylinder mode increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of FIG. 13 is the value of the VDE _ BUSY variable for the first cylinder valve deactivation mode, in this example six cylinders operating. The vertical axis represents the value of the VDE _ BUSY variable in the first cylinder mode. This value corresponds to the amount of time that must elapse before the first cylinder mode can be entered after a request to enter the first cylinder mode. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of FIG. 13 is the value of the VDE _ BUSY variable for the second cylinder mode, in this example four cylinders operating. The vertical axis represents the value of the VDE _ BUSY variable in the second cylinder mode. This value corresponds to the amount of time that must elapse before the second cylinder mode can be entered after a request to enter the second cylinder mode is requested. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T1300, the engine is operating with all valves and cylinders active, as indicated by the value of the cylinder activation status being 8. A cylinder deactivation request is not requested to deactivate any valves or cylinders, and the amount of time in the first and second cylinder modes is zero. The VDE _ BUSY variable for the first cylinder mode for deactivating cylinders is zero. The VDE _ BUSY variable for the second cylinder mode for deactivating cylinders is also zero.

At time T1301, the cylinder deactivation request changes states to request that the valves of two cylinders be deactivated so that the eight cylinder engine operates with six active cylinders. The cylinder activation state changes state to indicate valve operation of the engine with six active cylinders and two deactivated cylinders. Because the engine is in the first cylinder mode (e.g., operating with six active cylinders), time begins to accumulate in the first cylinder mode. Because the engine is not operating in the second cylinder mode (e.g., operating with four active cylinders), there is no time accumulation in the second cylinder mode. Since the engine has not exited the first cylinder mode or the second cylinder mode, the variable for the first cylinder mode VDE _ BUSY and the variable for the second cylinder mode VDE _ BUSY are zero.

At time T1302, the cylinder deactivation request changes state to request that the cylinder-less valves be deactivated so that the engine operates as an eight cylinder engine. The cylinder activation state changes state to indicate that the engine is operating with eight active cylinders and without deactivated valves. Because the engine is operating all cylinder valves and is operating as an eight cylinder engine, the time accumulation stops in the first cylinder mode. Because the engine is not operating in the second cylinder mode, there is no time accumulation in the second cylinder mode. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is increased based on the duration the engine is in the first cylinder mode.

At time T1303, the cylinder deactivation request again changes state to request deactivation of the valves of two cylinders, such that the eight-cylinder engine operates with six active cylinders. Because the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is greater than the variable PAYBACK _ TIME (not shown), the cylinder activation state does not change state. Each time the method is performed, the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode decreases as a result of the predetermined amount of time being subtracted from VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode. Because the engine is not operating in the second cylinder mode (e.g., operating with four active cylinders), there is no time accumulation in the second cylinder mode. Since the engine has not exited the second cylinder mode, VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is zero.

At TIME T1304, the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is equal to or less than the value of the variable PAYBACK _ TIME, so the cylinder valves are deactivated to provide six cylinder engine operation, as indicated by the transition of the cylinder activation state to a level indicative of six cylinder engine operation. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode begins to increase. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode remains zero. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder valve deactivation mode continues to decrease and the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder valve deactivation mode remains zero.

At time T1305, the value of the cylinder deactivation request transitions back to 8. The value of the cylinder activation state is also converted back to 8 based on the cylinder deactivation request. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode is small, so the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is increased by a larger amount. Because the engine is not in the second cylinder mode, the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is zero. Shortly thereafter, the cylinder deactivation request transitions to a value of 6 to request deactivation of valves in two engine cylinders, such that the engine operates as a six-cylinder engine to combust an air-fuel mixture in six of the eight cylinders. However, the engine is not switched to six-cylinder operation, as indicated by the value of the cylinder activation state remaining at 8. Because the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is greater than the value of the variable PAYBACK _ TIME (not shown), the engine is not switched to the six cylinder mode and the valves of both cylinders are deactivated.

At time T1306, the engine transitions to a six cylinder mode where the cylinder valves in two engine cylinders are deactivated to deactivate two cylinders. The two deactivated cylinders are not provided with fuel and spark. The value of the cylinder activation state is converted to 6 to indicate that the engine is operating in a six cylinder mode with cylinder valves in two cylinders deactivated. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode begins to increase. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode remains zero. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode continues to decrease and the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode remains zero.

At time T1307, the cylinder deactivation request transitions to 8 to request eight active cylinders. The amount of time that the engine is operating in the first cylinder mode is long, so the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first mode is revised to a small value. The value of the cylinder activation status is converted to 8 to indicate that the engine has activated all eight cylinders and valves. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode is zero and the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is zero.

At time T1308, the value of the cylinder deactivation request is converted to 6 in response to a reduced driver demand torque (not shown). At approximately the same time, the value of the cylinder activation state also transitions to 6 based on the cylinder deactivation request. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode begins to increase and the amount of time in the second cylinder mode remains zero. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first and second valve deactivation modes is zero.

At time T1309, the value of the cylinder deactivation request is converted to 4 in response to the driver requested torque (not shown). The value of the cylinder activation state also transitions to 4 in response to the cylinder deactivation request value. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode transitions to zero and the value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode is set to zero. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode begins to increase and the VDE _ BUSY value for the second cylinder valve deactivation mode remains at a zero value.

At time T1310, the value of the cylinder valve deactivation request is switched back to 6 in response to an increase in driver demand torque (not shown). In response to the value of the cylinder deactivation request, the value of the cylinder activation state transitions back to 6. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder valve deactivation mode is increased in response to a short amount of time that the engine is operating in the four cylinder mode. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode begins to increase and the amount of time in the second cylinder mode is set to zero.

At time T1311, the cylinder deactivation request transitions back to 4 in response to a decrease in driver requested torque (not shown). Because the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is greater than the value of the variable PAYBACK _ TIME (not shown), the value of the cylinder activation status remains 6. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode continues to increase and the amount of time in the second cylinder mode remains zero. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder valve deactivation mode remains zero.

At time T1312, the value of the cylinder deactivation request is converted back to 6 in response to an increase in driver demand torque (not shown). The value of the cylinder activation status is 6 based on the value of the cylinder deactivation request. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode continues to increase and the amount of time in the second cylinder mode is zero. Since the engine is not transitioning out of the second cylinder mode, the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode continues to decrease.

At time T1313, the value of the cylinder deactivation request is converted to 4 in response to a decrease in driver demand torque (not shown). Because the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is greater than the value of the variable PAYBACK _ TIME (not shown), the value of the cylinder activation status remains at 6. Thus, even if the value of the cylinder deactivation request is 4, the valves of both cylinders are deactivated. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode continues to increase and the amount of time in the second cylinder mode remains zero. The value of VDE _ BUSY for the first cylinder mode remains zero.

At TIME T1314, in response to the value of PAYBACK _ TIME (not shown), the value of the cylinder deactivation request remains 4, and the value of the cylinder activation state transitions to 4. Thus, the valves of the four cylinders are deactivated and the four cylinders are activated. The amount of time in the first cylinder mode transitions to zero and the VDE _ BUSY value for the first cylinder mode is set to zero. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode begins to increase and the VDE _ BUSY value for the second cylinder mode continues to decrease.

At time T1315, the value of the cylinder deactivation request transitions to 8 to request activation of all cylinder valves and cylinders. The value of the cylinder activation status is converted to 8 to indicate that all cylinder valves and cylinders are activated. The amount of time in the second cylinder mode is long, so the value of VDE _ BUSY for the second cylinder mode is made small, allowing for a quick transition to the four cylinder mode in which the cylinder valves of the four cylinders are deactivated.

Thus, it may be observed that various cylinder modes may be prevented from being entered based on the amount of time in cylinder mode relative to the payback time. In addition, the cylinder mode is not locked in response to how frequently the cylinder mode is switched. Conversely, entering various cylinder modes may be delayed by different amounts of time to reduce the driver's perception of how frequently the cylinder modes are switched.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a method for evaluating engine brake torque in the available cylinder mode as a basis for selectively allowing cylinder deactivation is shown. The method of fig. 14 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 14 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 14 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1402, method 1400 determines a desired engine torque and a current engine speed. Engine speed may be determined via an engine position or speed sensor. The amount of time it takes for the engine to travel between the two positions is the engine speed. The desired engine torque may be determined based on the driver demand torque. In one example, the driver demand torque is based on an accelerator pedal position and a vehicle speed. The accelerator pedal position and vehicle speed index a table of empirically determined driver demand torque values. The driver demand torque value corresponds to a desired torque at a location along the driveline. The location along the drive train may be an engine crankshaft, a transmission input shaft, a transmission output shaft, or wheels. If the driver demand torque is engine torque, the output from the table is the desired or demanded engine torque. The torque at other locations along the driveline may be determined by adjusting the desired torque at one location based on the gear ratio, torque multiplier, losses, and torque capacity of the clutch.

For example, if the driver demand torque is a wheel torque, the engine torque may be determined by multiplying the driver demand torque (or the desired wheel torque) by a gear ratio between the wheels and the engine. Additionally, if the driveline includes a torque converter, the desired wheel torque may be divided by a torque converter torque multiplication factor to determine the engine torque. The torque transferred via the clutch can be estimated as a multiplier (multiplier). For example, if the clutch is not slipping, the torque input to the clutch is equal to the torque output from the clutch, and the multiplier value is 1. The torque input to the clutch is multiplied by 1 to give the clutch output torque. If the clutch slips, the multiplier is a value from 0 to less than 1. The multiplier value may be based on a torque capacity of the clutch. Method 1400 proceeds to 1404.

At 1404, method 1400 determines the cylinder modes that can provide the desired engine torque. In one example, an engine torque table may be provided that describes maximum engine torque output as a function of cylinder mode and engine speed. The desired engine torque is compared to engine cylinder valve timing and barometric pressure compensation outputs from an engine torque table indexed by cylinder mode at the current engine speed, barometric pressure, and cylinder valve timing (e.g., intake valve closing timing). If the torque value output by the engine torque table is greater than the desired engine torque plus the offset torque, the cylinder mode corresponding to the torque output by the table may be determined to be the cylinder mode that provides the desired engine torque. The values stored in the engine torque table may be empirically determined and stored to the controller memory.

An example of an engine braking torque table is shown in table 1. The table is an engine torque table for a four cylinder engine. The engine torque table may include torque output values for the three-cylinder mode; a mode with two active cylinders; a mode with three active cylinders and a mode with four active cylinders. The engine torque meter may also include a plurality of engine speeds. The torque values between engine speeds may be interpolated.

Table 1:

table 1.

Thus, Table 1 includes a row for the active cylinder mode and a column for engine speed. In the example, Table 1 outputs torque values in units of N-m. The engine braking torque output from the braking torque table may be adjusted by a function based on spark timing from minimum spark at best torque (MBT), intake valve closing time from nominal intake valve closing time, engine air-fuel ratio, and engine temperature. The function outputs an empirically determined multiplier that modifies the engine brake torque value output from the engine brake torque table. The desired engine braking torque is compared to a modified value output from the engine braking torque table. Note that the desired wheel torque may be converted to the desired engine torque by multiplying the desired wheel torque by a gear between the wheel and the engine. Additionally, determining the engine torque may include modifying the wheel torque based on a torque multiplication of a transmission torque converter. Additionally or alternatively, cylinder patterns including different firing orders or active cylinders in an engine cycle may also be used as a basis for indexing and storing values in an engine braking torque table. Method 1400 proceeds to 1406.

At 1406, method 1400 allows the cylinder mode that provides the desired engine torque to be enabled. The allowed cylinder mode may be enabled at 716 of FIG. 7.

Using the example of table 1: table 1 is indexed by engine speed and cylinder mode. The cylinder mode starts with a minimum value, two in this example, and it increases until a maximum cylinder mode is reached. For example, if the engine is operating at 1000RPM and the desired engine torque is 54N-m, Table 1 outputs the following values: 48N-m corresponding to 1000RPM and cylinder mode two (e.g., two active cylinders), 74N-m corresponding to 1000RPM and cylinder mode three (e.g., three active cylinders), and 96N-m corresponding to 1000RPM and cylinder mode four (e.g., four active cylinders). The cylinder mode with two active cylinders is not allowed at 1000RPM because the two active cylinders lack the ability to provide the desired 74N-m torque. Cylinder modes with three and four cylinders are allowed. In some examples, the desired engine torque plus a predetermined offset is compared to a value output from the table. If the desired engine torque plus the predetermined offset is greater than the output from the table, the cylinder mode corresponding to the table output is not allowed. The allowed and disallowed cylinder modes may be indicated by variable values stored in memory. For example, if the three-cylinder mode is allowed at 1000RPM, the variable in memory corresponding to the three-cylinder mode may be filled with a value of 1 at 1000 RPM. If cylinder mode three is not allowed at 500RPM, the variable in memory corresponding to cylinder mode three may be filled with a value of zero at 500 RPM. The method 1400 proceeds to exit.

Thus, the engine cylinder mode and the engine brake torque available in the cylinder mode may be the basis for determining which cylinder mode the engine is operating in. In addition, the cylinder mode with lower fuel consumption may be preferentially selected, so that fuel can be saved.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a method for estimating engine fuel consumption in the available cylinder mode as a basis for selectively allowing cylinder deactivation is shown. The method of fig. 15 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 15 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 15 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1502, method 1500 determines a desired engine torque and a current engine speed. Engine speed may be determined via an engine position or speed sensor. Method 1500 proceeds to 1504.

At 1504, method 1500 determines a cylinder mode that can provide a desired engine torque. In one example, the cylinder mode that can provide the desired engine torque is determined as described in FIG. 14.

At 1506, method 1500 estimates fuel consumption in the allowed cylinder mode. The allowed cylinder modes are from 1406 of FIG. 14. In one example, a brake ratio fuel consumption value is output by a brake ratio fuel table or function indexed by cylinder mode, engine speed, and desired engine torque from the allowed cylinder modes of FIG. 14. The values stored in the brake ratio fuel table may be empirically determined and stored to the controller memory. The brake ratio fuel consumption value may be adjusted by a function based on spark timing from a best torque minimum spark (MBT), intake valve closing time from nominal intake valve closing time, engine air-fuel ratio, and engine temperature. The function outputs an empirically determined multiplier that modifies the brake ratio fuel consumption value output from the table. The brake ratio fuel value for each allowed cylinder mode at the current engine speed is output from the brake ratio fuel table. For example, from the example described at 1406, the actual number of active cylinders is 3 and 4 because the three and four cylinder modes provide the desired engine torque. Method 1500 proceeds to 1508.

At 1508, method 1500 compares fuel consumption for the allowed cylinder modes capable of providing the requested torque. In one example, the current engine fuel consumption, which may be determined by the current engine fuel flow rate, is compared to a value output from a brake ratio fuel table for the allowed cylinder mode. The comparison may be performed by subtracting a value output from a brake ratio fuel table from the current engine fuel consumption rate. Alternatively, the comparison may be based on dividing the current engine fuel consumption value by the value output from the brake ratio fuel gauge. A cylinder mode that provides greater than a threshold percentage of engine fuel economy improvement over the current cylinder mode is allowed.

Thus, the cylinder mode and the fuel consumption in the cylinder mode may be the basis for determining which cylinder mode the engine is operating in. In addition, the cylinder mode with lower fuel consumption may be preferentially selected, so that fuel may be saved.

Referring now to fig. 16, a method for evaluating cam phasing rate for cam torque actuated cam phasing is shown. The method of fig. 16 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 16 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 16 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof. Method 1600 may be performed for each engine camshaft.

At 1602, method 1600 determines engine conditions. The engine conditions may include, but are not limited to, the actual total number of cylinder valves deactivated during an engine cycle, engine speed, driver demanded torque, vehicle speed, engine temperature, and ambient temperature. Method 1600 proceeds to 1604 after operating conditions are determined.

At 1604, method 1600 judges whether or not one or more cylinder valves are deactivated. Method 1600 may determine that one or more cylinders are deactivated based on values of bits stored in memory, outputs of sensors measuring valve operator position, cylinder pressure sensors, or other sensors. If method 1600 determines that one or more cylinder valves are deactivated, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1606. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 1600 proceeds to 1634.

At 1606, method 1600 judges whether camshaft position adjustment relative to crankshaft position is desired. For example, method 1600 determines if it is desired to advance camshaft timing 5 degrees relative to crankshaft timing such that after adjusting camshaft position, the intake or exhaust valve opens 5 crankshaft degrees earlier. Camshaft position may be adjusted in response to driver demand torque and engine speed. If the driver demand torque increases rapidly and the engine speed increases rapidly, it may be desirable to adjust the camshaft position relative to the crankshaft position at a higher rate so that the engine provides the desired amount of torque and engine emissions. In one example, method 1600 determines whether a camshaft position adjustment is desired based on a current camshaft position relative to a crankshaft position and changes in driver demand torque and engine speed. If method 1600 determines that camshaft position adjustment is desired, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1608. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 1600 proceeds to 1634. In some examples, 1606 may be omitted, and method 1600 may simply proceed to 1608.

At 1608, method 1600 determines a desired rate of change of camshaft position relative to crankshaft position. In one example, method 1600 determines a desired rate of change of camshaft position based on a rate of change of driver demand torque. If the rate of change of the driver demand torque is low, the rate of change of the camshaft position with respect to the crankshaft position is low. If the rate of change of the driver demand torque is high, the rate of change of the camshaft position relative to the crankshaft position is high. For example, when the driver demand torque variation is low (e.g., 5N-m/sec), the camshaft may be advanced at 0.5 crank degrees per second. However, if the variation in driver demand torque is high (e.g., 200N-m/sec), the camshaft may be advanced at 5 crank degrees per second. In one example, the desired rate of change of camshaft position relative to crankshaft position is determined empirically and stored to memory as a table or function. A table or function is indexed based on the rate of change of driver demand torque, which outputs a desired rate of change of camshaft position relative to crankshaft position. After determining the desired rate of change of camshaft position, method 1600 proceeds to 1610.

At 1610, method 1600 judges whether the actual total number of active cylinder valves currently operating (e.g., valves open and closed during an engine cycle) is sufficient to move the camshaft relative to the crankshaft at the desired rate. In one example, the table or function describes a rate of change of camshaft position relative to crankshaft position based on an actual total number of active cylinder valves. The table is indexed via the actual total number of active valves and outputs the rate of change of camshaft position relative to crankshaft position. The values in the table or function are empirically determined and stored in memory. The output from the table or function is compared to the value determined at 1608. If the rate of change of the camshaft position from 1610 is greater than the rate of change of the camshaft position from 1608, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1634. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 1600 proceeds to 1612.

At 1612, method 1600 judges whether or not the camshaft is operating both the intake and exhaust valves. In one example, if the value of the bit in memory is zero, the bit identifies the camshaft as operating only the intake valve. If the value of bit is 1, the camshaft operates both the intake and exhaust valves. If method 1600 determines that the camshaft is operating the intake and exhaust valves, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1630. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 1600 proceeds to 1614.

At 1614, method 1600 judges whether or not the camshaft is an intake camshaft. Method 1600 may determine whether the camshaft is an intake camshaft based on a value of a bit stored in memory. This bit may be programmed at the time of manufacture. If method 1600 determines that the camshaft is the intake camshaft, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1616. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1600 proceeds to 1620.

At 1620, method 1600 authorizes activation of one or more deactivated exhaust valves. In one example, the desired rate of change of the exhaust camshaft position relative to the crankshaft position, determined at 1608, is used to index a table or function of empirically determined values describing the actual total number of valves that must be operated to provide the desired rate of adjustment of the exhaust camshaft position relative to the crankshaft position. Method 1600 requests or authorizes operation of an actual total number of exhaust valves output from the table or function. With or without activation of the cylinder including the activated exhaust valve, the exhaust valve may be activated. If the driver demand torque increases, the cylinders with the activated exhaust valves may be activated to increase engine torque while increasing camshaft position changes. If the driver demand torque decreases, the cylinders with the activated exhaust valves may not be activated so that fuel consumption may be reduced. Method 1600 proceeds to 1634.

At 1634, method 1600 moves the camshaft and operates the valves for operating conditions after the camshaft is moved. The camshaft may be moved when the valves are activated to move the camshaft as quickly as possible to a desired position. After the camshaft reaches its desired position relative to the crankshaft position, the cylinder valves may be deactivated based on vehicle conditions other than a desired rate of change of camshaft position. In this manner, the valves may be reactivated to increase the rate at which the camshaft position moves relative to the crankshaft position. When the cylinder valves are reactivated, the engine cylinders may also be reactivated. Method 1600 proceeds to exit after the camshaft begins to move to its desired new position based on the driver requested torque and engine speed.

At 1616, method 1600 authorizes activation of one or more deactivated intake valves. In one example, the desired rate of change of intake camshaft position relative to crankshaft position, determined at 1608, is used to index a table or function of empirically determined values describing the actual total number of valves that must be operated to provide the desired rate of adjustment of intake camshaft position relative to crankshaft position. The method 1600 requests or authorizes operation of the intake valve for the actual total number output from the table or function. A cylinder including an activated intake valve may be activated or not burn air and fuel during an engine cycle when the intake valve is operating. In one example, a cylinder having an activated intake valve combusts air and fuel during an engine cycle in response to an increase in driver demand torque. In response to a decrease in driver demand torque, a cylinder having an activated intake valve may not combust air and fuel during an engine cycle. As depicted in FIG. 22, the deactivated intake valves may be activated.

Further, method 1600 may increase the amount of boost provided to the engine such that additional boost may blow exhaust gases out of the cylinder that is reactivated before the exhaust valve of the cylinder closes. By purging exhaust gases from the cylinder, combustion stability may be improved and the cylinder may provide additional power. Further, the amount of overlap (e.g., opening time) between the intake and exhaust valves of a cylinder may be increased to further allow pressurized air from the intake manifold to purge the activated cylinder. Method 1600 proceeds to 1634 after the intake valve is activated.

At 1630, method 1600 judges whether or not engine noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) is less than a threshold level if one or more cylinders are reactivated and combustion occurs in the reactivated cylinders. In one example, method 1600 determines whether reactivating one or more cylinders including combusting air and fuel in the reactivated cylinders will produce greater than desired NVH based on an output of a table or function describing engine and/or powertrain NVH. The table is indexed via engine speed, driver demand torque, and cylinder mode being enabled (e.g., four or six cylinder mode). The table outputs empirically determined values via, for example, a microphone or accelerometer. If the output value is less than the threshold, the answer is yes and method 1600 proceeds to 1632. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 1600 proceeds to 1640.

At 1632, method 1600 authorizes activation of one or more cylinders by activating valves of the cylinders and supplying fuel, air, and spark to the cylinders. The cylinders begin to combust air and fuel when reactivated. Thus, if reactivating one or more cylinders to increase the rate of change of camshaft position produces less objectionable NVH, the cylinders are reactivated by reactivating their valves and initiating combustion in the reactivated cylinders. Method 1600 proceeds to 1634.

At 1640, method 1600 authorizes activation of one or more valves of deactivated cylinders that do not combust air and fuel. If the cylinder includes deactivated intake and exhaust valves, only the exhaust valves of the cylinder may be activated to increase the rate of adjustment of the camshaft position relative to the crankshaft position. By reactivating only the exhaust valves of the cylinders, cam torque may be increased to improve camshaft position adjustment relative to crankshaft position without having to flow air through the cylinders. Stopping the flow of gas through the cylinder may help keep the catalyst temperature elevated and maintain a desired amount of oxygen in the catalyst. If both the intake and exhaust valves of a cylinder are reactivated, air may flow through the cylinder after the intake and exhaust valves are activated. Spark and fuel are not supplied to the cylinders with reactivated valves so that NVH may not be degraded. Method 1600 proceeds to 1642.

At 1642, method 1600 increases the amount of fuel delivered to the active cylinder combusting the air and fuel to enrich the mixture combusted by the active cylinder if air is flowing through the cylinder with one or more valves authorized to be activated at 1640. By enriching the mixture of active cylinders combusting air and fuel as air flows through the cylinders, desired levels of hydrocarbons and oxygen in the catalyst may be maintained so that the catalyst may efficiently convert exhaust gases. For example, if cylinder number eight of an eight cylinder engine has its intake and exhaust valves reactivated while cylinder number eight does not combust air and fuel, the air-fuel ratio of cylinder number one that combusted air and fuel may be enriched to improve or maintain catalyst efficiency. Method 1600 proceeds to 1634 after the air/fuel ratio of the at least one cylinder is enriched.

Referring now to FIG. 17, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 16 is shown. The vertical lines at times T1700-T1704 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 17 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. In this example, the engine is a four cylinder engine with a firing order of 1-3-4-2.

Cylinders

2 and 3 have deactivation valve operators for deactivating

cylinders

3 and 4. The valves of

cylinders

1 and 4 are always kept active.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 17 is a plot of camshaft movement request versus time. The camshaft movement request is a request to change a position of the camshaft relative to a position of the crankshaft. For example, if the camshaft has a lobe that begins opening the intake valve of cylinder number one of the engine 370 crank degrees before a top dead center compression stroke (e.g., a crankshaft zero degree position), the position of the camshaft may be shifted relative to the crankshaft such that the camshaft lobe begins opening the intake valve of cylinder number one of the engine 380 crank degrees before the top dead center compression stroke. Thus, in this example, the relative position of the camshaft is advanced 10 crank degrees relative to the crankshaft position.

The vertical axis represents a camshaft movement request. When it is desired to move the engine camshaft relative to the engine crankshaft, the cam movement request trace is at a higher level and asserted (alert). When it is not desired to move the engine camshaft relative to the engine crankshaft, the cam movement request trace is at a lower level and is not asserted. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 17 is a plot of camshaft position versus time. The vertical axis represents the camshaft position and the camshaft is more advanced in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 17 is a plot of deactivated cylinder intake valve states. In this example, the deactivated cylinders may be cylinder number two or cylinder number three. The deactivated cylinder intake valve state indicates whether the intake valves of the deactivated cylinders are activated (e.g., opened and closed during an engine cycle) or deactivated (e.g., held closed throughout an engine cycle). The vertical axis represents the intake valve state of the deactivated cylinder. When the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, the deactivated cylinder intake valve is active. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the deactivated cylinder intake valves are deactivated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 17 is for a deactivated cylinder exhaust valve state. In this example, the deactivated cylinders may be cylinder number two or cylinder number three. The deactivated cylinder exhaust valve state indicates whether the exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinders are activated (e.g., opened and closed during an engine cycle) or deactivated (e.g., held closed during the entire engine cycle). The vertical axis represents deactivated cylinder exhaust valve state. Deactivated cylinder exhaust valves are active when the traces are at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. Deactivated cylinder exhaust valves are deactivated when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of FIG. 17 is a plot of deactivated cylinder fuel flow conditions. In this example, the deactivated cylinder may be cylinder number two or cylinder number three. The deactivated cylinder fuel flow state indicates whether fuel is flowing to the deactivated cylinder. The vertical axis represents deactivated cylinder fuel flow conditions. When the deactivated cylinder fuel flow trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, fuel flows to the deactivated cylinder. When the deactivated cylinder fuel flow trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, fuel does not flow to the deactivated cylinders. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of FIG. 17 is a plot of active cylinder fuel-air ratio. In this example, the active cylinder may be cylinder number one or cylinder number four. The vertical axis represents the active cylinder air-fuel ratio, and the air-fuel ratio increases (e.g., becomes leaner) in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 1702 represents a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

At time T1700, there is no camshaft movement request and the camshaft is relatively retarded. The deactivated cylinder intake valve state indicates that the deactivated cylinder intake valve is deactivated (e.g., not opened during a cycle of the engine). The deactivated cylinder exhaust valve state indicates that the deactivated cylinder exhaust valves are deactivated (e.g., not open during a cycle of the engine). The active cylinder is operating at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and no fuel is flowing to the deactivated cylinder, as indicated by the deactivated cylinder fuel flow state being at a low level.

At time T1701, the camshaft movement request is asserted requesting a camshaft position change relative to the engine crankshaft position. The request may be initiated by an increase in driver demand torque or a change in another operating condition. The rate of change of engine camshaft position relative to engine crankshaft position (not shown) is greater than that achievable with deactivated cylinders having intake and exhaust valves deactivated because fewer valves are operated to provide less torque to actuate camshaft motion. Thus, the intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinder are reactivated, as indicated by the deactivated cylinder transitioning to a higher level of intake and exhaust valve states to indicate that the intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinder are reactivated. Further, fuel flows to the deactivated cylinders and combustion is initiated in the deactivated cylinders (not shown). Camshaft position is advanced when deactivated cylinders intake and exhaust valves are activated. The air-fuel ratio of the active cylinder is stoichiometric.

At time T1702, the camshaft movement request transitions to an undecided state. When the camshaft reaches its destination, the camshaft movement request may be converted to be unanswered. Additionally, fuel stops flowing to the deactivated cylinders and combustion stops in the deactivated cylinders (not shown). The camshaft position reaches the intermediate advanced position and remains in its position. The air-fuel ratio of the active cylinder is kept stoichiometric.

At time T1703, the camshaft movement request is again asserted requesting a camshaft position change relative to the engine crankshaft position. The request may be initiated by an increase in driver demand torque or a change in another operating condition. The rate of change of engine camshaft position relative to engine crankshaft position (not shown) is greater than that achievable with deactivated cylinders having intake and exhaust valves deactivated because fewer valves are operated to provide less torque to actuate camshaft motion. Thus, the intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinder are reactivated, as indicated by the deactivated cylinder transitioning to a higher level of intake and exhaust valve states to indicate that the intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinder are reactivated. The fuel flow to the deactivated cylinders remains stopped. In this example, combustion is no longer reinitiated in the deactivated cylinders because it is expected that reactivating the deactivated cylinders will result in greater than desired NVH levels. Camshaft position is advanced when deactivated cylinders intake and exhaust valves are activated. The air-fuel ratio of the active cylinders is enriched such that stoichiometric exhaust gas is provided to the catalyst when the enriched exhaust gas from the active cylinders meets oxygen from the inactive cylinders.

At time T1704, the camshaft movement request transitions to an undecided state. When the camshaft reaches its destination, the camshaft movement request may be converted to unasserted. In addition, intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinders are deactivated, as indicated by the deactivated cylinders intake and exhaust valve states. The camshaft position reaches the fully advanced position and is maintained at its position. By making the air-fuel mixture of the deactivated cylinders lean, the air-fuel ratio of the active cylinders is switched back to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.

In this manner, the cylinder intake and exhaust valves that have been deactivated may be reactivated to provide faster position adjustment to the engine camshaft. Additionally, stoichiometric exhaust gas may be provided to the catalyst to maintain catalyst efficiency, whether air or exhaust flow is from the deactivated cylinders.

Referring now to FIG. 18, a method for determining whether to shift transmission gears when evaluating a cylinder mode change is shown. The method of fig. 18 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 18 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 18 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 1802, method 1800 determines a desired wheel torque. In one example, the desired wheel torque is determined based on an accelerator pedal position and a vehicle speed. For example, accelerator pedal position and wheel speed index a table that outputs a desired wheel torque. The values in the table may be empirically determined and stored in the controller memory. In other examples, the accelerator pedal position and vehicle speed may index a table that outputs a desired engine brake torque or torque at another location of the driveline (e.g., a transmission input shaft). The output from the table is multiplied by the gear ratio between torque positions (e.g., engine), torque converter multiplication, and driveline torque loss to estimate the desired wheel torque. Method 1800 proceeds to 1804.

At 1804, method 1800 determines the currently selected transmission gear. Method 1800 may determine the currently selected transmission gear via a value of a location in controller memory. For example, the variables in memory may range from a value of 1 to a value of 10, which indicates the currently selected gear ratio. Method 1800 proceeds to 1806.

At 1806, method 1800 estimates engine fuel consumption in the cylinder mode that can provide the desired wheel torque in the current transmission gear. Method 1800 determines the engine brake ratio fuel consumption in the current transmission gear according to the method of fig. 15. Method 1800 proceeds to 1808.

At 1808, method 1800 estimates engine fuel consumption in cylinder mode that can provide the desired wheel torque in the next higher transmission gear. For example, if the transmission is currently in third gear, engine fuel consumption is determined that provides equivalent wheel torque with the transmission in fourth gear. In one example, method 1800 determines engine brake specific fuel consumption in the next higher transmission gear as follows: the current vehicle speed is divided by the gear ratio between the engine and the wheels comprising the next higher transmission gear to estimate the engine speed in the next higher transmission gear. The current wheel torque is divided by the gear ratio between the engine and the wheels to estimate the engine torque used to provide the equivalent wheel torque in the next higher transmission gear. The transmission ratio between the engine and the wheels can also be compensated for by a hydrodynamic torque converter, if present. Using the estimate of engine torque in the next higher gear that provides equivalent wheel torque to the current wheel torque, method 1800 determines the cylinder mode that can provide the desired wheel torque in the next higher transmission gear according to the method of fig. 14. Note that the current wheel torque may be the desired wheel torque. The estimated engine fuel consumption is then determined as described in the description of the method of FIG. 15. Method 1800 proceeds to 1810.

At 1810, method 1800 estimates engine fuel consumption in the cylinder mode that may provide the desired wheel torque in the next lower transmission gear. For example, if the transmission is currently in third gear, engine fuel consumption is determined that provides equivalent wheel torque with the transmission in second gear. In one example, method 1800 determines engine brake specific fuel consumption in the next lower transmission gear as follows: the current vehicle speed is divided by the gear ratio between the engine and the wheels comprising the next lower transmission gear to estimate the engine speed in the next lower transmission gear. The current wheel torque is divided by the gear ratio between the engine and the wheels to estimate the engine torque used to provide the equivalent wheel torque in the next lower transmission gear. The transmission ratio between the engine and the wheels can also be compensated for by a hydrodynamic torque converter, if present. Using the estimate of engine torque in the next lower gear that provides equivalent wheel torque to the current wheel torque, method 1800 determines the cylinder mode that can provide the desired wheel torque in the next lower transmission gear according to the method of fig. 14. Note that the current wheel torque may be the desired wheel torque. The estimated engine fuel consumption is then determined as described in the description of the method of FIG. 15. Method 1800 proceeds to 1812.

In some examples, method 1800 estimates engine fuel consumption in cylinder mode that can provide the desired wheel torque for all transmission gears. For example, if the transmission is currently in third gear, and the transmission includes five forward gears, engine fuel consumption is determined that provides equivalent wheel torque with the transmission in

gears

1, 2, 4, and 5. In this way, whichever gear provides the greatest improvement in vehicle fuel economy may be selected.

At 1812, method 1800 allows for enabling transmission gears and cylinder modes that provide greater than a threshold percentage reduction in engine fuel consumption as compared to the current cylinder mode and transmission gear. In one example, the brake-specific engine fuel consumption in the engine cylinder mode that provides the desired engine torque or wheel torque in the next higher transmission gear is divided by the brake-specific engine fuel consumption in the current cylinder mode and in the current transmission gear. If the result is greater than the threshold, the engine cylinder mode that provides the desired engine torque or wheel torque in the next higher transmission gear is allowed. Likewise, the engine fuel consumption in the engine cylinder mode that provides the desired engine or wheel torque in the next lower transmission gear is compared to the engine fuel consumption in the current cylinder mode and the current transmission gear. If the result is greater than the threshold, the engine cylinder mode that provides the desired engine torque or wheel torque in the next lower transmission gear is allowed. Further, method 1800 may require that the expected noise level and the expected vibration level in the new gear (e.g., a gear higher or lower than the current transmission gear) be less than a threshold for noise and vibration. The noise and vibration levels may be evaluated as described in fig. 22. Additionally, if the engine knock sensor or other sensor detects engine vibration greater than a threshold after changing the transmission gear, the transmission may be shifted back to its previous gear state.

Referring now to FIG. 19, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 18 is shown. The vertical lines at times T1900-T1905 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 19 shows four graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. In this example, the vehicle maintains a constant speed, and the requested wheel torque varies to maintain a constant vehicle speed. The vehicle has a four-cylinder engine.

The first plot from the top of fig. 19 is a plot of requested wheel torque versus time. In one example, the requested wheel torque is based on an accelerator pedal position and a vehicle speed. The requested wheel torque increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 19 is a plot of active transmission gear versus time. The vertical axis represents the currently active transmission gear and indicates the transmission gear along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 19 is a plot of actual total number of active engine cylinders versus time. The actual total number of active engine cylinders is listed along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 19 is a plot of estimated engine fuel consumption versus time. The vertical axis represents the estimated engine fuel consumption, and the estimated engine fuel consumption increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Trace 1902 represents engine fuel consumption with the engine operating in third gear of the transmission. Trace 1904 represents engine fuel consumption for engine operation with the transmission in second gear.

At time T1900, the requested wheel torque is at a lower intermediate level and the transmission is in third gear. The actual total number of active engine cylinders is 2 and the estimated engine fuel consumption is an intermediate level.

Between time T1900 and time T1901, the requested wheel torque gradually increases. The active or current transmission gear is the third gear and the actual total number of active engine cylinders is 2. The estimated engine fuel consumption for operating the engine in the second gear is greater than the estimated engine fuel consumption for operating the engine in the third gear.

At time T1901, the wheel torque has increased to a value where the estimated engine fuel consumption for operating the engine when the transmission is in the second gear is less than the estimated fuel consumption for operating the engine when the transmission is in the third gear. Therefore, the transmission is downshifted to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. The number of active cylinders remains at a value of 2 and the estimated fuel consumption increases as the requested wheel torque increases.

At T1902, the number of active cylinders is increased from two to three in response to an increase in requested wheel torque. The requested wheel torque and engine fuel consumption continue to increase. The transmission remains in second gear.

At T1903, the number of active cylinders is increased from three to four in response to an increase in requested wheel torque. The requested wheel torque and engine fuel consumption continue to increase. The transmission remains in second gear when the requested wheel torque increases.

At time T1904, the requested wheel torque is decreasing and has decreased to a level where the estimated engine fuel consumption for operating the vehicle in the third gear is less than the estimated fuel consumption for operating the vehicle in the second gear. Therefore, the transmission gear is changed to the third gear. The actual total number of active cylinders is also decreased in response to the decreased requested wheel torque.

At 1904, the requested wheel torque has been reduced to a level where the actual total number of active cylinders is reduced from three to two. The transmission remains in third gear and the estimated engine fuel consumption decreases as the requested engine torque decreases.

Referring now to FIG. 20, a method for evaluating a tow/traction mode for selecting a cylinder mode or VDE mode is shown. The method of fig. 20 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 20 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 20 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

It may be more desirable to operate the cylinders during engine cycles with the intake and exhaust valves closed and air or exhaust gas trapped in the cylinders because the vehicle may coast for a longer amount of time due to the trapped air or exhaust gas providing a spring-like function that reduces the braking torque of the cylinders. In addition, closing the intake and exhaust valves limits the flow of gas to the catalyst in the exhaust system so that excess fuel does not have to be added to the engine exhaust to consume excess oxygen in the catalyst. However, during towing/traction mode and downhill mode, it may be desirable to provide a higher level of cylinder braking torque, and therefore it may be desirable to open and close the intake and exhaust valves.

At 2002, method 2000 judges whether or not the engine is in or should be in a deceleration fuel cut-off mode. In the deceleration fuel cut-off mode, one or more engine cylinders may be deactivated by stopping fuel flow to the cylinders. Additionally, the flow of gas through one or more cylinders may be stopped by deactivating intake or intake and exhaust valves of cylinders that are deactivated in a closed position as the engine rotates through the engine cycle. Accordingly, deactivated cylinders do not combust air and fuel. In one example, method 2000 determines that the engine should be in deceleration fuel cut-off mode when the driver demand decreases from a higher value to a lower value and the vehicle speed is greater than a threshold speed. If method 2000 determines that the engine should be in deceleration fuel cutoff mode, the answer is yes and method 2000 proceeds to 2004. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 2000 proceeds to 2020.

At 2020, method 2000 operates all engine cylinders and all cylinder valves are activated. Additionally, all of the engine cylinders combust an air and fuel mixture. Alternatively, if the driver torque request is low, less than all of the engine cylinders may be activated. After the cylinder is activated, method 2000 proceeds to exit.

At 2004, method 2000 determines whether the vehicle is in tow or traction mode. In one example, the method 2000 determines that the vehicle is in a tow or towing mode based on the operating state of a button, switch, or variable in memory. If method 2000 determines that the vehicle is in tow or tow mode, the answer is yes and method 2000 proceeds to 2006. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2000 proceeds to 2030.

When the vehicle is not in tow or traction mode, the vehicle may have a transmission that shifts according to a first shift schedule (e.g., the transmission shift is based on driver requested torque and vehicle speed). In the towing or towing mode, the transmission of the vehicle is shifted according to a second shift schedule. The second shift schedule may upshift at a higher driver-demanded torque and vehicle speed than the first shift schedule. The second shift schedule may downshift at higher vehicle speeds to increase driveline braking.

At 2006, method 2000 determines a desired engine braking torque amount for a cylinder that is not combusting air and fuel. In one example, the desired amount of engine brake torque may be empirically determined and input to a table or function. The table or function may be indexed via driver demanded torque, vehicle speed, and transmission gear. The table outputs a desired engine braking torque (e.g., a negative torque that the engine provides to the driveline to decelerate the vehicle driveline). After determining the desired engine braking torque, method 2000 proceeds to 2008.

At 2008, method 2000 shifts the transmission gear according to the second gear shift schedule. For example, at a driver demand torque greater than 50N-m and a vehicle speed of 16KPH, the transmission may be upshifted from a first gear to a second gear. The second transmission gear shift schedule upshifts the transmission gear at a higher engine speed and a higher vehicle speed than the first transmission gear shift schedule. The second transmission gear shift schedule also downshifts the transmission gear at a higher engine speed and a higher vehicle speed than the first transmission gear shift schedule to provide additional engine braking as compared to the first transmission gear shift schedule. The second transmission gear shift schedule upshifts the transmission gear at a lower engine speed and a lower vehicle speed than the third transmission gear shift schedule. The second transmission gear shift schedule downshifts the transmission gear at a lower engine speed and a lower vehicle speed than the third transmission gear shift schedule to provide less engine braking than the third transmission gear shift schedule. After shifting the transmission gears according to the second transmission shift schedule, method 2000 proceeds to 2010.

At 2010, method 2000 determines a cylinder deactivation pattern for each deactivated cylinder to achieve the desired engine braking torque provided via the deactivated cylinders. Note that the cylinder deactivation mode is different from the cylinder mode. The cylinder deactivation mode defines how the valves of the deactivated cylinders operate, while the cylinder mode defines the active cylinders and the actual total number of active cylinders. In one example, a cylinder having intake and exhaust valves that open and close during an engine cycle without fuel injection (e.g., a first cylinder deactivation mode) and combustion is assigned a first brake torque. Cylinders having intake valves that remain closed during the engine cycle and exhaust valves that open and close during the engine cycle without fuel injection (e.g., a second cylinder deactivation mode) are assigned a second braking torque. Cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that remain closed during an engine cycle without fuel injection (e.g., a third cylinder deactivation mode) are assigned a third braking torque. The first braking torque is greater than the second braking torque, and the second braking torque is greater than the third braking torque. Thus, the engine cylinders may provide three levels of braking torque in three different cylinder deactivation modes, and a desired braking torque may be provided by operating the different cylinders at different levels of braking torque generation.

In addition, the distributed braking torque value for each of the three cylinder deactivation modes may be adjusted by adjusting the intake valve closing timing. For example, the distributed braking torque value may be increased by retarding the intake valve closing timing. Similarly, the distributed braking torque value may be reduced by advancing the intake valve closing timing. In one example, the valve timing compensation function output indexed via intake valve closing timing is multiplied by values of the assigned first braking torque, the assigned second braking torque, and the assigned third braking torque to provide valve timing compensated cylinder braking torque values used to determine the valve timing compensated braking torque values provided by cylinders in different cylinder modes. Further, a barometric pressure compensation function indexed by barometric pressure outputs a value multiplied by the valve timing compensated braking torque value to provide a barometric pressure and valve timing compensated braking torque value provided by a cylinder in a different cylinder deactivation mode. The intake and exhaust valve timing for each cylinder deactivation mode may be adjusted based on barometric pressure and desired engine braking torque to increase or decrease the braking torque provided by the three cylinder deactivation modes. For example, if barometric pressure decreases and desired braking torque increases, intake valve timing in each of the three cylinder deactivation modes may be retarded to compensate for the lower barometric pressure and higher desired braking torque.

In one example, method 2000 determines valve operation for engine cylinders based on desired engine braking torque and the amount of valve timing and barometric pressure compensated braking torque provided by each cylinder in different operating modes. For example, for a four cylinder engine with a desired engine braking torque of 2.5N-m, the deactivation mode for each cylinder is based on the valve timing and barometric compensated braking torque provided by the cylinder in the three different cylinder deactivation modes described above. If the cylinders provide 0.25N-m of braking torque in the first cylinder deactivation mode, 0.5N-m of braking torque in the second cylinder deactivation mode, and 1N-m of braking torque in the third cylinder deactivation mode, the four-cylinder engine is operated with two cylinders in the third cylinder deactivation mode and two cylinders in the first cylinder deactivation mode.

By evaluating the engine brake torque of all engine cylinders operating in the first cylinder deactivation mode by method 2000, the cylinder deactivation mode for each cylinder may be determined. If the engine braking torque used to operate the engine in which all cylinders are in the first cylinder deactivation mode in which the intake and exhaust valves remain closed as the engine rotates during the engine cycle is greater than or equal to the desired engine braking torque, all of the engine cylinders are allowed to operate in the first cylinder deactivation mode. If the engine braking torque used to operate the engine in which all cylinders are in the first cylinder deactivation mode is less than the desired engine braking torque, an engine braking torque for operating the engine in which one cylinder is in the second cylinder deactivation mode and three cylinders are in the first cylinder deactivation mode is determined. If the engine braking torque for operating the engine with one cylinder in the second cylinder deactivation mode and three cylinders in the first cylinder deactivation mode is greater than or equal to the desired engine braking torque, then one cylinder is authorized to operate in the second cylinder deactivation mode and three cylinders are authorized to operate in the first cylinder deactivation mode. Otherwise, an engine torque for operating the engine with two cylinders in the second cylinder deactivation mode and two cylinders in the first cylinder deactivation mode is determined. In this manner, the cylinder deactivation mode for each cylinder may be increased from the first cylinder deactivation mode to the third cylinder deactivation mode, one after another, until an engine cylinder deactivation mode is determined that provides the desired engine braking torque.

If the vehicle is not in a tow/traction mode or downhill mode, it may be determined to be in a fuel economy mode during a deceleration condition. Thus, the actual number of engine cylinders in which the intake and exhaust valves remain closed and which do not combust air and fuel during the engine cycle may be increased to improve vehicle coast time and fuel economy. For example, all of the engine cylinders may be commanded with the intake and exhaust valves held closed during an engine cycle. Method 2000 proceeds to 2050.

At 2050, method 2000 authorizes the deactivation mode to deactivate the engine cylinders and provide the desired engine braking torque. According to the cylinder deactivation mode, valve activation or deactivation is authorized and fuel is not injected to the cylinders, so there is no combustion in the cylinders in the deceleration fuel cutoff mode.

At 2030, method 2000 determines whether the vehicle is in downhill mode. In one example, the method 2000 determines that the vehicle is in a downhill mode based on the operating state of a button, switch, or variable in memory. If method 2000 determines that the vehicle is in downhill mode, the answer is yes and method 2000 proceeds to 2032. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2000 proceeds to 2040.

In one example, the vehicle is controlled to a requested or desired speed when the accelerator pedal is not applied by controlling the negative torque generated via the engine and vehicle brakes in downhill mode. By releasing the accelerator pedal, the vehicle may enter downhill mode. In addition, engine braking may be controlled in the downhill mode by adjusting engine valve timing. Also, the transmission gear may be shifted to provide the desired braking at the wheels via the engine.

At 2032, method 2000 determines a desired amount of engine brake torque for cylinders that are not combusting air and fuel. In one example, the desired amount of engine brake torque may be empirically determined and input to a table or function. The table or function may be specific to the downhill mode and different from the table or function for the tow/tow mode. The table or function may be indexed via driver demanded torque, vehicle speed, and transmission gear. The table outputs a desired engine braking torque (e.g., a negative torque that the engine provides to the driveline to decelerate the vehicle driveline). After determining the desired engine braking torque, method 2000 proceeds to 2034.

At 2034, method 2000 shifts the transmission gears according to the third gear shift schedule. The third transmission gear shift schedule upshifts the transmission at a higher engine speed and a higher vehicle speed than the first and second transmission gear shift schedules. The third transmission gear shift schedule also downshifts the transmission gear at a higher engine speed and a higher vehicle speed than the first and second transmission shift schedules to provide additional engine braking as compared to the first and second transmission gear shift schedules. After shifting the transmission gears according to the third transmission shift schedule, method 2000 proceeds to 2010.

At 2040, method 2000 determines a desired amount of engine brake torque for a cylinder that is not combusting air and fuel. In one example, the desired amount of engine brake torque may be empirically determined and input to a table or function. The table or function may be specific to a fuel cut mode that is not part of a tow/tow mode or a downhill mode. The table or function may be indexed via driver demanded torque, vehicle speed, and transmission gear. The table outputs a desired engine braking torque (e.g., a negative torque that the engine provides to the driveline to decelerate the vehicle driveline). Method 2000 proceeds to 2042 after the desired engine braking torque is determined.

At 2042, method 2000 shifts the transmission gear according to the first gear shift schedule. The first transmission gear shift schedule upshifts the transmission at a lower engine speed and a lower vehicle speed than the second and third transmission gear shift schedules. The first transmission gear shift schedule also downshifts the transmission gear at a lower engine speed and a lower vehicle speed than the second and third transmission shift schedules to provide less engine braking than the second and third transmission gear shift schedules. After shifting the transmission gears according to the first transmission shift schedule, method 2000 proceeds to 2010.

In this manner, the cylinders may be operated in different modes in which valves may be activated or deactivated to control engine braking when fuel flow to the engine cylinders is stopped. Different cylinders may be operated in different modes to provide a desired engine braking torque.

Referring now to FIG. 21, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 20 is shown. The vertical lines at times T2100-T2108 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 21 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of fig. 21 is a plot of deceleration fuel cut-off state versus time. The vertical axis represents the deceleration fuel cut-off state. When the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, the engine is in a deceleration fuel cutoff mode. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the engine is not in the deceleration fuel cutoff mode. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 21 is a plot of downhill mode conditions versus time. The vertical axis represents the downhill mode state and the vehicle is in downhill mode when the trajectory is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the vehicle is not in downhill mode. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of fig. 21 is a plot of tow/tow mode status versus time. The vertical axis represents the tow/tow mode state, and when the trajectory is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, the vehicle is in tow/tow mode. When the trajectory is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the vehicle is not in tow/traction mode. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 21 is a transmission gear versus time plot. The vertical axis represents a transmission gear and indicates the transmission gear along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 21 is a plot of cylinder poppet state versus time. The vertical axis represents cylinder poppet valve status. The poppet valve state may be active (e.g., poppet valve open and closed during an engine cycle), inactive (e.g., poppet valve not open and closed during an engine cycle), Partially Active (PA) (e.g., intake valve remains closed during an engine cycle and exhaust valve opens and closes within an engine cycle). The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of fig. 21 is a plot of fuel injection status versus time. The vertical axis represents the fuel injection state, and fuel injection is enabled when the trace is near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, fuel injection is deactivated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time 2100, the engine cylinder is active because the poppet valve is active and not indicating a deceleration fuel cut, and the cylinder valve opens and closes within the engine cycle as the engine rotates and combusts air and fuel. The vehicle is not in downhill mode, nor in tow/tow mode. The transmission of the vehicle is in third gear and all cylinder poppet valves are active (e.g., open and closed during an engine cycle). Fuel injection is active and fuel is supplied to the engine cylinders.

At 2101, the engine enters a deceleration fuel cut-off mode. In response to the low driver demand torque and the vehicle speed being greater than the threshold, the engine may enter a deceleration fuel cutoff mode. The vehicle is not in downhill mode, nor in towing/towing mode. The transmission of the vehicle is in third gear and all cylinder poppet valves are deactivated (e.g., not opened and closed during the engine cycle). The cylinder poppet valves are deactivated such that the engine cylinders are in a third cylinder deactivation mode in response to a requested low engine brake torque (not shown). In addition, exhaust or fresh air is trapped in the cylinder, so that there is a spring effect on the piston. Closed intake and exhaust valves reduce engine pumping losses and may extend the distance that the vehicle is coasting. Closing the intake and exhaust valves of the engine may also prevent the engine from pumping fresh air to the catalyst in the exhaust system of the engine, such that the catalyst is not cooled as fresh air flows to the catalyst. In addition, the amount of oxygen stored in the catalyst does not increase, so that the catalyst efficiency can be high if the engine cylinder resumes combustion. Fuel injection to the engine cylinder is also stopped so that there is no combustion in the engine cylinder.

At time 2102, the engine then exits deceleration fuel cut mode and the poppet valves of the cylinders are reactivated, as indicated by the poppet valve status traces. Fuel injection is also reactivated and combustion is initiated in the engine cylinders. The engine may exit deceleration fuel cut-off in response to an increase in driver demand torque or vehicle speed being less than a threshold. The vehicle is not in downhill mode, nor in tow/tow mode. The transmission of the vehicle is in third gear.

At time 2103, the vehicle enters downhill mode. The vehicle may enter the downhill mode by the driver applying a button or other input device. The vehicle is not in deceleration fuel cut mode and is not in tow/tow mode. The transmission of the vehicle is in third gear and the poppet valves of the cylinders are active. Fuel is also injected into the engine cylinders, and the engine combusts air and fuel.

At time 2104, the engine enters a deceleration fuel cutoff mode while in the downhill mode. The vehicle is not in a towing/traction mode and the transmission is in a third gear. When the engine is rotating, poppet valve portions of the cylinders are deactivated (e.g., intake valves remain closed during an engine cycle and exhaust valves open and close during the engine cycle) in response to an intermediate level engine braking torque request. When the engine braking torque is at the intermediate level, the engine cylinders are in a second cylinder deactivation mode. However, if the vehicle is accelerating at a higher rate than desired, the engine cylinders may enter the first mode. Likewise, if the vehicle decelerates faster than desired, the engine cylinders may enter a third cylinder deactivation mode. Fuel injection is deactivated so that there is no combustion in the engine cylinders.

At time 2105, the vehicle exits the deceleration fuel cut-off mode in response to increasing driver demand torque or vehicle speed being less than a threshold speed (not shown). The vehicle remains in downhill mode and the transmission is in third gear. The vehicle is not in tow/tow mode and the cylinder poppet valves are reactivated. Fuel injection to the engine cylinders is also reactivated such that the engine cylinders resume combusting air and fuel.

Between time 2105 and time 2106, the vehicle exits downhill mode. The driver may request to exit the downhill mode by applying an input to the vehicle or engine controller. The other engine/vehicle states remain at their previous levels.

At time 2106, the vehicle enters a tow/tow mode. The vehicle may enter the tow/tow mode by the driver applying a button or switch that provides an input to the vehicle or engine controller. The other engine/vehicle states remain at their previous levels.

At time 2107, in response to the low driver demand torque and the vehicle speed exceeding the threshold speed, the engine enters a deceleration fuel cutoff mode. The vehicle is also in tow/traction mode. Shortly after entering the deceleration fuel cut-off mode, the transmission of the vehicle is downshifted into the second gear to increase engine braking by increasing engine speed (not shown). In response to a higher level engine braking torque request (not shown), all of the engine cylinder poppet valves remain active. Fuel injection to the engine cylinders is stopped, and the engine does not burn air and fuel while the engine is rotating. Operating all of the cylinder valves while the engine throttle is closed (not shown) increases engine pumping losses and engine braking torque.

At 2108, the vehicle exits the deceleration fuel cut-off mode in response to an increase in driver demand torque or a decrease in engine speed to less than a threshold. The vehicle remains in a tow/tow mode and the cylinder poppet valves continue to be activated.

In this way, the cylinder mode in which the cylinder poppet valves are operated in different ways may be used to vary the engine braking torque so that a desired engine braking torque may be provided by the engine of the vehicle. Additionally, some engine cylinders may be in the first operating mode while other engine cylinders are in the second or third operating mode such that a desired engine braking torque may be provided.

Referring now to FIG. 22, a method for selecting a cylinder mode from available cylinder modes is shown. The method of fig. 22 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 22 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 22 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 2202, method 2200 judges whether or not there is a base condition that allows a cylinder mode in which cylinders may be deactivated. The base conditions may include, but are not limited to, engine temperature being greater than a threshold, exhaust aftertreatment temperature being greater than a threshold, battery state of charge being greater than a threshold, and engine speed being greater than a threshold. Method 2200 verifies that the condition exists by monitoring various system sensors. If method 2200 determines that there are basic conditions for cylinder deactivation or variable displacement engine operation, the answer is yes and method 2200 proceeds to 2204. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 2200 proceeds to 2220.

At 2220, method 2200 requests that all engine cylinders be active and combusting air and fuel. During an engine cycle, intake and exhaust valves of the activated cylinders open and close such that air and combustion products flow through the activated cylinders. Spark and fuel are also activated so that the fuel-air mixture is combusted in the activated cylinder. Method 2200 proceeds to exit.

At 2204, method 2200 estimates noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) at the available cylinder modes. In one example, the noise table outputs an expected audible noise level that is empirically determined for the engine/vehicle. The noise table is indexed via the actual total number of active engine cylinders, engine speed, and engine torque. The vibration table outputs an expected audible noise level that is empirically determined for the engine/vehicle. The vibration table is indexed via cylinder mode, engine speed, and engine torque. Noise and vibration values are output for a current engine speed, an engine speed after a transmission gear shift, a current driver requested torque, and a driver requested torque after a transmission shift. Further, method 2200 may compare the output of a vibration sensor (e.g., an engine knock sensor) and an audible sensor to threshold levels to eliminate currently active cylinder deactivation modes that may not provide a desired level of noise and vibration. Method 2200 proceeds to 2206.

At 2206, method 2200 evaluates the noise and vibration output from the noise and vibration table and eliminates the cylinder mode that provides the expected noise and vibration from the currently available cylinder modes if the expected noise level of the table output exceeds a threshold or if the expected vibration level of the table output exceeds a threshold. For example, if the expected engine noise for operating a four cylinder engine in the second cylinder mode at 2000RPM with two active cylinders exceeds a threshold at the current driver demanded torque or driver demanded torque after a transmission shift, the second cylinder mode at 2000RPM is eliminated from the list of available cylinder modes.

Alternatively or additionally, method 2200 may compare the noise and vibration sensor output to a threshold level. If engine noise exceeds a threshold in a currently active cylinder mode, the currently active cylinder mode is eliminated from the available cylinder modes so that a cylinder mode that provides less engine noise may be selected. Likewise, if engine vibration exceeds a threshold in a currently active cylinder mode, the currently active cylinder mode is eliminated from the available cylinder modes so that a cylinder mode providing less engine vibration may be selected.

Further, method 2200 may allow for a cylinder mode where delivery of steam into a cylinder (e.g., airflow from an intake manifold of the engine to an exhaust manifold of the engine not participating in combustion) is expected to be less than a threshold when an expected cylinder immediately following a cylinder mode change is ready for cranking. It may be desirable to avoid cylinder mode changes where delivery of steam into the cylinder is above a threshold when the cylinder is ready to crank to avoid interfering with oxygen in the catalyst downstream of the engine. The amount of steam delivered into the engine cylinder when the engine cylinder is ready to be cranked may be determined in accordance with U.S. patent application No.13/293,015 filed on 9/11/2011, which is fully incorporated by reference for all purposes. In one example, the table or function outputs an engine or cylinder amount of delivered steam to the cylinder in preparation for cranking based on cylinder mode, engine speed, and cylinder valve timing. If the output from the table is less than a threshold amount, the cylinder mode may be allowed. Method 2200 proceeds to 2208.

At 2208, method 2200 allows for cylinder modes that are available and have not been eliminated from the available cylinder modes. In addition, transmission gears that are available and have not been eliminated are allowed. The cylinder modes may be allowed so that they may ultimately be selected for operating the engine at 716 of FIG. 7. The cylinder mode in which all engine cylinders are activated is always the allowed cylinder mode unless there is engine or valve degradation. In one example, a matrix including cells representing cylinder patterns is used to keep track of allowed and eliminated cylinder patterns. By setting the value 1 in the cell corresponding to the available cylinder mode, the cylinder mode can be allowed. Cylinder mode may be eliminated by setting a value of zero in a cell corresponding to a cylinder mode that is unavailable or eliminated from engine operation. As previously described, different cylinder modes may have the same actual total number of active cylinders, while having different active cylinders. For example, if it is determined that it is desired to operate three cylinders of a four-cylinder engine to meet the driver requested torque,

cylinder modes

3 and 4 may be enabled, with cylinder mode 3 having a firing order of 1-3-2 and cylinder mode 4 having a firing order of 3-4-2. Cylinder mode 3 may be active during one engine cycle. Cylinder mode 4 may be active during subsequent engine cycles. In this manner, the engine firing sequence may be changed while maintaining the actual total number of active cylinders. Method 2200 proceeds to exit.

In this manner, cylinder deactivation patterns that may become available or eliminated may be identified. Additionally, the base condition may have to be satisfied before the available cylinder mode becomes the allowable cylinder mode for engine operation.

Referring now to FIG. 23, a method for controlling engine intake Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) during a deceleration fuel cut-off mode is shown. The method of fig. 23 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 23 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 23 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 2302, method 2300 judges whether or not the engine is in or should be in a deceleration fuel cutoff mode. In the deceleration fuel cutoff mode, one or more engine cylinders, which may include all engine cylinders, may be deactivated by stopping fuel flow to the cylinders. Additionally, the flow of gas through one or more cylinders may be stopped by deactivating intake or intake and exhaust valves of cylinders that are deactivated in a closed position as the engine rotates through the engine cycle. In one example, method 2300 judges that the engine should be in a deceleration fuel cutoff mode when the driver demand decreases from a higher value to a lower value and the vehicle speed is greater than a threshold speed. If method 2300 determines that the engine should be in a deceleration fuel cutoff mode, the answer is yes and method 2300 proceeds to 2304. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2300 proceeds to 2320.

At 2320, method 2300 operates the engine to provide a desired amount of torque. The desired amount of torque may be or be based on the driver demanded torque. Valves of the engine are activated as required to provide the desired torque, and the engine combusts air and fuel to provide the desired torque. After providing the desired amount of torque, method 2300 proceeds to exit.

At 2304, method 2300 determines a desired intake manifold pressure and an actual total number of cylinder intake valve opening events (e.g., once the intake valve of each cylinder is opened during the intake stroke of a cylinder having an open intake valve) or an actual total number of intake strokes of cylinders that induct air to reduce the intake manifold pressure to the desired intake manifold pressure. The actual total number of cylinder intake valve opening events may provide a better inference of intake manifold pressure than when the intake manifold pressure pump is low. In one example, the method described in U.S. patent No.6,708,102 or U.S. patent No.6,170,475 (which are fully incorporated herein for all purposes) may be used to estimate intake manifold pressure for a desired number of future intake valve opening events or intake strokes. For example, in response to entering a deceleration fuel cutoff mode, the throttle may follow a predetermined trajectory from its current position to a fully closed position. The predicted throttle position may be estimated from the predetermined trajectory by the following equation:

θ(k+1)＝θ(k)+[θ(k)-θ(k-1)]

Where θ (k +1) is the estimate of the throttle position at the next engine intake event; θ (k) is the throttle position measured at the current engine intake event; and θ (k-1) is the throttle position measured at the previous engine intake event.

The gas in the engine intake manifold is fresh air and the pressure in the engine intake manifold is directly related to the cylinder air charge. Throttle position, intake manifold pressure, intake manifold temperature, and engine speed are determined from various engine sensors. To determine the evolution of intake manifold pressure, the starting point is a standard dynamic model that controls intake manifold pressure changes as follows:

where T is the temperature in the intake manifold as sensed by the intake manifold temperature sensor, V is the intake manifold volume, R is the specific gas constant, MAF is the mass flow rate into the intake manifold, and M_cylIs the flow rate into the cylinder. Mass flow rate (M) into the cylinder_cyl) Expressed as a linear function of intake manifold pressure, where slope and offset depend on engine speed and environmentConditions are as follows:

wherein P is_ambAnd P_{amb_nom}Is the current ambient pressure and the nominal value of the ambient pressure (e.g. 101 kPa). Engine pumping parameter alpha₁(N) and alpha ₂(N) regressing from static engine mapping data obtained at nominal ambient conditions. After substituting this expression into the power equation for intake manifold pressure and differentiating the two sides to obtain the rate of pressure change in the intake manifold, we will find:

the dynamics of controlling engine speed changes are slower than the intake manifold dynamics. A good compromise between performance and simplicity is to preserve α₁(slope) but neglecting a₂(offset amount). By this simplification, P_mThe second derivative of (d) is given by:

to discretize the above equation, dP is_m(k) Is defined as P_mDiscrete form of the time derivative of (1), i.e. dP_m(k)＝(P_m(k+1)-P_m(k) At) to obtain:

thus, the equation defines a predicted rate of change of intake manifold pressure for a future engine event, which is used to determine a future value of intake manifold pressure. However, at time k, the signal from the next (k +1) time is not available. To achieve the right hand side, instead of using its value at time k +1, we will use an event prediction value that leads the MAF signal at time k, obtained by using an event prediction that leads the throttle position, as follows:

wherein P is_ambAnd P_{amb_nom}Is the current absolute ambient pressure and the nominal absolute ambient pressure (i.e., 101kPa), T _ambAnd T_{amb_nom}Are the current absolute ambient temperature and the nominal absolute ambient temperature (i.e., 300K), and C (θ) is the throttle sonic flow characteristic obtained from static engine data. Fn _ subsonic is the standard subsonic flow correction:

wherein P is_m(k) Is a current measurement of intake manifold pressure. For an on-board implementation, the Fn _ subsesonic function can be implemented as a tabulated lookup function of pressure ratios. In this case, the magnitude of the slope should be limited to possibly prevent oscillatory behavior under wide-open throttle conditions by extending the zero-crossing of the function to a value of the pressure ratio slightly above 1.

Several different options may be used to obtain the amount maf (k) used to determine the future rate of change of intake manifold pressure. The following formula using the predicted previous value of throttle position and the current value of manifold pressure provides the best performance in terms of overshoot and stability at full throttle:

to avoid predicting engine speed, instead of subtracting α from the advance one step prediction₁By subtracting an old value of the event from the current value to approximate alpha₁. The above change results in a response to P_mLeading the dP of an event prediction by the time derivative of_mSignal, i.e., rate of change of future intake manifold pressure:

Note that dP_m ⁺¹(k) Depends only on the signal available at the induction event k. Therefore, it can be used to predict intake manifold pressure as follows:

wherein P is_m ⁺¹(k) And P_m ⁺²(k) Is a one step advance prediction of intake manifold pressure and a two step advance prediction of intake manifold pressure. The manifold pressure evolution equation may be extended beyond the future two intake events to a plurality of intake events that provide the desired intake manifold pressure. In one example, the desired intake manifold pressure during the deceleration mode may be empirically determined and stored in memory. For example, the desired intake manifold pressure may be empirically determined and indexed in memory based on barometric pressure and vehicle speed. In one example, the desired engine intake manifold pressure is the pressure in the intake manifold when the engine is operating at idle when the driver demanded torque is zero or substantially zero (e.g., less than 10N-m). Additionally, the desired intake manifold pressure may be adjusted in response to ambient pressure. For example, if ambient pressure increases, the desired intake manifold pressure may decrease. Method 2300 proceeds to 2306 after determining a desired engine intake manifold pressure and a number of cylinder intake events to achieve the desired intake manifold pressure.

At 2306, the method 2300 fully closes the engine throttle and closes all engine intake events after the plurality of intake events determined at 2304 to provide the desired intake manifold pressure have been performed. For example, if it is determined at 2304 that the desired intake manifold pressure is 75kPa, and the desired intake manifold pressure can be reached when the throttle is closed in a four-cylinder intake valve opening event, the intake valves of the cylinders (and in some cases the exhaust valves) are closed such that the actual total number of cylinder intake events after entering a deceleration fuel cut is 4. In this manner, the cylinder valves are closed based on the actual total number of intake valve opening events as the deceleration fuel cut mode requests that the desired intake manifold pressure be provided. The engine may then be started without having to exhaust air from the intake manifold because the cylinder valves are closed. Thus, less fuel may be used to enrich the engine exhaust to improve catalyst efficiency. Additionally, because the cylinder charge is less than full, the engine may be operated with less spark retard when the cylinder is reactivated. Method 2300 proceeds to 2308.

At 2308, method 2300 shuts off the engine intake manifold to all vacuum consumers. The vacuum consumers may include, but are not limited to, vacuum vessels; a vehicle brake; heating, ventilation and cooling systems; and a vacuum actuator such as a turbocharger waste gate. However, if the vacuum in some systems (e.g., brakes) decreases below a threshold, the system may be re-ported to the engine intake manifold by opening valve 176 as shown in FIG. 1B to obtain vacuum. Additionally, the valves may be reactivated during such conditions so that the engine may provide additional vacuum to the vacuum consumer. In one example, the vacuum consumers may be selectively ported to the engine intake manifold via one or more solenoid valves. Method 2300 proceeds to 2310.

At 2310, method 2300 operates the vacuum source to maintain the engine intake manifold pressure at a desired level. If air leaks through the throttle, the intake manifold pressure may increase such that if the engine restarts at intake manifold pressure at atmospheric pressure, the engine may be started using more fuel than desired. Thus, if the engine is restarted with a higher intake manifold pressure than desired, the engine fuel consumption may increase beyond what is desired. Accordingly, in response to the intake manifold pressure being greater than the desired intake manifold pressure, the vacuum source may be activated such that the intake manifold pressure is less than atmospheric pressure (e.g., vacuum in the intake manifold). The vacuum source may be supplied with electricity generated via vehicle kinetic energy or a battery. Further, the vacuum source may be activated to evacuate air from the vacuum vessel in response to a low vacuum in the vacuum vessel. Method 2300 proceeds to 2312.

At 2312, method 2300 stops fuel flow and spark to engine cylinders. Before stopping fuel and spark delivery to the engine cylinders, the air introduced during the intake event corresponding to the actual number of intake valve opening events determined at 2304 after the throttle begins to close is combined with fuel and combusted. Method 2300 proceeds to 2314.

At 2314, method 2300 judges whether or not there is a condition for exiting deceleration fuel cut. In one example, deceleration fuel cut-off may be exited in response to the driver demand torque being greater than a threshold or the vehicle speed being less than a threshold. If method 2300 determines that there is a condition for exiting the deceleration fuel cut-off mode, the answer is yes and method 2300 proceeds to 2316. Since a portion of the kinetic energy of the vehicle may be transferred to the engine, the engine continues to rotate during the deceleration fuel cut. Otherwise, the method returns to 2310.

At 2316, method 2300 reactivates the cylinder valves such that the valves open and close during the engine cycle. Additionally, fuel flow and spark delivery are also provided to the cylinder. Combustion is resumed in the cylinders and the engine throttle position is adjusted to provide the desired engine airflow and engine torque. The cylinder valve timing and throttle position may be empirically determined values stored in memory indexed by engine speed and engine torque demand (e.g., driver torque demand). Method 2300 proceeds to exit.

In this way, engine intake manifold pressure may be controlled to improve cylinder reactivation and combustion in engine cylinders, such that fuel consumption may be reduced and catalyst balance (e.g., balance between hydrocarbons and oxygen in the catalyst) may be restored with less fuel being provided to the engine and/or catalyst.

Referring now to FIG. 24, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 23 is shown. The vertical lines at times T2400-T2408 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 24 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of fig. 24 is a deceleration fuel cut-off state versus time. The vertical axis represents the deceleration fuel cut-off state. When the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, the engine is in a deceleration fuel cutoff mode. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the engine is not in the deceleration fuel cutoff mode. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 24 is an engine Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) versus time plot. The vertical axis represents MAP, and MAP increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 2402 represents the desired MAP during the deceleration fuel cut mode.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 24 is a plot of engine throttle position versus time. The vertical axis represents throttle position, and throttle position increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 24 is a plot of vacuum source status versus time. The vertical axis represents the vacuum source operating state (e.g., vacuum pump operating state), and the vacuum source is active when the trace is proximate to the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, the vacuum source is inactive. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 24 is a plot of fuel delivery status versus time. The vertical axis represents the fuel delivery state and fuel is delivered to the engine cylinder when the trace is near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, fuel is not delivered to the engine cylinder. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of fig. 24 is a plot of vacuum consumer status versus time. The vertical axis represents the vacuum consumer state, and the vacuum consumer state is active when the trace is near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is close to the horizontal axis, the vacuum consumer is inactive. When the vacuum consumer trace is at a lower level, the vacuum consumer is not in pneumatic communication with the engine intake manifold. When the vacuum consumer trace is at a higher level, the vacuum consumer is in pneumatic communication with the engine intake manifold. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T2400, the engine is not in the deceleration fuel cut-off mode, as indicated by the deceleration fuel cut-off state being at a lower level. Engine MAP is relatively high, indicating a high engine load. The throttle position is open a greater amount and the vacuum status is closed to indicate that the vacuum source is not activated. Fuel is supplied to the engine cylinders as indicated by the fuel condition being at a high level. The vacuum consumer is operating and is capable of consuming vacuum based on the vacuum consumer status.

At time T2402, the engine transitions to a deceleration fuel cut-off mode as indicated by the desired fuel cut-off status trace moving from a lower water level to a higher level. The engine may enter a deceleration fuel cut-off mode in response to a decrease in driver demand torque and a vehicle speed being greater than a threshold. In response to entering the deceleration fuel cut-off mode, the throttle is closed. Likewise, fuel flow to the engine cylinders is shut off, as indicated by the fuel status trace being at a lower level. The vacuum consumer state moves to a lower level to indicate that the vacuum consumer is prevented from receiving vacuum from the engine intake manifold. By blocking airflow from the vacuum consumer into the engine intake manifold, intake manifold pressure may be reduced so that a large amount of fuel is not required to restart the engine at a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the engine cylinders. In response to entering the deceleration fuel cutoff mode, the cylinder valves are also closed. The actual total number of intake valve opening events may be performed in response to entering the deceleration fuel cut mode before the engine continues to spin by closing the cylinder intake valve to stop airflow through the engine cylinder for one or more engine cycles. The actual total number of intake valve opening events may be the number that provides the desired engine intake manifold pressure. In some examples, the engine intake and exhaust valves may be closed during an engine cycle in response to entering a deceleration fuel cutoff mode.

Between T2402 and T2404, MAP decreases, and the engine remains in the deceleration fuel cut mode. The MAP is reduced to the desired level of MAP 2402. In one example, MAP is reduced to a desired MAP 2402 by opening the cylinder intake valves an actual total number of times based on an estimate of intake manifold pressure to reach 2402.

At T2404, MAP increases to a level above 2402 due to air leakage past the engine throttle or other airflow into the engine intake manifold. The vacuum source is activated in response to the increased MAP such that the MAP decreases to 2402. The engine remains in the deceleration fuel cutoff mode and the throttle remains closed. The engine continues to rotate (not shown) and stops fuel flow to the engine cylinders. The cylinder intake valves remain deactivated and closed (not shown) during each engine cycle. In response to the MAP being less than 2402, the vacuum source is deactivated shortly after being activated. The vacuum source status indicates vacuum source activation (ON) and deactivation (OFF).

At T2406, MAP increases a second time to a level above 2402 due to air leakage past the engine throttle or other airflow into the engine intake manifold. The vacuum source is activated in response to the increased MAP such that the MAP decreases to 2402. The engine remains in the deceleration fuel cutoff mode and the throttle remains closed. The engine continues to rotate (not shown) and stops fuel flow to the engine cylinders. The cylinder intake valves remain deactivated and closed (not shown) during each engine cycle. In response to the MAP being less than 2402, the vacuum source is deactivated shortly after being activated. The vacuum source status indicates vacuum source activation (ON) and deactivation (OFF).

At time T2408, when the intake manifold pressure is low, the engine exits the deceleration fuel cut mode. The engine may exit the deceleration fuel cut-off mode in response to an increase in driver demand torque. The lower intake manifold pressure may reduce the use of spark retard and save fuel to reactivate the engine cylinders and catalysts in the engine exhaust system. The engine cylinders are reactivated by supplying fuel to the cylinders and reactivating the cylinder valves (not shown). The vacuum consumer is also reactivated by allowing communication between the vacuum consumer and the engine intake manifold. When the throttle is opened, MAP increases.

In this way, MAP may be controlled during the deceleration fuel cut mode to reduce fuel consumption. Additionally, driveline torque disturbances may be reduced because the engine is started with less air charge than if the engine was started with atmospheric pressure in the engine intake manifold.

Referring now to FIG. 25, a method for controlling engine intake Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) during cylinder reactivation after entering a deceleration fuel cutoff mode is shown. The method of fig. 25 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 25 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 25 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 2502, method 2500 judges whether or not a cylinder and valve are deactivated during deceleration fuel cut mode. In one example, when the bit in memory is a predetermined value, method 2500 may determine that an engine cylinder is deactivated (e.g., not combusting an air and fuel mixture while the engine is rotating) and that a valve is deactivated (e.g., remains closed, not open, and closed while the engine is rotating within an engine cycle). Note that all or only a portion of the engine cylinders may be deactivated. If method 2500 judges that the engine cylinder and valves are deactivated during the deceleration fuel cut mode, the answer is yes and method 2500 proceeds to 2504. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 2500 proceeds to 2540.

At 2540, method 2500 operates the engine cylinders and valves to provide the desired torque. The desired torque may be based on an accelerator pedal position or a torque determined by the controller. Engine cylinders are activated by supplying fuel to the cylinders. The valves are activated by activating a valve operator. Additionally, the volumetric-efficiency actuator is adjusted to a different position than at 2508 for the same engine speed and torque demand to improve vehicle emissions and fuel economy. Method 2500 proceeds to exit.

At 2504, method 2500 judges whether or not cylinder reactivation is requested. Cylinder reactivation may be requested in response to an increase in driver demand torque or vehicle speed being less than a threshold speed. If method 2500 judges that cylinder reactivation is requested, the answer is yes and method 2500 proceeds to 2506. Otherwise, method 2500 proceeds to 2550.

At 2550, method 2500 maintains the cylinder in a deactivated state. Fuel is not supplied to the cylinder and the cylinder valve remains deactivated. Method 2500 proceeds to exit.

At 2506, method 2500 judges whether or not engine intake manifold pressure is greater than a threshold pressure. If the engine intake manifold pressure is greater than the threshold pressure, the engine cylinders may produce more torque than desired, or spark timing may be retarded to reduce engine torque. If the engine intake manifold pressure is greater than desired, the cylinder may burn more fuel than desired to provide stoichiometric exhaust. Accordingly, it may be desirable to reduce engine intake manifold pressure as quickly as possible when restarting engine cylinders so that fuel may be saved. If method 2500 judges that the intake manifold pressure is greater than the threshold pressure, the answer is yes and method 2500 proceeds to 2508. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2500 proceeds to 2520. The threshold pressure may vary with engine speed, vehicle speed, and ambient pressure.

At 2520, method 2500 adjusts the engine volumetric efficiency actuator and the engine throttle based on engine speed and driver demanded torque. In one example, the driver demand torque is based on an accelerator pedal position and a vehicle speed. Engine volumetric-efficiency actuators may include, but are not limited to, engine camshafts, charge motion control valves, and variable air chamber volume valves. The position of the volume-efficient actuator may be empirically determined and stored in a table in memory indexed via driver demand torque and engine speed. Different gauges may output different positions for the camshaft, charge motion control valve, and variable chamber capacity valve. Method 2500 proceeds to 2522.

At 2522, method 2500 reactivates engine cylinders and cylinder valves. The cylinders are reactivated by supplying spark and fuel to the cylinders. The cylinder poppet valves are reactivated by activating the valve operator. The valve operator may be part of the assembly as shown in fig. 5B, other valve operators described herein, or other known valve operators. The valve operator is activated to open and close the intake valve during the engine cycle. Method 2500 proceeds to exit after the engine cylinders are activated.

At 2508, method 2500 pre-positions the engine volumetric efficiency actuator before reactivating the engine cylinders and valves to increase engine volumetric efficiency. The volumetric efficiency actuator is positioned to increase the volumetric efficiency of the engine at a current speed of the engine and the driver demanded torque as compared to when the volumetric efficiency actuator is adjusted in response to the engine speed and the driver demanded torque. In one example, the cylinder charge motion control valve is fully open to reduce resistance to flow into the engine cylinder. In addition, the intake and exhaust valve timings are adjusted via camshaft timing to provide no intake and exhaust valve overlap (e.g., intake and exhaust valves are open simultaneously). In addition, intake valve timing may be advanced or retarded to maximize air in the cylinder at intake valve closing times. The variable plenum volume valve is adjusted to minimize the intake manifold volume. When the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is adjusted, the engine throttle is not adjusted. Engine boost may also be increased by closing a turbocharger waste gate or bypass valve to improve engine volumetric efficiency. Method 2500 proceeds to 2510 after the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is adjusted.

At 2510, method 2500 reactivates engine cylinders and cylinder valves. The cylinders are reactivated by supplying spark and fuel to the cylinders. The cylinder poppet valves are reactivated by activating the valve operator. The valve operator may be part of the assembly as shown in fig. 5B, other valve operators described herein, or other known valve operators. The valve operator is activated to open and close the intake valve during the engine cycle. Method 2500 proceeds to 2512 after the engine cylinders are activated.

At 2512, method 2500 judges whether or not engine intake manifold pressure is at a desired pressure. The desired pressure may be determined empirically and based on engine speed and driver requested torque. If method 2500 determines that the engine intake manifold pressure is at the desired engine intake manifold pressure, the answer is yes and method 2500 proceeds to 2514. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2500 returns to 2512.

At 2514, method 2500 positions the engine volumetric-efficiency actuator and the engine throttle based on the engine speed and the driver demanded torque. The position of the volumetric-efficiency actuator may be empirically determined and stored in a table in memory that is indexed via driver-demanded torque and engine speed. Different gauges may output different positions for the camshaft, charge motion control valve, and variable chamber capacity valve. Method 2500 proceeds to exit.

Referring now to FIG. 26, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 25 is shown. The vertical lines at times T2600-T2605 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 26 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 26 is a plot of cylinder deactivation request versus time. The vertical axis represents a cylinder deactivation request. When the cylinder deactivation request trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, cylinder deactivation is requested. When the cylinder deactivation request trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, cylinder deactivation is not requested. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 26 is a plot of cylinder state versus time. The vertical axis represents the cylinder state. When the cylinder status trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the cylinder is deactivated. When the cylinder trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, the cylinder is not deactivated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of fig. 26 is a plot of engine intake manifold pressure versus time. The vertical axis represents engine intake manifold pressure, and engine intake manifold pressure increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 2602 represents the desired engine intake manifold pressure during the deceleration cut-off. The level of 2602 may be the same as the pressure at which the engine is operating at idle and without driver demand torque.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 26 is a plot of engine volumetric-efficiency actuator state versus time. The vertical axis represents the engine volumetric efficiency actuator state and the engine volumetric efficiency actuator increases engine volumetric efficiency in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, the engine volumetric efficiency actuator state decreases the engine volumetric efficiency. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of FIG. 26 is engine throttle position versus time. The vertical axis represents engine throttle position, and as the trace approaches the vertical axis arrow, the throttle opening increases. As the trace approaches the horizontal axis, the engine throttle opening decreases. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of fig. 26 is a plot of driver demanded torque versus time. The vertical axis represents the driver demand torque, and the driver demand torque increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. When the driver demand torque trace is close to the horizontal axis, the driver demand torque decreases. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T2600, the cylinder deactivation request is not asserted, and the cylinder state is asserted to indicate that the engine cylinder is active and combusting air and fuel. The engine intake manifold pressure is at a higher level and the engine throttle position is opened beyond an intermediate level. The engine volumetric efficiency actuators (e.g., camshaft, charge motion control valve, and air chamber control valve) are in the neutral position to provide an intermediate level of engine volumetric efficiency. The driver demand torque is at an intermediate level.

At time T2601, a cylinder deactivation request is asserted. A cylinder deactivation request is asserted in response to a decrease in driver requested torque, and the engine may be at a deceleration fuel cut. In response to a decrease in driver demand torque, the engine throttle position is also decreased. The cylinder state transition is not asserted to indicate that the engine cylinder is deactivated in response to the cylinder deactivation request. The engine intake manifold pressure decreases in response to closing the throttle. After the throttle is closed and after the actual total number of cylinder intake events that reduce the intake manifold pressure to the desired level 2602, the cylinder intake valves of the cylinders are closed. The cylinder exhaust valves may also be closed (not shown). When the cylinder is deactivated, the engine intake valve remains closed for one or more engine cycles. Fuel flow to the cylinders (not shown) is also deactivated. The position of the engine volumetric-efficiency actuator remains unchanged.

Between time T2601 and time T2602, engine intake manifold pressure (MAP) increases in response to air leakage into the engine intake manifold. Since the cylinder intake valve is closed, air is not exhausted from the engine intake manifold. The cylinder deactivation request remains asserted and the cylinder remains deactivated. The throttle position remains in the fully closed state and driver demand remains low.

At time T2602, in anticipation of re-activation of the engine cylinders, the position of the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is adjusted to increase engine volumetric efficiency. The engine volumetric-efficiency actuator is not adjusted to a position based on the engine speed and the driver demand torque. Instead, the actuator is adjusted to a position that increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine beyond the position of the volumetric efficiency of the engine that the actuator provides when adjusting the volumetric efficiency of the engine in response to the engine speed and the driver requested torque. In this example, the position of the volumetric-efficiency actuator is adjusted in response to the engine intake manifold pressure exceeding the desired engine intake manifold pressure 2602. By adjusting the volumetric efficiency actuator in response to MAP, undesirable changes in the position of the volumetric efficiency actuator may be avoided. The engine intake manifold pressure increases from a pressure below 2602 to a pressure greater than 2602. However, the engine volumetric-efficiency actuator may be adjusted for a predetermined amount of time after deactivating cylinders or in response to a request to reactivate engine cylinders. Alternatively, in response to a request for cylinder deactivation, the engine volumetric efficiency actuator position may be adjusted to increase engine volumetric efficiency. In one example, camshaft timing is advanced or retarded to maximize air inducted into engine cylinders from the engine intake manifold (e.g., camshaft timing is adjusted to provide higher cylinder pressure when intake valves are closed). Additionally, intake valve opening and exhaust valve opening overlap is adjusted to zero or negative values to reduce airflow into the cylinder from the exhaust system (not shown). The engine throttle position and the driver demanded torque remain unchanged.

At time T2603, the cylinder deactivation request transitions to unacknowledged in response to an increase in driver requested torque. The cylinder deactivation request may transition to be deasserted in response to an increase in driver requested torque or vehicle speed being less than a threshold speed (not shown). Shortly thereafter, the engine cylinders are reactivated (e.g., intake and exhaust valves are opened and closed each engine cycle and spark and fuel are combusted within the engine cylinders), as indicated by the cylinder state transition to indicate an active cylinder. In addition, the position of the volumetric-efficiency actuator is adjusted to a position based on the engine speed and the driver-requested torque. The throttle position moves in response to the driver demand torque.

Between time T2603 and time T2604, the driver required torque increases and then decreases. The throttle position also increases and decreases in response to the driver demand torque. The engine intake manifold pressure increases and then decreases below 2602.

At time T2604, cylinder deactivation is requested a second time. However, because the engine intake manifold pressure is below level 2602, the position of the volume-efficiency actuator is not adjusted. The engine cylinders are deactivated (e.g., combustion is inhibited in the cylinders by stopping fuel flow and spark to the cylinders, cylinder valves are also deactivated such that the valves remain closed for one or more engine cycles), as indicated by the cylinder state trace transitioning to a lower level.

At time T2605, the cylinder deactivation request transitions to unacknowledged in response to the vehicle speed being less than a threshold (not shown). The engine cylinders are also reactivated as indicated by the transition of the cylinder state trace to a higher level. Because the engine intake manifold pressure is less than 2602, the engine volumetric efficiency actuator position is not adjusted in response to the deactivation request not being asserted.

In this manner, MAP may be controlled when exiting the cylinder deactivation state to conserve fuel and reduce torque disturbances. The volumetric-efficiency actuator is adjusted to increase the amount of air introduced to the engine cylinder such that the engine intake manifold pressure is reduced shortly after restarting the engine cylinder.

Referring now to fig. 27A and 27B, a method for controlling engine torque during cylinder mode is shown. The method of fig. 27A and 27B may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The methods of fig. 27A and 27B may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The methods of fig. 27A and 27B may be performed in conjunction with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 2702, method 2700 judges whether or not there is a request to reduce an actual total number of active cylinders (e.g., cylinders having valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders that combust air and fuel during the engine cycle). In response to a decrease in driver demand torque, a vehicle speed greater than a threshold and/or other conditions, method 2700 may determine that there is a request to decrease the actual total number of active cylinders. If method 2700 determines that there is a request to decrease the actual total number of active cylinders, the answer is yes and method 2700 proceeds to 2704. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2700 proceeds to 2714.

At 2704, method 2700 determines a desired lead time (lead) for the volume-efficient actuator to reduce an actual total number of active cylinders. The lead time of the volumetric-efficiency actuator is the amount of time from when the position of the volumetric-efficiency actuator is adjusted to reduce the actual total number of active cylinders to when cylinder deactivation begins. Adjusting the lead time of the volumetric-efficiency actuator may smooth engine torque and provide time for the volumetric-efficiency actuator to reach a desired position before cylinder deactivation begins so that the engine does not provide more or less torque than desired. In one example, the lead time is empirically determined and stored in memory. Additionally, the lead time value stored in memory may be adjusted based on a difference between the desired cylinder air charge and the actual cylinder air charge during the transition to reduce the actual total number of active cylinders. The lead time value is extracted from memory. Method 2700 proceeds to 2706.

At 2706, method 2700 pre-positions an engine volumetric efficiency actuator that includes an amount of boost provided by a turbocharger to increase engine volumetric efficiency. For example, boost may be increased, the charge motion control valve may be fully opened, the intake plenum volume valve positioned to reduce intake manifold volume, the compressor bypass valve may be at least partially closed, and camshaft timing adjusted to maximize cylinder charge at intake valve closing time. By closing the wastegate or closing the compressor bypass valve, the engine boost can be increased. Adjusting the position of the engine volumetric efficiency actuator increases the volumetric efficiency of the cylinders that remain active after the actual total number of active cylinders is reduced. In addition, the central throttle of the engine is at least partially closed at the same time as (simultaneously with) the adjustment of the previously mentioned engine volumetric efficiency actuator. Closing the central throttle maintains the engine air flow rate while adjusting the engine volumetric efficiency actuator to increase the engine volumetric efficiency. Method 2700 proceeds to 2708.

At 2708, after the lead time ends, the selected cylinders are deactivated. The cylinder is deactivated by keeping an intake valve of the cylinder closed for one or more engine cycles as the engine rotates. In some examples, the exhaust valve of a deactivated cylinder may also be held closed for one or more engine cycles while the engine is rotating. Additionally, fuel flow and spark are not delivered to the deactivated cylinders. When the cylinders are being deactivated, the central throttle opens quickly and increases fuel delivery to the active cylinders so that the torque produced by the active cylinders offsets the torque loss due to the deactivated cylinders. Method 2700 proceeds to 2710.

At 2710, method 2700 adjusts spark timing in response to an error between desired engine airflow and actual engine airflow. The desired engine airflow is an engine airflow based on a driver demanded torque at the time of the cylinder deactivation request. The actual engine airflow is the airflow measured via the airflow sensor. For example, if the actual engine airflow is greater than the desired engine airflow, the engine airflow error is negative and the spark timing is retarded to maintain engine torque. If the actual engine airflow is less than the desired engine airflow, the engine airflow error is positive and the spark timing is advanced to maintain engine torque. Method 2700 proceeds to 2712.

At 2712, method 2700 judges whether or not the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is in its desired position. For example, method 2700 judges whether or not actual engine boost is equal to desired engine boost. Additionally, method 2700 judges whether or not the actual camshaft timing is equal to the desired camshaft timing. Likewise, method 2700 determines if the actual charge motion control valve position is equal to the desired charge motion control valve position. Method 2700 may determine that the volumetric-efficiency actuator is in its desired position based on the output of one or more sensors, such as an intake manifold pressure sensor. If the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is in its desired position, the answer is yes and method 2700 proceeds to 2714. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2700 returns to 2706 to provide more time to move the engine volumetric efficiency actuator.

At 2714, method 2700 adjusts the engine central throttle to provide the desired engine torque. The desired engine torque may be based on the driver demand torque. Method 2700 proceeds to 2720.

At 2720, method 2700 judges whether or not there is a request to increase an actual total number of active cylinders (e.g., cylinders having valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders that combust air and fuel during the engine cycle). In response to an increase in driver demand torque, a vehicle speed less than a threshold and/or other conditions, method 2700 may determine that there is a request to increase the actual total number of active cylinders. If method 2700 determines that there is a request to increase the actual total number of active cylinders, the answer is yes and method 2700 proceeds to 2722. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 2700 proceeds to exit.

At 2722, method 2700 pre-positions an engine volumetric efficiency actuator that includes an amount of boost provided by a turbocharger to reduce engine volumetric efficiency. For example, boost may be reduced, the charge motion control valve may be at least partially closed, the intake plenum volume valve positioned to increase intake manifold volume, and camshaft timing adjusted to reduce cylinder charge at intake valve closing time. Adjusting the position of the engine volumetric efficiency actuator reduces the volumetric efficiency of the active cylinders before the actual total number of active cylinders is increased. In addition, the central throttle of the engine is at least partially opened at the same time as (simultaneously with) the adjustment of the previously mentioned engine volumetric efficiency actuator. Opening the central throttle maintains the engine air flow rate while adjusting the engine volumetric efficiency actuator to reduce the engine volumetric efficiency.

Additionally, in some examples, intake and exhaust valve opening time overlap of engine cylinders (e.g., activated and/or being activated cylinders) may be increased in response to a turbocharger exhaust valve position one engine cycle prior to cylinder reactivation. The turbocharger wastegate position may indicate exhaust pressure in deactivated cylinders including exhaust valves that open and close when the cylinders are deactivated. However, in other examples, the amount of overlap may be based on the amount of residual exhaust gas in the cylinder. For example, the amount of overlap may increase as the amount of residual exhaust gas in the cylinder increases. If the deactivated cylinder includes a non-deactivated exhaust valve, the boost pressure is reduced less than if the cylinder was configured with a deactivated exhaust valve because the exhaust gas density is higher in the cylinder having the non-deactivated cylinder when other conditions are the same because the exhaust gas in the cylinder having the non-deactivated cylinder may be cooler. Method 2700 proceeds to 2724.

At 2724, the selected cylinders are reactivated. The cylinder is reactivated by opening and closing an intake valve of the cylinder for one or more engine cycles as the engine rotates. In some examples, the exhaust valves of reactivated cylinders may also be opened and closed for one or more engine cycles as the engine rotates. Additionally, fuel flow and spark are delivered to the reactivated cylinders. When the cylinders are being reactivated, the central throttle is quickly closed and fuel delivery to the active cylinders is reduced so that the torque produced by the active cylinders offsets the torque increase due to reactivating the cylinders. Method 2700 proceeds to 2726.

At 2726, method 2700 adjusts spark timing in response to an error between desired engine airflow and actual engine airflow. The desired engine airflow is an engine airflow based on a driver demanded torque at the time of the cylinder deactivation request. For example, if the actual engine airflow is greater than the desired engine airflow, the engine airflow error is negative and the spark timing is retarded to maintain engine torque. If the actual engine airflow is less than the desired engine airflow, the engine airflow error is positive and the spark timing is advanced to maintain engine torque. Method 2700 proceeds to 2728.

At 2728, method 2700 judges whether or not the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is in its desired position. For example, method 2700 judges whether or not actual engine boost is equal to desired engine boost. Additionally, method 2700 judges whether or not actual camshaft timing is equal to desired camshaft timing. Likewise, method 2700 determines if the actual charge motion control valve position is equal to the desired charge motion control valve position. Method 2700 may determine that the volumetric-efficiency actuator is in its desired position based on the output of one or more sensors, such as an intake manifold pressure sensor. If the engine volumetric efficiency actuator is in its desired position, the answer is yes and method 2700 proceeds to 2714. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2700 returns to 2706 to provide more time to move the engine volumetric efficiency actuator.

At 2730, method 2700 adjusts the engine central throttle to provide the desired engine torque. The desired engine torque may be based on the driver demand torque. Method 2700 proceeds to exit.

In this way, the position of the engine volumetric-efficiency actuator can be adjusted as the actual total number of active cylinders is increased and decreased. Moving the volume-efficient actuator while the engine central throttle is moving may reduce engine torque disturbances and reduce engine fuel consumption.

Referring now to FIG. 28A, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIGS. 27A and 27B is shown. The engines in the sequence are four-cylinder engines with a firing sequence of 1-3-4-2. The vertical lines at times T2800-T2804 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 28A shows five graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 28A is a plot of a desired number of active engine cylinders (e.g., cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders in which combustion occurs) versus time. The vertical axis represents a desired number of active engine cylinders, and the desired number of active cylinders is listed along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 28A is a plot of actual number of active engine cylinders (e.g., cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders in which combustion occurs) versus time. The vertical axis represents the actual number of active engine cylinders, and the actual number of active cylinders is listed along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of fig. 28A is a plot of engine volumetric-efficiency actuator position (e.g., wastegate position, camshaft position, charge motion control valve position, air chamber actuator position for adjusting engine boost) versus time. The vertical axis represents the engine volumetric efficiency actuator position, and the position of the actuator increases engine volumetric efficiency in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The location of the actuator near the horizontal axis reduces the volumetric efficiency of the engine. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 28A is a plot of center throttle position versus time. The vertical axis represents a central throttle position, and the central throttle position increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 28A is a plot of spark timing versus time. The vertical axis represents spark timing, and spark timing is advanced in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. Spark timing is retarded closer to the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T2800, the desired actual total number of engine cylinders is 4 and the actual total number of active cylinders is 4. The engine volumetric efficiency actuator is positioned to provide a lower level of volumetric efficiency. For example, the wastegate is opened to reduce boost, cam timing is advanced to reduce cylinder charge, the dome valve is positioned to increase intake manifold volume, and the charge motion control valve is closed to reduce volumetric efficiency. The engine throttle is partially opened and the spark timing is advanced to an intermediate level.

At time T2801, the desired actual total number of active cylinders is changed from 4 to 2. The desired actual total number of active cylinders may be reduced in response to a decrease in driver demand torque (not shown) or other conditions. Since no cylinders are deactivated in response to the desired actual total number of active cylinders, the actual total number of active cylinders remains at the value of 4. The volumetric-efficiency actuator position provides a low level of engine volumetric efficiency and the throttle position is at an intermediate level. The spark timing is advanced to an intermediate level.

Between time T2801 and time T2802, the volumetric-efficiency actuator position is changed to increase the engine volumetric efficiency, and the throttle begins to close. The desired actual total number of active cylinders and the actual total number of active cylinders remain constant. The spark timing is also held constant.

At time T2802, spark timing is retarded in response to an error between actual engine airflow being greater than desired engine airflow. Retarding the spark timing shortens (truncate) the engine torque so that the engine torque can be maintained constant. The volumetric-efficiency actuator position continues to change to increase the volumetric efficiency of the engine and the throttle continues to close. The desired actual total number of active cylinders and the actual total number of active cylinders remain constant.

At time T2803, deactivation of the cylinder valves begins. The cylinder valves may be deactivated via the valve operators depicted in FIG. 5B, other valve operators described herein, or other known valve operators. In one example, the valve operator is deactivated to deactivate the cylinder intake valves. Cylinder exhaust valves may also be deactivated. The throttle position is increased to open the throttle so that additional air flows into the two cylinders that remain active. By increasing the throttle position, intake manifold pressure (MAP) is increased, thereby increasing airflow into the active engine cylinders. When the intake valve of the deactivated cylinder is deactivated and remains closed, airflow to the deactivated cylinder is stopped. As the air charge of the active cylinder increases, the spark timing begins to retard. The engine volumetric efficiency actuator does not change position and the desired actual total number of active cylinders remains at the value 2. Since the engine has not been deactivated, the actual total number of active cylinders also remains at 2.

At time T2804, the actual total number of active engine cylinders changes from 4 to 2. Intake valves of two cylinders (e.g., cylinder number two and cylinder number three) are deactivated (not shown), and the throttle position is kept constant. The spark timing stops changing and the engine volumetric efficiency actuator does not change position.

In this way, the position of the volume-efficient actuator and the engine throttle may be adjusted prior to deactivating the cylinder valves, such that less fuel is used during the cylinder mode transition. In addition, spark timing may be adjusted in response to cylinder charge error rather than in response to changes in engine throttle position, such that less spark retard may be used.

Referring now to FIG. 28B, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIGS. 27A and 27B is shown. The engines in the sequence are four-cylinder engines with a firing sequence of 1-3-4-2. The vertical lines at times T2820-T2823 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 28B shows five graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 28B is a plot of a desired number of active engine cylinders (e.g., cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders in which combustion occurs) versus time. The vertical axis represents a desired number of active engine cylinders, and the desired number of active cylinders is listed along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 28B is a plot of actual number of active engine cylinders (e.g., cylinders having intake and exhaust valves that open and close during an engine cycle, and cylinders in which combustion occurs) versus time. The vertical axis represents the actual number of active engine cylinders, and the actual number of active cylinders is listed along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of fig. 28B is a plot of engine volumetric-efficiency actuator position (e.g., wastegate position, camshaft position, charge motion control valve position, air chamber actuator position for adjusting engine boost) versus time. The vertical axis represents the engine volumetric efficiency actuator position, and the position of the actuator increases the engine volumetric efficiency in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The location of the actuator near the horizontal axis reduces the volumetric efficiency of the engine. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 28B is a plot of center throttle position versus time. The vertical axis represents a central throttle position, and the central throttle position increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 28B is a plot of spark timing versus time. The vertical axis represents spark timing, and spark timing is advanced in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. Spark timing is retarded closer to the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T2820, the desired actual total number of engine cylinders is 2 and the actual total number of active cylinders is 2. The engine volumetric efficiency actuator is positioned to provide a higher level of volumetric efficiency. For example, the wastegate is closed to increase boost, cam timing is retarded to increase cylinder charge, the dome valve is positioned to decrease intake manifold volume, and the charge motion control valve is opened to increase volumetric efficiency. The engine throttle is partially opened and the spark timing is advanced to a lower intermediate level.

At time T2821, the desired actual total number of active cylinders is changed from 2 to 4. The desired actual total number of active cylinders may be increased in response to an increase in driver demand torque (not shown) or other conditions. Since no cylinders are reactivated in response to the desired actual total number of active cylinders, the actual total number of active cylinders remains at the value of 2. The volumetric-efficiency actuator position provides a higher level of engine volumetric efficiency, and the throttle position is at an intermediate level. Spark timing is advanced to a lower intermediate level.

Between time T2821 and time T2822, the volumetric efficiency actuator position is changed to decrease the engine volumetric efficiency, and the throttle begins to open. The desired actual total number of active cylinders and the actual total number of active cylinders remain constant. The spark timing is constant.

At time T2822, deactivation of the cylinder valves begins. The cylinder valves may be reactivated via the valve operators depicted in FIG. 5B, other valve operators described herein, or other known valve operators. In one example, the valve operator is reactivated to reactivate the cylinder intake valves. The cylinder exhaust valves may also be reactivated. The throttle position is decreased to close the throttle so that less air flows into the active two cylinders. By decreasing the throttle position, intake manifold pressure (MAP) is decreased, thereby decreasing airflow into the active engine cylinders. Air flows into the reactivated cylinder as the intake valve of the reactivated cylinder opens and closes. As the air charge of the active cylinder decreases, the spark timing begins to advance. The engine volumetric efficiency actuator does not change position and the desired actual total number of active cylinders remains at the value 4. Since the engine has not been reactivated, the actual total number of active cylinders also remains at 2.

At time T2823, the actual total number of active engine cylinders is changed from 2 to 4. The intake valves of two cylinders (e.g., cylinders two and three) are reactivated (not shown) and the throttle position remains constant. The spark timing stops changing and the engine volumetric efficiency actuator does not change position.

In this way, the position of the volume-efficient actuator and the engine throttle may be adjusted prior to re-enabling the cylinder valves, such that less fuel is used during the cylinder mode transition. In addition, spark timing may be adjusted in response to cylinder charge error rather than in response to changes in engine throttle position, such that less spark retard may be used.

Referring now to FIG. 29, a method for controlling engine fuel injection during cylinder reactivation after entering a cylinder deactivation mode is shown. The method of fig. 29 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 29 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 29 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 2902, method 2900 judges whether or not one or more engine cylinders are deactivated (e.g., intake valves remain closed during an engine cycle while the engine is rotating and there is no combustion in the deactivated cylinders). In one example, method 2900 may determine that one or more cylinders are deactivated based on values of variables stored in memory or outputs of one or more sensors. If method 2900 judges that one or more engine cylinders are deactivated, the answer is yes and method 2900 proceeds to 2904. Otherwise, the answer is no and method 2900 proceeds to 2903.

At 2903, method 2900 operates the engine cylinders and valves to provide the desired torque. The desired torque may be based on an accelerator pedal position or a torque determined by the controller. Engine cylinders are activated by supplying fuel to the cylinders. The valves are activated by activating a valve operator. Method 2900 proceeds to exit.

At 2904, method 2900 judges whether or not cylinder reactivation is requested. Cylinder reactivation may be requested in response to an increase in driver demand torque or vehicle speed being less than a threshold speed. If method 2900 judges that cylinder reactivation is requested, the answer is yes and method 2900 proceeds to 2906. Otherwise, method 2900 proceeds to 2905.

At 2905, method 2900 maintains the cylinders in a deactivated state. Fuel is not supplied to the cylinder and the cylinder valve remains deactivated. Method 2900 proceeds to exit.

At 2906, method 2900 judges whether or not the engine is operating in the direct fuel injection (DI) only region, or whether or not there is a change in requested engine torque that is greater than a threshold. An engine having a port fuel injector and a direct fuel injector may operate only the direct fuel injector within a first defined engine operating range (e.g., a defined engine speed and torque output range). Similarly, an engine having a port fuel injector and a direct fuel injector may operate only the port fuel injector within a second defined engine operating range. Additionally, in some engine operating ranges, fuel may be supplied to the engine via port and direct fuel injectors. The method determines engine speed and engine torque and then determines whether the engine is operating in a range where only direct fuel injection is enabled. If so, the answer is yes and method 2900 proceeds to 2908. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 2900 proceeds to 2920.

At 2920, method 2900 activates one or more deactivated engine cylinders by supplying spark and fuel to the deactivated cylinders. Further, valves of deactivated cylinders that remain closed for one or more engine cycles are activated to open and close during the engine cycle. Since the engine is not operating in the direct injection only engine operating region, and since the rate of change of requested engine torque is less than the threshold, fuel is injected to the cylinder via the port fuel injector. Method 2900 proceeds to exit after one or more deactivated cylinders are activated.

At 2908, method 2900 reactivates one or more engine cylinders by reactivating cylinder valves and supplying fuel and spark to the deactivated cylinders. The engine cylinders are reactivated such that the valves that remain closed during one or more engine cycles are opened and closed during one or more engine cycles. Fuel is supplied to the previously deactivated cylinders by injecting fuel directly into the cylinders.

Direct injection provides an opportunity to combust air and fuel in previously deactivated cylinders faster than port injected fuel because direct fuel injectors are capable of injecting combustion during the compression stroke of a cylinder cycle (e.g., late in a cylinder cycle) while port fuel injectors must inject fuel during the intake stroke of a cylinder cycle or earlier. Thus, if cylinder reactivation is requested after the intake stroke of a cylinder, fuel can be injected during the compression stroke of the cylinder to support combustion in the cylinder during the compression stroke. In this way, direct injection may allow combustion in the deactivated cylinders at a crank degree that is 180 degrees less than the crank degree that requested cylinder activation, while port fuel injection to previously deactivated cylinders to participate in combustion may take a crank degree that is 180 degrees greater than the crank degree that requested cylinder activation.

If the engine is operating in a range where port fuel is injected to the cylinder only, the cylinder may be reactivated by injecting fuel directly into the cylinder for a predetermined number of engine cycles or cylinder intake events, in addition to restarting the engine cycle in which the cylinder is activated. After a predetermined number of engine cycles or cylinder induction events, at which time direct fuel injection to the newly reactivated cylinder is stopped, port fuel injection may be reactivated in the newly reactivated cylinder. In this manner, previously deactivated cylinders may be started more quickly, and direct injection to the cylinders may be stopped after a predetermined number of engine cycles or cylinder intake events, such that mixture preparation in the cylinders may be improved shortly after reactivating the cylinders. This may be particularly desirable during conditions where the rate of change of requested engine torque is greater than a threshold, so that the driver may experience a faster torque response to driver demand torque.

If the engine is operating in a region where direct injection is provided only to the engine cylinders, direct injection to the deactivated cylinders is resumed and the cylinders operate with improved charge cooling. Direct fuel injection may continue in the engine cylinder until engine operating conditions change. Method 2900 proceeds to 2910.

At 2910, method 2900 judges whether or not port fuel injection is permitted, or whether or not direct fuel injection (DI) only is desired. Port fuel injection may begin after a predetermined actual total number of cylinder intake events since a request to activate one or more cylinders. The predetermined actual total number of events ensures that fuel is injected in time to the previously deactivated cylinders by direct fuel injection, and that fuel mixture preparation improves in time after reactivation of the deactivated cylinders. Alternatively, only direct fuel injection may be desired at the current engine operating conditions. If method 2900 concludes that port fuel injection is permitted, or that only direct fuel injection is desired, the answer is yes and method 2900 proceeds to 2912. Otherwise, method 2900 returns to 2908.

At 2912, method 2900 operates the direct and port fuel injectors according to a base schedule (base schedule). The base plan may be based on engine speed and driver demanded torque. Thus, after a request to activate a cylinder, direct fuel injection may be used to reactivate the deactivated cylinder at an earlier crank angle, and then either port or port and direct fuel injection may replace the direct-only injection. Method 2900 proceeds to exit.

Referring now to FIG. 30, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 29 is shown. The vertical line at time T3000-T3002 represents the time of interest in the sequence. Fig. 30 shows three graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. The SS mark along each graph indicates timely braking. The duration of timely braking can be long or short. Events to the left of the SS flag indicate engine conditions where fuel is only port injected unless the engine cylinders are reactivated. Events to the right of the SS mark indicate engine operating conditions where fuel is injected directly only. The sequence of fig. 30 is for a four cylinder engine with a firing sequence of 1-3-4-2. The three graphs are aligned by crankshaft position.

Example exhaust valve opening times are indicated by

cross-hatched patterns

3002, 3012, 3023, 3028, 3051, 3056, 3064, and 3069. Example intake valve opening times are indicated by hatched

patterns

3004, 3013, 3024, 3029, 3052, 3057, 3065, and 3070. The start of a direct fuel injection event is indicated by

nozzles

3006, 3053, 3058, 3062, and 3066. Spark events are represented by the asterisks at 3010, 3015, 3026, 3054, 3059, 3063, and 3067. The start of a port fuel injection event is indicated by the nozzles at 3008, 3014, 3021, and 3025.

The first plot from the top of fig. 30 is a plot of engine event versus engine position for cylinder number three. The engine stroke is drawn along the horizontal axis and is indicated by the letters I, C, P and E. I denotes the intake stroke. C denotes the compression stroke, P denotes the power or expansion stroke, and E denotes the exhaust stroke. The vertical line (bar) separates each engine stroke and represents the top dead centre or bottom dead centre of the piston stroke. Port fuel injection windows such as 3001 and 3011 are identified as PFI. During the port fuel injection window, fuel may be injected to the cylinder via the port fuel injector within a cylinder cycle. Injecting fuel into the intake port outside of the port fuel injection window delivers fuel into different cylinder cycles. Direct fuel injection to the cylinder may be during the intake stroke and the compression stroke.

The second plot from the top of fig. 30 is a plot of engine event versus engine position for cylinder number two. The engine stroke is drawn along the horizontal axis and is indicated by the letters I, C, P and E. I denotes an intake stroke. C denotes the compression stroke, P denotes the power or expansion stroke, and E denotes the exhaust stroke. The vertical line separates each engine stroke and represents either top dead center or bottom dead center of the piston stroke.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 30 is a plot of cylinder reactivation request status versus engine position. The vertical axis represents a cylinder reactivation status, and cylinder reactivation is requested when the trace of the graph is near the height of the vertical axis arrow. When the trace of the graph is near the horizontal axis, the cylinder reactivation state is no cylinder reactivation requested. In some examples, the cylinder reactivation request may be replaced by a requested number of active cylinder variables.

At time T3000, cylinders # two and # three are deactivated (e.g., fuel is not injected to the cylinders and the intake and exhaust valves of the cylinders remain in a closed state during the engine cycle) and a cylinder reactivation request is not asserted. Therefore, fuel is not injected to the cylinders # two and # three. In addition, the intake and exhaust valves of cylinders # two and # three remain closed. Cylinders number one and four are combusting an air and fuel mixture (not shown) as the engine rotates.

At time T3001, a request to reactivate the engine cylinders is made, as indicated by the cylinder reactivation request transitioning to a higher level. The cylinder reactivation request occurs at half way through the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) window 3001, and it may be based on an increase in driver demanded torque. Because the port fuel injector must provide precisely the smaller and larger fuel quantities, its flow rate is such that it cannot provide enough fuel to provide the stoichiometric mixture in cylinder number three during port fuel injection window 3001. Thus, fuel is directly injected so that combustion can begin in cylinder number three as soon as possible after a cylinder reactivation request. After time T3001, fuel is directly injected after the first intake stroke. The fuel injected at 3006 is combusted at 3010.

A cylinder reactivation request occurs at the end of port injection window 3020 before deactivated intake and exhaust valves begin to operate. Early in port fuel injection window 3022, port fuel injection begins at 3021 so that the port fuel injector for cylinder number two has sufficient time to inject the amount of fuel that produces the stoichiometric mixture in cylinder number two. Fuel is not injected directly into cylinder number two because the cylinder reactivation request occurs too late in the compression stroke to inject the desired amount of fuel directly.

At 3008, fuel is port injected into cylinder number three for a second combustion event in cylinder number three. Early in port fuel injection window 3011, fuel is port injected so that a stoichiometric mixture can be provided in cylinder number three. When the intake valve is opened at 3013, the fuel injected at 3008 is introduced into cylinder number three. At 3015, a second combustion event occurs in cylinder number three.

At 3025, fuel is port injected into cylinder number two for a second combustion event in cylinder number two. Early in port fuel injection window 3027, fuel is port injected so that a stoichiometric mixture may be provided in cylinder number two. When the intake valve is opened at 3029, fuel injected at 3025 is introduced into cylinder number two. At 3026, a second combustion event occurs in cylinder number two.

Cylinders number two and three are deactivated a second time between the SS flag and time T3002. At this time, no fuel is injected and no combustion occurs in the cylinder. As the engine rotates, cylinders number one and four combust air and fuel (not shown). Cylinder reactivation is not requested.

At time T3002, a cylinder reactivation request is asserted a second time. In response to an increase in driver demand torque or other condition, a cylinder reactivation request may be predicated. The engine is operated with only direct fuel injection scheduled. Because port fuel injection is not scheduled, the first direct injection since the cylinder reactivation request is at 3062. Fuel is injected during the compression stroke of cylinder number two, and it is combusted with air trapped in the cylinder when cylinder number two is deactivated. The injected fuel is combusted at the first combustion event 3063 since the cylinder reactivation request at T3002. However, in some examples, if cylinder number two is deactivated for a long period of time, exhaust gas may be trapped in cylinder number two, or air may leak through the piston. During these conditions, after fresh air is drawn into cylinder number two, a first direct fuel injection for cylinder number two following the cylinder deactivation request will be at 3066.

The first direct injection for cylinder number three after time T3002 occurs at 3053 after intake and exhaust valves are reactivated and opened at 3051 and 3052. The fuel injected at 3053 is combusted at 3054.

A second direct injection is performed at 3066 for cylinder number two. The fuel injected at 3066 is combusted with air introduced at 3065. Spark at 3067 initiates a second combustion event in cylinder number two since the cylinder reactivation request at T3002.

A second direct injection for cylinder number three is performed at 3058. The fuel injected at 3058 is combusted with air introduced at 3057. The spark at 3059 initiates a second combustion event in cylinder number three since the cylinder reactivation request at T3002.

In this manner, direct fuel injection may reduce the amount of time to reactivate an engine cylinder that has been deactivated. Additionally, port fuel may be injected after engine cylinders are reactivated via direct injection to improve mixing in the engine cylinders, thereby reducing engine emissions.

Referring now to FIG. 31, a method for controlling an engine oil pump in response to cylinder mode is shown. The method of fig. 31 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 31 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 31 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 3102, method 3100 judges whether or not there is a request to switch a cylinder intake or intake and exhaust valve to a deactivated state. The request may be based on the method of fig. 22. If method 3100 determines that there is a request to switch a cylinder poppet valve to a deactivated state, the answer is yes and method 3100 proceeds to 3104. Otherwise, method 3100 proceeds to 3120.

At 3104, method 3100 determines a minimum gallery pressure to deactivate cylinder poppet valves at current engine operating conditions. In one example, engine intake and exhaust poppet valves are normally active and are deactivated by supplying pressurized oil to the valve operators. The pressurized oil deactivates the intake and exhaust valves such that the intake and exhaust valves remain closed for one or more engine cycles. If the pressure of the oil decreases, the deactivated valves may be reactivated such that they open and close during the engine cycle.

The minimum oil pressure to deactivate the cylinder poppet may be empirically determined based on parameters such as engine oil temperature and engine speed. The minimum oil pressure to deactivate the cylinder poppet may be stored in a table or function in memory that may be indexed via parameters. Method 3100 indexes a table or function to determine a minimum oil pressure to deactivate cylinder poppet valves at current engine operating conditions and proceeds to 3106.

At 3106, method 3100 determines a minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine at the current engine operating conditions. The minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine may be empirically determined based on parameters such as engine oil temperature, engine torque, and engine speed. The minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine may be stored in a table or function in memory that may be indexed via parameters. Method 3100 indexes a table or function to determine a minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine at the current engine operating conditions, and proceeds to 3108.

At 3108, method 3100 determines a minimum oil pressure to actuate the variable timing camshaft at the current engine operating conditions. The minimum oil pressure to actuate the variable timing camshaft may be determined empirically based on parameters such as engine oil temperature, engine torque, and engine speed. The minimum oil pressure to actuate the variable timing camshaft may be stored in a table or function in memory that may be indexed via parameters. Method 3100 indexes a table or function to determine a minimum oil pressure to actuate a variable timing camshaft at current engine operating conditions and proceeds to 3110.

At 3110, method 3100 determines a maximum oil pressure from the minimum oil pressures determined at 3104 and 3108 and adjusts the actuators to provide the same values. For example, if the minimum poppet valve deactivation oil pressure is 100kPa, the minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine is 200kPa, and the minimum oil pressure to adjust the camshaft position with respect to the crankshaft position is 150kPa, the maximum oil pressure from the minimum oil pressures is 200 kPa. The oil pressure supplied by the oil pump is commanded to 200 kPa. The resulting oil pressure command is a static oil pressure command. The oil pressure can be adjusted by adjusting the oil pump displacement, the position of the dump valve, or the oil flow through the cooling nozzle. Method 3100 proceeds to 3110.

At 3112, method 3100 commands an increase in oil pressure in an oil gallery leading to a cylinder poppet valve operator. The oil pressure may be increased by increasing the pump displacement command, decreasing the flow through the gallery dump valve, decreasing the flow through the piston cooling nozzles, or increasing the oil pump speed. The oil pressure command is increased to a value higher than the value that maintains the valve in the closed state, so that the valve is quickly deactivated. This command for oil pressure increase is a dynamic command. The dynamic commands may be determined empirically and stored in a table or array indexed by engine speed and oil temperature. The duration of the dynamic commands is relatively short and the duration of the static commands is longer. In this way, the oil pump pressure command may consist of a static command and a dynamic command. Further, method 3100 may adjust an oil pressure output from an oil pump in response to the oil quality. For example, if the oil quality is high, the oil pump pressure may be reduced based on improved oil lubricity of newer or higher quality oils. Additionally, method 3100 may not activate cooling nozzles while activating or deactivating cylinders via intake and exhaust valve operation. Method 3100 proceeds to 3114.

At 3114, method 3100 reduces oil pressure in the oil gallery to the value determined at 3110 or the static oil pressure command once it is determined that the desired cylinder poppet is deactivated. Method 3100 proceeds to 3116.

At 3116, if there is no request to change cylinder state, method 3100 determines that the cylinder poppet is moved to the requested state or remains in its current state. Method 3100 proceeds to exit.

At 3120, method 3100 judges whether there is a request to switch a cylinder intake valve or valves to an activated state. The request may be based on driver demanded torque and/or other vehicle operating conditions. If method 3100 determines that there is a request to switch a cylinder poppet valve to an activated state, the answer is yes and method 3100 proceeds to 3122. Otherwise, method 3100 proceeds to 3114.

At 3112, method 3100 reduces oil pressure in an oil gallery leading to a cylinder poppet valve operator. Oil pressure may be reduced by decreasing the pump displacement command, increasing flow through the gallery dump valve, increasing flow through the piston cooling nozzles, or decreasing the oil pump speed. Method 3100 proceeds to 3114.

Referring now to FIG. 32, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 31 is shown. The vertical lines at times T3200-T3204 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 32 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 32 is a plot of cylinder deactivation request status versus time. The cylinder deactivation request is the basis for activating and deactivating cylinders. Additionally, cylinder valves may be activated and deactivated based on cylinder deactivation requests. The vertical axis represents a cylinder deactivation request, and when the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow, cylinder deactivation is requested. Cylinder deactivation is not requested when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 32 is a plot of cylinder deactivation state versus time. The vertical axis represents a cylinder deactivation state and one or more engine cylinders are deactivated when the deactivation state trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the cylinder is not deactivated. Fuel stops flowing to the deactivated cylinder and the intake and exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinder remain closed for one or more engine cycles such that combustion does not occur in the deactivated cylinder. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of fig. 32 is an engine oil pump displacement command versus time. The vertical axis represents an engine oil pump displacement command, and the value of the engine oil pump displacement command increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The engine oil pump displacement command is a combined value of a static oil pressure command and a dynamic oil pressure command. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 32 is a plot of static oil pressure command versus time. The vertical axis represents a static oil pressure command, and the value of the static oil pressure command increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 32 is a plot of dynamic oil pressure command versus time. The vertical axis represents a dynamic oil pressure command, and the value of the dynamic oil pressure command increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The sixth plot from the top of fig. 32 is a plot of engine gallery pressure command versus time. The vertical axis represents engine gallery pressure, and the value of the engine gallery pressure command increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Horizontal line 3202 represents a minimum oil passage pressure to maintain deactivated valves in a deactivated state.

At time T3200, cylinder deactivation is not requested, and cylinders are not deactivated. The static oil pressure command is at a lower level and the oil pump displacement command is at a lower level. The dynamic oil pressure command is zero. The engine gallery pressure is at a lower level.

At time T3202, a cylinder deactivation request is asserted. In response to a decrease in driver requested torque or other vehicle operating conditions, a cylinder deactivation request may be asserted. The cylinder deactivation status indicates that the cylinder is not deactivated. The dynamic oil pressure command is increased in response to a cylinder deactivation request. The static oil pressure command is also increased in response to the cylinder deactivation request. The oil pump displacement command is increased in response to the cylinder deactivation request. The oil pump displacement command adjusts the oil pump displacement. The gallery pressure increases in response to an oil pump displacement command.

Alternatively, as shown, the gallery dump valve may be at least partially closed to increase gallery pressure. Additionally, in some examples, as shown, the engine cooling jets may be reduced to increase gallery pressure. Also, in some examples, as shown, the oil pump speed is increased to increase gallery pressure.

At time T3203, the cylinder deactivation state transitions to a higher level to indicate that the cylinder valve is deactivated and remains closed for one or more engine cycles. The cylinder deactivation status may be based on the output of one or more sensors (e.g., valve operator sensors, exhaust sensors, or other sensors). The oil pump displacement command is decreased and the dynamic oil pressure command is decreased. The static oil pressure command remains at its previous value. The oil passage pressure levels off to an oil pressure slightly higher than 3202 so that the valves may remain deactivated and oil pump energy consumption may be reduced.

At time T3204, a cylinder reactivation request is predicated by transitioning the cylinder deactivation state to a lower level. Cylinder reactivation may be performed in response to an increase in driver demand torque or other vehicle operating conditions. The cylinder deactivation state indicates that the cylinder is deactivated. The dynamic oil pressure command is decreased in response to a cylinder reactivation request. The static oil pressure command is also decreased in response to a cylinder reactivation request. The oil pump displacement command is decreased in response to a cylinder reactivation request. The oil pump displacement command adjusts the oil pump displacement. The gallery pressure is reduced in response to an oil pump displacement command.

Alternatively, as shown, the gallery dump valve may be at least partially opened to reduce gallery pressure. Additionally, in some examples, as shown, engine cooling jets may be added to reduce gallery pressure. Also, in some examples, as shown, the oil pump speed is reduced to reduce gallery pressure.

At time T3204, the cylinder deactivation state transitions to a lower level to indicate that the cylinder valves are reactivated and opened and closed for one or more engine cycles. The cylinder reactivation status may be based on the output of one or more sensors (e.g., valve operator sensors, exhaust sensors, or other sensors). The oil pump displacement command is increasing and the dynamic oil pressure command is increasing. The static oil pressure command remains at its previous value. The gallery pressure levels off to a value corresponding to a maximum oil pressure of a minimum oil pressure to lubricate the engine, a minimum oil pressure to actuate the camshaft at a desired rate.

In this way, deactivation of the cylinder and cylinder valves may be accelerated while reducing the energy consumed by the oil pump. Additionally, cylinder valves may be quickly reactivated by including dynamic oil pressure control commands.

Referring now to FIG. 33, a method for controlling engine knock in response to cylinder operating mode is shown. The method of fig. 33 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 33 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 33 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 3302, method 3300 maps or distributes the output of the engine knock sensor to the active cylinders. Alternatively, method 3300 may map the output of the engine knock sensor based on a map of deactivated cylinders. For example, for a four cylinder engine having a firing sequence of 1-3-4-2 and an engine knock sensor positioned as shown in FIG. 2A, the knock sensor may be mapped according to Table 2.

TABLE 2

Table 2 includes two cylinder deactivation modes. The first mode is labeled FUEL (FUEL) and describes a mode in which the cylinder is deactivated by ceasing to supply FUEL to the cylinder while the intake and exhaust valves continue to open and close during the engine cycle. The second mode is labeled FUEL AND AIR (FUEL AND AIR), AND describes a mode in which the cylinder is deactivated by ceasing to supply FUEL to the cylinder while the intake AND exhaust valves remain closed during the engine cycle.

Cylinder modes are identified as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The change between the various modes may be based on the time the engine is operating in one mode, the amount of oil in the deactivated cylinders, the number of engine revolutions in that mode, and other conditions described herein that may result in a mode change between different cylinder modes. Mode 1 is where cylinders 1-4 are all active (e.g., combusting air and fuel as valves open and close within an engine cycle) and the engine is rotated by the torque generated via cylinders 1-4. Mode 2 is where

cylinders

1 and 4 are active and the engine is rotating by the torque produced via

cylinders

1 and 4. Mode 3 is where

cylinders

1, 4 and 2 are active and the engine is spinning by torque generated via

cylinders

1, 4 and 2. Mode 4 is where

cylinders

1, 3, and 4 are active and the engine is spinning by torque generated via

cylinders

1, 3, and 4. Mode 5 is where

cylinders

3 and 2 are active and the engine is rotating by torque generated via

cylinders

3 and 2. Mode 6 is where

cylinders

3, 4 and 2 are active and the engine is spinning by torque generated via

cylinders

3, 4 and 2. Mode 7 is where

cylinders

1, 3, and 2 are active and the engine is spinning by torque generated via

cylinders

1, 3, and 2. Alternatively, the cylinder mode may describe deactivated cylinders.

In this example, the table cells are populated with values of 1 and/or 2, but other values may be used. A value of 1 indicates that knock sensors located proximate to cylinders number one and two are selected for sampling and determining engine knock. A value of 2 indicates that knock sensors located near cylinder number three and four are selected for sampling and determining engine knock. For example, when the engine is operating in cylinder mode A in the fuel cylinder deactivation mode, knock

sensors

1 and 2 are selected and sampled for

knock sensors

1 and 2 for determining engine knock in cylinders 1-4. On the other hand, when the engine is operating in cylinder mode F with fuel and air cylinder deactivation, knock sensor 2 is the only knock sensor selected and sampled for determining engine knock in

cylinders

3, 4, and 2.

Table 2 shows that each engine knock sensor may be assigned to detect knock in different cylinders for different cylinder modes and different cylinder deactivation modes. One engine knock sensor may provide improved signal-to-noise ratio in one cylinder mode and one cylinder deactivation mode, while a different knock sensor may provide improved signal-to-noise ratio in one cylinder mode and a second cylinder deactivation mode. Additionally, the engine knock threshold may be adjusted in response to the knock sensor providing knock data based on the knock sensor assignment. One or more engine knock sensors assigned to a particular cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode are sampled during an engine cycle to indicate knock in an active cylinder. Engine knock sensors not assigned to a particular cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode are not sampled or samples collected for the knock sensors are not used during an engine cycle to determine engine knock. In this manner, the engine knock sensor may be mapped to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Similar mappings may be provided for six and eight cylinder engines. Method 3300 proceeds to 3304.

At 3304, method 3300 determines which engine cylinders are activated and deactivated. In one example, activated cylinders are determined by determining whether conditions exist for deactivating one or more cylinders as described at 1118 of FIG. 11. In other examples, an active cylinder may be identified as a value of a variable at a particular location in memory. The values of the variables may be modified each time a cylinder is activated or deactivated. For example, a variable in memory may indicate the operating state of cylinder number one. A value of 1 in the variable may indicate that cylinder number one is active, while a zero value in the variable may indicate that cylinder number one is deactivated. In this way, the operating state of each cylinder can be determined. Method 3300 proceeds to 3306.

At 3306, method 3300 determines which engine cylinders are deactivated by stopping fuel flow to the cylinders without stopping air flow to the cylinders. Method 3300 also determines which cylinders are deactivated by stopping fuel and air flow to the deactivated cylinders. In one example, the controller allocates variables in memory to each cylinder to track the deactivation pattern of the cylinder. When the cylinder is deactivated, the deactivation mode of the cylinder is saved in the controller memory. For example, when cylinder number one is deactivated by stopping fuel flow to the deactivated cylinder number one without stopping air flow to the deactivated cylinder number one, the value of the variable is 1. Conversely, when cylinder number one is deactivated by stopping fuel and air flow to the deactivated cylinder number one, the value of the variable is 0. The cylinders may be deactivated by any of the methods and systems described herein. The value of the variable may be modified each time the cylinder is deactivated.

In some examples, a table similar to Table 2 may be constructed based on cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode to output a threshold knock value. The values in the table may be empirically determined and stored in the table. The table is indexed via cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode. The table outputs a threshold knock value that is compared to the knock sensor output. If the knock sensor output exceeds a threshold knock value, knock may be determined. Method 3300 proceeds to 3308.

At 3308, method 3300 monitors the selected knock sensor to determine engine knock. Specifically, the knock sensor is selected based on the map of knock sensors described at 3302. The map of knock sensors is indexed via cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode. The table outputs an engine knock sensor that is sampled during an engine cycle for engine knock in various cylinder modes and cylinder deactivation modes. In one example, a knock sensor is monitored during a particular crankshaft angle range to detect knock in an active cylinder.

If the knock sensor output exceeds a threshold level (e.g., the knock threshold depicted at 3306), engine knock is indicated. In some examples, the knock sensor output may be integrated and compared to a threshold level. If the integrated knock sensor output is greater than the threshold, engine knock is indicated. Method 3300 proceeds to 3310.

At 3310, method 3300 adjusts the actuator in response to the indication of knock. In one example, spark timing is retarded to reduce engine knock. The start of fuel injection at the injection timing may be retarded to reduce cylinder pressure and reduce engine knock. Alternatively, the amount of fuel injected may be increased. Additionally, cylinder air charge may be reduced in some situations to reduce the likelihood of engine knock. Further still, the ratio of the amount of fuel port injected to the amount of fuel directly injected may be adjusted in response to engine knock. For example, the amount of fuel for direct injection may be increased while the amount of fuel for port injection may be decreased. After adjusting the actuators, method 3300 proceeds to exit.

Referring now to FIG. 34, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 33 is shown. The vertical lines at times T3400-T3407 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 34 shows six graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. The sequence of fig. 34 represents a sequence for operating a four cylinder engine at a substantially constant speed and driver demanded torque (e.g., torque and speed variation less than 5%).

The first plot from the top of fig. 34 is a plot of spark timing versus time for an active cylinder (e.g., a cylinder combusting air and fuel). The vertical axis represents the spark timing of the active cylinder and the spark advances more when the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. When the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis, the spark is less advanced or retarded. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of fig. 34 is a plot of active cylinder group versus time. The vertical axis represents the active cylinder bank, and when the trace is at the cylinder bank level, the cylinder bank is active. In this example, there are two possible cylinder groups a and B, as indicated along the vertical axis. Group 1 indicates that cylinders 1-4 are active and are combusting air and fuel. Group 2 indicates that

cylinder cylinders

1 and 4 are active and are combusting air and fuel. When group 3 is active,

cylinders

2 and 3 are deactivated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 34 is a plot of cylinder deactivation mode versus time. The vertical axis represents the cylinder deactivation mode. When the cylinder deactivation trace is near the vertical axis center, the cylinder is not deactivated. When the trace is near the vertical axis arrow, the deactivated cylinder is deactivated by stopping the supply of air and fuel to the deactivated cylinder. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, the deactivated cylinders are deactivated by stopping the supply of fuel to the deactivated cylinders while air flows through the deactivated cylinders. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 34 is a plot showing sampled knock sensor versus time. The vertical axis represents the sampled knock sensor. A value of 1 indicates that only the first knock sensor is sampled. A value of 2 indicates that only the second knock sensor is sampled. Values of 1 and 2 indicate that both the first knock sensor and the second knock sensor are sampled. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of FIG. 34 is a plot of knock sensor output amplitude versus time. The vertical axis represents knock sensor amplitude, and knock sensor output increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. A solid line 3404 is the output from the first knock sensor. Dashed line 3406 is the output from the second knock sensor. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Dashed line 3402 represents a threshold level for comparing knock sensor outputs. If the knock sensor output is greater than 3402, engine knock is indicated. The level of 3402 is adjusted for the cylinder bank and cylinder deactivation mode.

The sixth plot from the top of fig. 34 is a plot of indicated engine knock versus time. The vertical axis represents indicated engine knock. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. The engine actuators may be adjusted in response to the indicated engine knock to reduce the likelihood of further engine knock.

At time T3400, cylinder bank 1 is active and spark timing is advanced more. The cylinders are not deactivated, so the cylinder deactivation mode indicates that the cylinders are not deactivated. The sampled knock sensors are 1 and 2 such that the first knock sensor and the second knock sensor are sampled to determine if engine knock is present. The outputs from the first and second knock sensors are less than threshold 3402 and therefore do not indicate engine knock.

At time T3401, the active cylinder bank switches to bank 2. Two engine cylinders are deactivated in group 2 (e.g., cylinders two and three). The active cylinder bank may be changed in response to a decrease in driver demand torque or other changes in vehicle operating conditions (e.g., engine temperature reaching a threshold temperature). Even if there is no change in driver demand torque (not shown), spark timing is retarded to reflect the higher load in both active cylinders. Two cylinders are deactivated by deactivating fuel flow to the cylinders. Fuel injection is stopped to stop fuel flow to both cylinders. Since the cylinder deactivation mode is fuel, air continues to flow through the deactivated cylinders. The sampled knock sensor remains unchanged. Since both engine cylinders are inactive and combustion noise may be reduced, knock sensor threshold 3402 is reduced to a lower level since background noise may be reduced. The output of the knock sensor does not exceed the threshold 3402, and therefore engine knock is not indicated.

At time T3402, the active cylinder bank switches back to bank 1. The active cylinder bank may change state in response to an increase in driver demand torque, a decrease in engine temperature, or other conditions. The cylinder deactivation mode switches back to a center value to indicate that no cylinders are deactivated. The sampled knock sensor remains unchanged. The knock sensor threshold is increased back to its previous level and engine knock is not indicated because the knock sensor output is less than threshold 3402. The engine spark timing returns to its previous value.

At time T3403, the active cylinder bank switches to bank 2 again. Two cylinders are deactivated by deactivating fuel and air to the cylinders. Fuel injection is stopped to stop fuel flow to both cylinders, and the intake and exhaust valves of both deactivated cylinders remain closed during the engine cycle to stop air flow to both deactivated cylinders. The sampled knock sensor remains unchanged. The knock sensor threshold 3402 is reduced to a minimum level because background noise may be reduced due to no combustion in the deactivated cylinders and by deactivating the cylinder valves due to reduced valve lash. The outputs of the first and second knock sensors do not exceed the threshold 3402 and therefore do not indicate engine knock. Spark timing is retarded to reflect the increased load on the active cylinders to maintain driver demanded torque.

At time T3404, the output of the first knock sensor exceeds a threshold 3402. Therefore, engine knock is indicated as shown in the sixth graph. Spark timing is further retarded in response to an indication of engine knock. The active cylinder bank remains 2 and cylinder airflow and fuel flow to the deactivated cylinders remains stopped. The sampled knock sensor remains unchanged. The knock sensor output decreases in response to an increase in spark retard.

At time T3405, the active cylinder bank switches back to bank 1. The cylinder deactivation mode switches back to the center value to indicate that no cylinders are deactivated. The sampled knock sensor remains unchanged. The knock sensor threshold is increased back to its initial level and engine knock is not indicated because the knock sensor output is less than threshold 3402.

At time T3406, the active cylinder bank switches to bank 3. In cylinder bank 3, three cylinders (e.g., cylinders numbered 1, 4, and 2) are active. The sampled knock sensor switches from 1 and 2 to 1. Thus, when group 3 is activated and airflow (e.g., fuel as shown in Table 2) to the deactivated cylinders is not stopped by stopping fuel flow, the first knock sensor is the only knock sensor sampled. By switching the sampled knock sensor, the signal-to-noise ratio for determining engine knock may be improved. Since the outputs of the first knock sensor and the second knock sensor are less than the threshold 3402, engine knock is not indicated.

At time T3407, the active cylinder bank switches back to bank 1. The cylinder deactivation mode switches back to a center value to indicate that no cylinders are deactivated. The knock sensor threshold is increased back to its original level and engine knock is not indicated because the output of the first and second knock sensors is less than threshold 3402.

In this manner, different knock sensors may be sampled in response to the active cylinder bank and cylinder deactivation mode. Additionally, the threshold level to which knock sensor output is compared may be varied in response to cylinder mode and cylinder deactivation mode. The cylinder mode, sampled knock sensor, knock threshold level, and cylinder bank are exemplary in nature and are not intended to limit the scope or breadth of the present disclosure.

Referring now to FIG. 35, a method for controlling engine knock in response to a cylinder deactivation mode is shown. The method of fig. 35 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 35 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 35 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 3502, method 3500 estimates a temperature of the engine cylinders via a model and/or counts an actual total number of engine cycles in which deactivated cylinders are deactivated. The temperatures of the active and deactivated cylinders are modeled. In one example, the steady state temperature of the cylinder is determined at 3504 by the following equation:

CYLss＝Cyl_temp_fn(N,L,Cyl_d_state)·AF_fn(afr)·Spk_fn(spkMBT)·EGR_fn(EGR)

where CYLss is an estimate of steady state cylinder temperature (e.g., temperature of the cylinder); cyl _ temp _ fn is the cylinder temperature according to engine speed (N), engine load (L), and cylinder deactivation state (CYL _ d _ state); AF _ fn is a function that provides a real multiplier for the cylinder air-fuel ratio (afr); spk _ fn is a function for providing a real multiplier for cylinder spark based on spark retard for MBT spark timing (spkMBT); and EGR _ fn is a function that provides a real multiplier for the percent Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). CYL _ d _ state identifies whether a cylinder is active and combusting air and fuel or deactivated and not combusting air and fuel, such that if an engine cylinder is changed from active to deactivated, a CYLss change is output, or vice versa. The steady state temperature of the cylinder is modified by a time constant to provide a cylinder temperature estimate by the following equation:

Wherein CYL_tmpIs the final estimated cylinder temperature, CYL₀Is the initial cylinder temperature, t is the time, and τ is the system time constant. In one example, τ is a function of engine temperature and airflow through the cylinder for which the temperature is estimated. Specifically, air flows through the cylinder when fuel flow to the cylinder is deactivated and combustion in the cylinder is stopped. The value of τ increases as the airflow through the cylinder decreases, and the value of τ decreases as the airflow through the cylinder increases. The value of τ decreases as engine temperature increases, and the value of τ increases as engine temperature decreases. CYL if the cylinder is not deactivated for a longer duration_tmpIs close to the value CYLss. Method 3500 proceeds to 3506.

At 3506, method 3500 counts an actual total number of engine cycles in which one or more cylinders are deactivated and not combusting air and fuel. In one example, a counter counts the actual number of engine cycles that one or more cylinders are deactivated by: the actual total number of engine revolutions since one or more cylinders were deactivated is counted and since there are two engine revolutions in one engine cycle, the result is divided by 2. The actual number of revolutions of the engine is determined from the output of the engine crank position sensor.

At 3508, method 3500 monitors knock for all engine cylinders. Knock may be monitored for all engine cylinders via one or more engine knock sensors. The engine knock sensor may include, but is not limited to, an accelerometer, a pressure sensor, and an acoustic sensor. Knock may be monitored for each cylinder during a predetermined crankshaft angle interval or window. When the output of the knock sensor exceeds a threshold, engine knock may be present. Method 3500 proceeds to 3510.

At 3510, method 3500 reduces the likelihood of knock in the engine cylinder where knock is indicated. In one example, method 3500 reduces the likelihood of engine knock in the cylinder in which engine knock is indicated at 3508 by retarding spark timing of the cylinder in which engine knock is indicated. In other examples, the start of fuel injection timing may be retarded. Method 3500 proceeds to 3512.

At 3512, method 3500 advances the spark timing of the cylinder in which the spark timing is retarded to reduce the likelihood of engine knock. Spark timing is advanced to improve engine fuel economy, engine emissions, and engine efficiency. The spark timing may be advanced from the retarded spark timing to a spark timing limit (e.g., minimum spark advance (MBT) at best engine torque) based on a base spark advance gain.

The spark advance gain for the cylinder may be based on the temperature of the cylinder and/or the counted number of cycles that the cylinder was deactivated and the counted number of cylinder cycles that the cylinder was activated since the cylinder was last deactivated estimated at 3504. A base spark advance gain may be added to the retarded spark timing. In one example, the spark advance gain for a cylinder may be expressed as X degrees/second, where the value of the variable X is based on the cylinder temperature. Thus, by adding a spark advance gain value to the retarded spark timing, the spark can be advanced from the retarded timing. For example, if the MBT spark timing is 20 degrees before top dead center and the spark timing is retarded to 10 crankshaft degrees before top dead center in response to engine knock, the spark advance gain advances the spark timing from 10 crankshaft degrees before top dead center to 20 crankshaft degrees before top dead center in one second unless engine knock is indicated when the spark timing is advanced. In other examples, the spark advance gain may be a multiplier that increases or decreases the base spark timing. For example, the spark advance gain may be a real number varying between 1 and 2, such that if the base spark timing is 10 degrees before top dead center, the spark timing may be advanced to 20 degrees before top dead center by multiplying the base spark timing by the spark advance gain. In this way, spark timing may be advanced back to MBT spark timing to improve engine emissions, fuel economy, and performance. Method 3500 proceeds to exit.

Alternatively, the spark gain may be a function of the counted number of cycles that the cylinder was deactivated and the counted number of cylinder cycles that the cylinder was activated since the cylinder was last deactivated. For example, if a cylinder is deactivated for 10,000 engine cycles and activated for 5 engine cycles before knock is encountered in the cylinder, the spark gain may be a large value (e.g., 2 degrees/second). However, if the cylinder is deactivated for 500 engine cycles and activated for 5 cycles before knock is encountered in the cylinder, the spark gain may be a small value (e.g., 1 degree/second).

Thus, the rate at which spark may be advanced after retarding spark for engine knock may be adjusted in response to the temperature of the cylinder and/or the actual total number of engine cycles since one or more cylinders were deactivated. Thus, the rate of spark advance may be adjusted to reduce the likelihood of engine knock when advancing the spark. However, spark may advance at a rate that improves engine efficiency, economy, and performance.

Referring now to FIG. 36, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 35 is shown. The vertical lines at times T3600-T3606 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 36 shows five graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. The sequence of fig. 36 represents a sequence for operating the four-cylinder engine at a constant speed and driver demand torque.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 36 is a plot of cylinder (e.g., a cylinder that is not combusting fuel and air) temperature versus time for which the illustrated cylinder is operating. The vertical axis represents cylinder temperature, and the cylinder temperature increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 36 is a plot of cylinder spark timing versus time for the illustrated cylinder operation. The vertical axis represents spark timing for the cylinder, and spark advance increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 36 is a plot of cylinder deactivation mode versus time for cylinder operation as shown. The vertical axis represents the cylinder deactivation mode. When the trace is near the vertical axis center, the cylinder is not deactivated. When the trace is close to the vertical axis arrow, the cylinder is deactivated by stopping the supply of air and fuel to the cylinder. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, the cylinder is deactivated by stopping the supply of fuel to the cylinder while air is flowing through the cylinder. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of FIG. 36 is a plot of cylinder spark advance gain in degrees per second of crankshaft versus time for the illustrated cylinder. The vertical axis represents the spark advance gain, and the spark advance gain increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 36 is a plot of indicated engine knock versus time. The vertical axis represents an indication of engine knock, and when the trace is at a level near the vertical axis arrow, engine knock is indicated. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T3600, the cylinder temperature is high and the spark timing of the cylinder is advanced more. The cylinder is not deactivated, as indicated by the cylinder deactivation mode trace being at an intermediate level. The spark gain for the cylinder is at a lower level and engine knock is not indicated.

At time T3601, the engine cylinder is deactivated by stopping fuel and air flow to the cylinder, as indicated by the cylinder deactivation pattern trace. Airflow to the deactivated cylinders is stopped by keeping the intake and exhaust poppet valves of the cylinders closed during the engine cycle. Alternatively, the intake valves of the deactivated cylinders may remain closed while the exhaust valves of the deactivated cylinders are opened and closed during the engine cycle. The temperature of the cylinder begins to drop, but since air does not flow through the deactivated cylinder, the temperature of the cylinder drops at a lower rate. When the cylinder is deactivated, the cylinder spark advance gain remains unchanged. Since the cylinder is deactivated, spark timing for the cylinder is not shown and engine knock is not indicated.

At time T3602, the cylinder is reactivated by supplying fuel and air to the cylinder, as indicated by the transition of the cylinder deactivation mode trace to the intermediate level. The cylinder spark advance gain is increased based on the temperature of the cylinder. The spark timing of the cylinder is restored to the advanced level and the temperature of the cylinder begins to rise. Knock is not indicated.

At time T3603, engine knock is indicated and spark timing for the cylinder is retarded to mitigate engine knock. The cylinder temperature increases, but at a level less than the long term steady state level at the current engine speed and load. The cylinder is active and the cylinder spark advance gain is at an elevated level.

Between time T3603 and time T3604, spark timing for the cylinder is increased using a spark advance gain based on the temperature of the cylinder. When the spark advance of the cylinder is increased, there is no knock in the cylinder. Spark advance is increased at a predetermined rate (e.g., 10 crankshaft degrees/second) such that engine efficiency, performance, and emissions may be improved after retarding spark timing in a cylinder in response to engine knock. After the cylinder has been activated and the cylinder temperature has increased, the cylinder spark advance gain is decreased.

At time T3604, the engine cylinder is deactivated a second time by stopping fuel flow to the cylinder as air continues to flow through the deactivated cylinder, as indicated by the cylinder deactivation pattern trace. The cylinder temperature is at the level it was at time T3600 and then begins to drop at a faster rate as the air flowing through the cylinder cools the cylinder. Because the cylinder is deactivated, knock is not indicated in the cylinder.

At time T3605, the cylinder is reactivated by supplying spark and fuel to the cylinder. The cylinders may be reactivated in response to an increase in requested engine torque or other operating conditions. The cylinder spark timing is a more advanced value or timing. After the cylinder is reactivated, the cylinder temperature begins to increase. In response to activating the cylinder, the cylinder spark advance gain is also increased, indicating no knock in the cylinder.

At time T3606, engine knock is indicated. When knock is indicated, the temperature of the cylinder is at a lower level. In response to knock in the cylinder, spark timing of the cylinder is retarded. The temperature of the cylinder continues to increase.

After time T3606, cylinder spark timing is advanced at a predetermined rate (e.g., 15 crankshaft degrees/second), such that engine efficiency, performance, and emissions may be improved after retarding active cylinder spark timing in response to engine knock. The cylinder spark timing increases in a ramped manner and at a faster rate than at time T3603. Since the cylinder temperature is lower than at time T3603, the spark timing is increased at a faster rate. Knock is not indicated in the cylinder and the cylinder temperature continues to increase.

In this manner, engine spark timing may be adjusted in response to the cylinder deactivation mode and the cylinder spark advance gain. In addition, engine knock may be mitigated while reducing degradation in engine performance and emissions.

Referring now to FIG. 37, a method for controlling engine knock in the presence of cylinder deactivation is shown. The method of fig. 37 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 37 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 37 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

Referring now to 3702, method 3700 determines an engine knock window for detecting knock in each engine cylinder. In one example, the engine knock detection window is an engine crankshaft interval where engine knock is expected to occur. For example, if cylinder number one has a top dead center compression stroke of 0 crankshaft, then knock in cylinder number one may be expected to be in a range between 20 crankshaft degrees after the compression stroke of cylinder number one top dead center and 50 crankshaft degrees after the compression stroke of cylinder number one top dead center. Thus, in this example, knock detection for cylinder number one is between 20 and 50 crank degrees after the compression stroke of cylinder number one at top dead center. Knock detection windows for other engine cylinders may be similarly defined. The range of engine knock windows for each cylinder may be empirically determined and stored in a table or function in the controller memory. The table is indexed via engine speed and engine torque. Method 3700 proceeds to 3704.

At 3704, method 3700 selectively samples one or more engine knock sensor outputs based on a current engine position and an engine knock window. For example, method 3700 samples the engine knock sensor in a range between 20 crankshaft degrees after compression stroke of cylinder number one top dead center and 50 crankshaft degrees after compression stroke of cylinder number one top dead center to determine the knock sensor output for the knock window of cylinder number one. Method 3700 proceeds to 3706.

At 3706, method 3700 judges whether or not there is a good signal-to-noise ratio for knock sensor output in the nearest or current knock sensor window. In one example, the determination of method 3700 can be based on a predetermined signal-to-noise ratio of a table or function stored in the controller memory. The table or function may be indexed according to the current cylinder knock window, engine speed, and engine torque. If method 3700 determines that there is a good signal-to-noise ratio, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3720. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3708.

At 3708, method 3700 judges whether or not one or more engine cylinders are deactivated. In one example, the variable in memory contains a value identifying a deactivated cylinder. For example, a variable representing the operating state of cylinder number one may have a value of zero if the cylinder is deactivated, and a value of 1 if the cylinder is active and combusting fuel and air. If method 3700 judges that one or more engine cylinders are deactivated, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3710. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3740.

At 3710, method 3700 judges whether or not knock sensor output noise in a knock window at the current crankshaft angle (e.g., the current knock window) or during a knock window in which the knock sensor output was just sampled (e.g., the current knock window) is affected by fuel and air based cylinder deactivation of the cylinder. For example, the combustion events of an eight cylinder engine are only 90 crank degrees apart. Thus, for an eight cylinder engine with a firing sequence of 1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8, combustion noise from cylinder number six (e.g., valve closing and blocking vibrations caused by combustion pressure) may enter the knock window of cylinder number five. If method 3700 is evaluating knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five and deactivating cylinder number five by disabling fuel and air flow to cylinder number five, method 3700 may judge that fuel and air based cylinder deactivation affects knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five. Note that even though cylinder number five is deactivated in this example, noise in its knock window may be used to process knock sensor output when cylinder number five is active during conditions of low signal-to-noise ratio.

Alternatively, if method 3700 is evaluating knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five, deactivating cylinder number six by deactivating fuel and air flow to cylinder number six, and when cylinder number five is active and combusting air and fuel, noise from cylinder number six (e.g., noise from exhaust valve closing when intake valve remains closed during a cylinder cycle, or noise from compression and expansion in the deactivated cylinder) enters the knock window for cylinder number five, method 3700 may judge that fuel and air based cylinder deactivation affects knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five. If method 3700 judges that knock sensor output noise in a knock window at the current crankshaft angle (e.g., the current knock window) or during a knock window in which the knock sensor output has just been sampled (e.g., the current knock window) is affected by fuel and air based cylinder deactivation of the cylinder, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3742. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3712.

At 3712, method 3700 determines whether knock sensor output noise in a knock window at the current crankshaft angle (e.g., the current knock window) or during a knock window in which the knock sensor output was just sampled (e.g., the current knock window) is affected by fuel-based cylinder deactivation of the cylinder. For example, if method 3700 is evaluating knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five, and deactivating cylinder number five by deactivating fuel flow when air is flowing to cylinder number five, method 3700 may determine that fuel-based cylinder deactivation affects knock sensor noise in the cylinder number five knock window (e.g., noise from valve openings and closings for cylinder number five and six, and compression and expansion noise from cylinder number five and six).

Alternatively, if method 3700 is evaluating knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five, deactivating cylinder number six by deactivating fuel flow when air flows to cylinder number six, and when cylinder number five is active and combusting air and fuel, noise from cylinder number six (e.g., noise from exhaust valve closing when intake valve remains closed during a cylinder cycle, or noise from compression and expansion in the deactivated cylinder) enters the knock window for cylinder number five, method 3700 may judge that fuel-based cylinder deactivation affects knock sensor noise in the knock window for cylinder number five. If method 3700 judges that knock sensor output noise in a knock window at the current crankshaft angle (e.g., the current knock window) or during a knock window in which the knock sensor output has just been sampled (e.g., the current knock window) is affected by fuel-based cylinder deactivation of the cylinder, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3742. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3730.

At 3714, method 3700 band pass filters the output from the sampled knock sensor during the current knock window. The band pass filter may be a first order or a higher order filter. The filtered knock sensor data is averaged to provide a second knock reference value. In some examples, the second knock reference value may be determined during a condition in which no knock is expected to occur. For example, the second knock reference value may be determined when the spark timing is retarded by 3 crank degrees before the boundary spark timing. Additionally, the second knock reference value may be determined periodically, rather than every engine cycle (e.g., once for every 1000 combustion events in the cylinder at a particular engine speed and torque). Method 3700 proceeds to 3716.

At 3716, method 3700 processes the knock sensor data obtained in the current knock window based on the second knock reference to determine whether knock is present in the cylinder in which combustion occurred for the current knock window. In one example, knock sensor data obtained in a current knock window is integrated to provide an integrated knock value. The integrated knock value is then divided by a second knock reference value and the result is compared to a threshold value. If the result is greater than the threshold, knock is indicated for the cylinder associated with the knock window. Otherwise, knock is not indicated. Knock may be indicated by changing the value of a variable in memory. Method 3700 proceeds to 3718.

At 3718, method 3700 adjusts actuators to mitigate engine knock. In one example, spark timing of a cylinder associated with a knock window is retarded. Additionally or alternatively, airflow to the cylinder associated with the knock window may be reduced by adjusting valve timing. As yet another example, the air-fuel ratio of the cylinder associated with the knock window may be enriched by adjusting the timing of the fuel injector. After action is taken to mitigate knock, method 3700 exits.

At 3720, method 3700 judges whether or not to reactivate one or more engine cylinders. Method 3700 can determine that one or more engine cylinders are being reactivated or requested to be reactivated based on one or more variables in memory that change states. For example, a variable representing the operating state of cylinder number one may have a value of zero if the cylinder is deactivated, and may convert to a value of 1 if the cylinder is being reactivated. If method 3700 judges that one or more engine cylinders are being reactivated, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3722. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3724.

At 3722, method 3700 adjusts one or more knock reference values of the reactivated cylinder to one or more predetermined values possessed by the knock reference value immediately prior to the reactivated cylinder being deactivated. The predetermined value may be empirically determined and stored in memory. When cylinder deactivation is requested, the knock reference value has a value stored in memory just prior to the deactivated cylinder being deactivated. Thus, in response to cylinder deactivation, knock reference values for the knock window for each cylinder at various engine speeds and torques are stored in memory, and in response to activating the deactivated cylinder, the same knock reference values are retrieved from memory, such that the knock reference values are reasonable for the activated cylinder conditions, rather than using the knock reference values determined during cylinder deactivation. Retrieving the knock reference value from memory may improve knock detection when the cylinder is reactivated. Method 3700 proceeds to 3724.

At 3724, method 3700 band pass filters the output from the sampled knock sensor during the current knock window. The band pass filter may be a first order or higher order filter. The filtered knock sensor data is averaged to provide a third knock reference value. In some examples, the third knock reference value may be determined during a condition in which knock is not expected to occur. For example, the third knock reference value may be determined when the spark timing is retarded by 3 crank degrees before the boundary spark timing. Additionally, the third knock reference value may be determined periodically, rather than every engine cycle (e.g., once for every 1000 combustion events in the cylinder at a particular engine speed and torque). The knock reference value may not be corrected to the third reference value until a predetermined amount of time or engine cycle has occurred since the cylinder was reactivated. Conversely, the third knock reference value may be the knock reference value determined at 3722 until the predetermined condition is satisfied. Method 3700 proceeds to 3726.

At 3726, method 3700 processes the knock sensor data obtained in the current knock window based on the third knock reference to determine whether knock is present in the cylinder in which combustion occurred for the current knock window. In one example, knock sensor data obtained in a current knock window is integrated to provide an integrated knock value. The integrated knock value is then divided by a third knock reference value and the result is compared to a threshold value. If the result is greater than the threshold, knock is indicated for the cylinder associated with the knock window. Otherwise, knock is not indicated. Knock may be indicated by changing the value of a variable in memory. Method 3700 proceeds to 3718.

At 3730 and 3740, method 3700 band pass filters the output from the sampled knock sensor during the current knock window. The band pass filter may be a first order or higher order filter. The filtered knock sensor data is averaged to provide a fourth knock reference value. In some examples, the fourth knock reference value may be determined during a condition in which no knock is expected to occur. For example, the fourth knock reference value may be determined when the spark timing is retarded by 3 crank degrees before the boundary spark timing. Additionally, the fourth knock reference value may be determined periodically, rather than every engine cycle (e.g., once for every 1000 combustion events in the cylinder at a particular engine speed and torque). Method 3700 proceeds to 3746.

At 3746, method 3700 judges whether or not the fourth knock reference value is greater than a threshold value. The threshold value may be determined empirically and stored in memory. If the further knock reference value is higher than the threshold value, the knock intensity value may be decreased due to the way the knock intensity is determined. Thus, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the knock sensor output, the first knock reference value (e.g., determined at 3742) or the second knock reference value (e.g., determined at 3714) may be selected to process the knock sensor data instead of the fourth knock reference value. If method 3700 determines that the fourth knock reference value is greater than the threshold value, the answer is yes and method 3700 proceeds to 3750. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3700 proceeds to 3748.

At 3748, method 3700 processes knock sensor data obtained in the current knock window based on the fourth knock reference to determine whether knock is present in the cylinder in which combustion occurred for the current knock window. In one example, knock sensor data obtained in a current knock window is integrated to provide an integrated knock value. The integrated knock value is then divided by the fourth knock reference value and the result is compared to a threshold value. If the result is greater than the threshold, knock is indicated for the cylinder associated with the knock window. Otherwise, knock is not indicated. Knock may be indicated by changing the value of a variable in memory. Method 3700 proceeds to 3718.

At 3750, method 3700 processes knock sensor data obtained in the current knock window based on the first or second knock reference determined for the current engine speed and torque, but with the cylinder deactivated, to determine whether knock is present in the cylinder in which combustion occurred for the current knock window. The integrated knock value is then divided by the first knock reference value or the second knock reference value and the result is compared to a threshold value. If the result is greater than the threshold, knock is indicated for the cylinder associated with the knock window. Otherwise, knock is not indicated. Knock may be indicated by changing the value of a variable in memory. The first knock reference value may be used to determine engine knock during a first condition, and the second knock reference value may be used to determine engine knock during a second condition. For example, if the engine valve closing noise is greater than a threshold, a first knock reference value may be used. The second knock reference value may be used if the engine valve closing noise is less than a threshold value. Method 3700 proceeds to 3718.

At 3742, method 3700 band pass filters the output from the sampled knock sensor during the current knock window. The band pass filter may be a first order or higher order filter. The filtered knock sensor data is averaged to provide a first knock reference value. In some examples, the first knock reference value may be determined during a condition in which no knock is expected to occur. For example, the first knock reference value may be determined when the spark timing is retarded by 3 crank degrees before the boundary spark timing. Additionally, the first knock reference value may be determined periodically rather than every engine cycle (e.g., once for every 1000 combustion events in the cylinder at a particular engine speed and torque). Method 3700 proceeds to 3744.

At 3744, method 3700 processes knock sensor data obtained in the current knock window based on the first knock reference to determine whether knock is present in the cylinder in which combustion occurred for the current knock window. In one example, knock sensor data obtained in a current knock window is integrated to provide an integrated knock value. The integrated knock value is then divided by a second knock reference value and the result is compared to a threshold value. If the result is greater than the threshold, knock is indicated for the cylinder associated with the knock window. Otherwise, knock is not indicated. Knock may be indicated by changing the value of a variable in memory. Method 3700 proceeds to 3718.

Method 3700 may be performed for each engine cylinder as the engine rotates through all of the engine cylinder knock windows in an engine cycle. The examples in the description of method 3700 are exemplary in nature and are not intended to limit the present disclosure.

Further, knock control of the deactivated cylinder may be suspended by not updating the variable and/or adjusting spark timing of the deactivated cylinder (e.g., not providing spark to the deactivated cylinder). In one example, the deactivated cylinders are indicated to an engine knock controller such that the knock controller does not have to continue processing knock sensor data for the deactivated cylinders.

In this manner, the knock reference value may be adjusted in response to cylinder deactivation mode and cylinder deactivation to improve signal-to-noise ratio and engine knock detection. Additionally, a plurality of knock reference values may be provided at particular engine speeds and torques based on cylinder deactivation.

Referring now to FIG. 38, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 37 is shown. The vertical lines at times T3800-T3804 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 38 shows three graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. The sequence of fig. 38 represents a sequence for operating the four-cylinder engine at a constant speed and driver demand torque.

The first plot from the top of FIG. 38 is a plot of knock reference values versus time for cylinder number one. The vertical axis represents the knock reference value for cylinder number one, and the knock reference value increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. A higher knock reference value indicates higher background engine noise (e.g., engine noise not caused by knock in the cylinder is assessed as knocking). The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph. Depending on operating conditions, cylinder knock reference number one may be based on the first reference value, the second reference value, the third reference value, or another reference value. Horizontal line 3802 represents a threshold level above which the fourth knock reference value may not be selected.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 38 is a plot of selected knock reference values for cylinder number one versus time. The vertical axis represents the selected knock reference value for cylinder number one, and the knock reference value increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The selected knock reference value may be based on the first knock reference value, the second knock reference value, the third knock reference value, or the fourth knock reference value. The fourth knock reference value may be determined as described in FIG. 37, and the selected knock reference is based on current vehicle conditions. The selected reference value is a reference value used to process the knock sensor information sampled in the knock window to determine whether knock is indicated (e.g., at 3748 of FIG. 37). The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 38 is a plot of cylinder deactivation mode versus time. The vertical axis represents the cylinder deactivation mode. When the cylinder deactivation trace is near the vertical axis center, the cylinder is not deactivated. When the trace is near the vertical axis arrow, the deactivated cylinder is deactivated by stopping the supply of air and fuel to the deactivated cylinder. When the trace is near the horizontal axis, the deactivated cylinders are deactivated by stopping the supply of fuel to the deactivated cylinders while air flows through the deactivated cylinders. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time 3800, cylinder knock reference number one is a higher intermediate value that is less than threshold 3802. Because the cylinder is not deactivated and the knock sensor signal-to-noise ratio is low, the cylinder knock reference value number one is the third knock reference value (e.g., 3724 of FIG. 37). Engine cylinders are not deactivated, as indicated by deactivated cylinder states at intermediate levels. Since the cylinder knock reference value number one is less than the threshold 3802, the selected knock reference value is the value of the cylinder knock reference value number one.

At time 3801, the cylinder knock reference value for cylinder number one becomes a lower value that is less than threshold 3802. Because the cylinder is deactivated via fuel and air, and because the knock sensor signal-to-noise ratio is low, the cylinder knock reference value number one is the first knock reference value (e.g., 3742 of FIG. 37). Engine cylinders are deactivated via air and fuel (e.g., fuel flow and air flow through cylinder number one is stopped), as indicated by the deactivated cylinder state being at a lower level. Since the cylinder knock reference value number one is less than the threshold 3802, the selected knock reference value is the value of the cylinder knock reference value number one. Since the cylinder is deactivated at time T3801, and since the deactivated cylinder affects noise in the cylinder number one knock window, the cylinder number one reference value is the first knock reference value (e.g., 3742 from fig. 37).

At time T3802, the cylinder knock reference value for cylinder number one is increased in response to reactivating the cylinder. The cylinder knock reference value number one is a third knock reference value (e.g., 3724 of fig. 37) because it is a value before the cylinder is deactivated at time T3801. Engine cylinders are reactivated by supplying air and fuel to cylinder number one, as indicated by deactivated cylinder state at an intermediate level. The selected knock reference value is adjusted to the cylinder knock reference value number one before the cylinder is deactivated at time T3801. By using a knock reference value prior to deactivating a cylinder, an improved knock reference value may be provided because the knock reference value is based on the active cylinder (e.g., current engine operating state) rather than the deactivated cylinder (e.g., previous engine operating state).

At time 3803, the cylinder knock reference value for cylinder number one becomes a lower value that is less than threshold 3802. Because the cylinder is deactivated via fuel (e.g., fuel injection to the cylinder is stopped while air flows through the cylinder), and because the knock sensor signal-to-noise ratio is low, the cylinder knock reference value number one is the second knock reference value (e.g., 3714 of FIG. 37). Since the cylinder knock reference value number one is less than the threshold 3802, the selected knock reference value is the value of the cylinder knock reference value number one. Since the cylinder was deactivated at time T3803, and since the deactivated cylinder affected the noise in the cylinder number one knock window, the cylinder number one reference value was the second knock reference value (e.g., 3714 from fig. 37).

At time T3804, the cylinder knock reference value for cylinder number one is increased in response to reactivating the cylinder. The cylinder knock reference value number one is the third knock reference value (e.g., 3724 of fig. 37) because it is the value before the cylinder is deactivated at time T3803. Engine cylinders are reactivated by supplying air and fuel to cylinder number one, as indicated by the deactivated cylinder state being at an intermediate level. The selected knock reference value is adjusted to the cylinder knock reference value number one before the cylinder is deactivated at time T3803.

In this manner, the knock reference value for the cylinder that is the basis for determining the presence or absence of engine knock may be adjusted in response to cylinder deactivation and cylinder deactivation patterns.

Referring now to FIG. 39, a method for performing diagnostics of an engine is shown. The method of fig. 39 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 39 may be included as executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 39 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 3902, method 3900 monitors operating states of engine intake and exhaust valves. In one example, the operating states of engine intake and exhaust valves are monitored by pressure sensors in engine cylinders, the engine exhaust system, and/or the engine intake system (e.g., in the engine intake manifold). Method 3900 proceeds to 3904.

At 3904, method 3900 determines whether cylinder deactivation is requested (e.g., combustion in one or more cylinders is stopped), or whether cylinder deactivation is currently in progress. Method 3900 may determine which engine cylinders are activated (e.g., combusting air and fuel) and deactivated, as described at 1118 of fig. 11, or active cylinders may be identified as values of variables at specific locations in memory. The values of the variables may be modified each time a cylinder is activated or deactivated. For example, a variable in memory may indicate the operating state of cylinder number one. A value of 1 in the variable may indicate that cylinder number one is active, while a zero value in the variable may indicate that cylinder number one is deactivated. In this way, the operating state of each cylinder can be determined. The request to deactivate cylinders may also be based on values of variables in memory. The cylinder activation and deactivation requests may be commands issued by a controller. If method 3900 determines that one or more cylinders are deactivated or requested to be deactivated, the answer is yes and method 3900 proceeds to 3906. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3900 proceeds to 3930.

At 3906, method 3900 judges whether one or more poppet valves of a cylinder requested to be deactivated are active after commanding poppet valve deactivation and providing sufficient time to deactivate the cylinder (e.g., one complete engine cycle after the request is made). The one or more poppet valves may be determined to be active based on cylinder pressure, exhaust pressure, or intake pressure. Alternatively, sensors may be placed on each valve operator to determine whether the valve continues to operate after being commanded to deactivate. If method 3900 determines that one or more poppet valves commanded to deactivate (e.g., remain closed while the engine is rotating during an engine cycle) continue to operate (e.g., open and close while the engine is rotating during an engine cycle), the answer is yes and method 3900 proceeds to 3908. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3900 proceeds to 3920. Note that prior to advancing to 3908, the method 3900 may wait a predetermined amount of time after commanding deactivation of one or more poppet valves to ensure that the poppet valve conditions are valid.

At 3908, method 3900 reactivates one or more cylinders in which the poppet valves continue to operate. One or more cylinders are reactivated by activating poppet valves for the cylinders and supplying fuel and spark to the cylinders. Activating the cylinder poppet valve provides air to the cylinder. Air and fuel are combusted in the activated cylinders. Method 3900 proceeds to 3910.

At 3910, method 3900 removes cylinders having one or more valves that are not deactivated from the list of cylinders that may be deactivated. Thus, method 3900 disables cylinders of cylinders having valves that are not deactivated when the valves are commanded to deactivate. Method 3900 proceeds to 3912.

At 3912, method 3900 deactivates the alternative cylinders to provide a desired number of deactivated cylinders. For example, if cylinder number two of a four cylinder engine is requested to be deactivated, but valves for cylinder number two are not deactivated while cylinders number one, three, and four are activated, cylinder number two is reactivated and cylinder number three is commanded to be deactivated as described at 3910. In this example, the desired number of deactivated cylinders is 1 and the desired number of active cylinders is 3. In this way, a desired number of active and deactivated cylinders may be provided. Thus, improved fuel economy may be maintained even in the event of degradation of the valve operator. Method 3900 proceeds to exit.

At 3920, method 3900 provides a desired amount of engine torque via the active cylinders. The desired amount of engine torque may be based on a driver-demanded torque, and the driver-demanded torque may be based on a position of an accelerator pedal and a vehicle speed. The desired amount of torque from the active cylinder is provided by controlling the fuel flow and air flow to the active cylinder. Method 3900 proceeds to exit.

At 3930, method 3900 judges whether one or more poppet valves of a requested activated or enabled cylinder are deactivated after commanding the poppet valves to be activated and providing sufficient time to activate the cylinder (e.g., one complete engine cycle after the request is made). The one or more poppet valves may be determined to be deactivated based on cylinder pressure, exhaust pressure, or intake pressure. Alternatively, sensors may be placed on each valve operator to determine whether the valves do not open and close after being commanded to activate. If method 3900 determines that one or more poppet valves commanded to be activated (e.g., opened and closed while the engine is rotating during an engine cycle) do not open and close during the engine cycle, the answer is yes and method 3900 proceeds to 3932. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 3900 proceeds to 3940. Note that before proceeding to 3932, the method 3900 may wait a predetermined amount of time after commanding activation of one or more poppet valves to ensure that the poppet valve conditions are valid.

At 3932, method 3900 deactivates one or more cylinders in which poppet valves do not open and close during a cylinder cycle. One or more cylinders are deactivated by deactivating poppet valves of the cylinders and stopping the supply of fuel and spark to the cylinders. Deactivating cylinder poppet valves stops the flow of air to the cylinders. Method 3900 proceeds to 3934.

At 3934, method 3900 removes cylinders having one or more valves that are not activated from the list of cylinders that may be activated. Thus, method 3900 disables cylinder enablement for cylinders having inactive valves when the valves are commanded to be enabled. Combustion is inhibited in cylinders removed from the list of available cylinders. Method 3900 proceeds to 3936.

At 3936, method 3900 provides for the requested engine torque to reach the capacity of the cylinders in the list of activatable cylinders. The actual total number of active cylinders may be increased in response to the engine torque request or decreased in response to the engine torque request. Thus, even if the poppet valves of one or more cylinders become degraded, a large amount of engine torque may be provided. Method 3900 proceeds to exit.

At 3940, method 3900 provides a desired amount of engine torque via the active cylinders. The desired amount of engine torque may be based on a driver-demanded torque, and the driver-demanded torque may be based on a position of an accelerator pedal and a vehicle speed. The desired amount of torque from the active cylinder is provided by controlling the airflow and fuel flow to the active cylinder. Method 3900 proceeds to exit.

Referring now to FIG. 40, a sequence for operating the engine according to the method of FIG. 39 is shown. The vertical lines at times T4000-T4005 represent times of interest in the sequence. Fig. 40 shows five graphs, and the graphs are aligned in time and occur simultaneously. The SS along the time line of each graph represents a sequential break. The time between interruptions may be long or short. The sequence of fig. 40 represents a sequence for operating a four cylinder engine with an ignition sequence of 1-3-4-2.

The first plot from the top of fig. 40 is a plot of cylinder deactivation request (e.g., a request to stop combustion in one or more cylinders) versus time. The vertical axis represents a cylinder deactivation request, and when the trace is at a level near the vertical axis arrow, cylinder deactivation is requested. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The second plot from the top of FIG. 40 is a plot of cylinder number two valve operating state versus time. The cylinder valve in cylinder number two is active when the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. The cylinder valve in cylinder number two is inactive when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The third plot from the top of FIG. 40 is a plot of cylinder number three valve operating state versus time. The cylinder valve in cylinder number three is active when the trace is at a higher level near the vertical axis arrow. The cylinder valve in cylinder number three is inactive when the trace is at a lower level near the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fourth plot from the top of fig. 40 is a plot of actual total number of requested active cylinders versus time. The vertical axis represents the actual total number of active cylinders requested, and the actual total number of active cylinders requested is set along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

The fifth plot from the top of fig. 40 is a plot of requested engine torque versus time. The vertical axis represents the requested engine torque, and the value of the requested engine torque increases in the direction of the vertical axis arrow. The horizontal axis represents time, and time increases from the left side of the graph to the right side of the graph.

At time T4000, cylinder deactivation is not requested, as indicated by the cylinder deactivation request being at a lower level. The valves of cylinders two and three are active. Based on the number of cylinders requested to be active (e.g., combusting air and fuel) being 4, the valves for cylinders two and three are active. The requested engine torque is at a higher level.

At time 4001, the requested engine torque is reduced. In response to a decrease in driver demand torque, the requested engine torque may decrease. The number of requested engine cylinders is reduced from 4 to 3 in response to the requested engine torque reduction. Additionally, a cylinder deactivation request is asserted in response to a decrease in the requested engine torque. Cylinder number two deactivation is requested and cylinder poppet valves for cylinder number two are commanded to close. However, the valve of cylinder number two remains active, as indicated by the cylinder number two valve state. Because the poppet valves for cylinder number two remain active (e.g., open and closed as the engine rotates through engine cycles), cylinder number two is commanded to reactivate, as indicated by the requested number of active cylinders transitioning back to 4. Shortly thereafter, cylinder number three is commanded to deactivate in response to the number of active cylinders changing back to 3. The poppet valves for cylinder number three become inactive (e.g., remain closed during an engine cycle), and the number of active cylinders requested remains constant at value 3.

At time T4002, the requested engine torque increases and the number of requested active cylinders increases back to 4. Cylinder number three is reactivated and the valves for cylinder number three are activated, as indicated by the cylinder number three valve state. Cylinder number two remains active, and in response to the requested number of active cylinders, no cylinder deactivation request is asserted.

At time T4003, a cylinder deactivation request is asserted in response to the requested number of active cylinders being 2. The valves for cylinder number two and cylinder number three are inactive. The requested engine torque is at a low level that allows the engine to provide the requested torque that will be less than full complement of the active cylinder.

At time 4004, the engine torque request increases in response to an increase in driver demand torque (not shown). In response to the increased requested torque, the number of requested active cylinders is increased to a value of 4. In response to the requested number of active cylinders, valves for cylinder number three are reactivated, but valves for cylinder number two are not reactivated. Shortly after time T4004, the number of active cylinders requested is converted to a value of 3 and cylinder number two is commanded to be deactivated (e.g., to stop delivery of fuel and keep the poppet valves closed during the engine cycle). Additionally, a cylinder deactivation request is again asserted for cylinder number two. The engine provides as much requested torque as the three active cylinders allow.

At time 4005, the requested engine torque is reduced in response to a decrease in driver demand torque. The number of active cylinders requested is reduced from 3 to 2 in response to a reduction in the requested engine torque. In response to the requested number of active cylinders, the valve of cylinder number three is deactivated, and cylinders number two and three are deactivated. The cylinder deactivation request also remains asserted.

In this manner, the number of active engine cylinders requested may be adjusted in response to valves that may not be deactivated when deactivation is requested. Additionally, the number of active engine cylinders requested may be adjusted in response to valves that may be deactivated when requested to be activated.

Referring now to FIG. 41, a method for sampling an oxygen sensor of an engine with cylinder deactivation is shown. The method of fig. 41 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 41 may be included as executable instructions stored in non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 41 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 4102, method 4100 judges whether one or more cylinders of the engine are deactivated. Method 4100 may evaluate values of variables stored in memory to determine whether one or more engine cylinders are deactivated. If method 4100 determines that one or more engine cylinders are deactivated, the answer is yes and method 4100 proceeds to 4104. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 4100 proceeds to 4120.

At 4120, method 4100 samples the bank's oxygen sensor twice per exhaust stroke of each cylinder on the bank. Thus, if the engine is a four cylinder engine with a single cylinder bank, method 4100 samples the oxygen sensor eight times over two engine revolutions. The samples are then averaged to provide an air-fuel ratio estimate for the engine. Further, by averaging two samples taken during the exhaust stroke of a cylinder, a cylinder specific air-fuel ratio may be estimated to determine the air-fuel ratio of the cylinder. Method 4100 proceeds to 4108.

At 4108, method 4100 adjusts fuel supplied to engine cylinders based on the oxygen sensor samples. Additional fuel may be injected to the engine if the oxygen sensor indicates a leaner air-fuel ratio than desired. If the oxygen sensor indicates a richer than desired air-fuel ratio, less fuel may be injected to the engine. Method 4100 proceeds to exit.

At 4104, method 4100 determines which engine cylinders are deactivated. In one example, method 4100 evaluates values stored in memory indicative of active and deactivated cylinders. Method 4100 determines which cylinders are deactivated and proceeds to 4106.

At 4106, method 4100 samples the bank's oxygen sensor twice per exhaust stroke of each cylinder on the bank, except for the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinders that are not sampled. Alternatively, oxygen samples taken during the exhaust stroke of a deactivated cylinder may be discarded. The samples are then averaged to determine an average engine air-fuel ratio. Method 4100 proceeds to 4108.

By not sampling the oxygen sensor during the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinder, air-fuel ratio deviations that may be caused on the engine air-fuel ratio estimate may be reduced. Specifically, if one cylinder is leaner or richer in air-fuel mixture than the other cylinders and its exhaust is expelled near the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinder, the deviation in engine air-fuel ratio may be reduced by not sampling leaner or richer output from the cylinder twice during the engine cycle.

Referring now to FIG. 42, a method for sampling a cam sensor of an engine having cylinder deactivation is shown. The method of fig. 42 may be included in the system described in fig. 1A-6C. The method of fig. 42 may be included as executable instructions stored in non-transitory memory. The method of FIG. 42 may be performed in cooperation with the system hardware and other methods described herein to transition the operating state of the engine or components thereof.

At 4202, method 4200 judges whether or not one or more cylinders of the engine are deactivated. Method 4200 may evaluate values of variables stored in memory to determine whether one or more engine cylinders are deactivated. If method 4200 determines that one or more cylinders are deactivated, the answer is yes and method 4200 proceeds to 4204. Otherwise, the answer is no, and method 4200 proceeds to 4220.

At 4220, method 4200 samples the intake cam sensor twice per intake stroke for each cylinder on the bank that includes the intake cam monitored by the intake cam sensor. Likewise, method 4200 samples the exhaust cam sensor twice per exhaust stroke of each cylinder on the bank that includes the exhaust cam monitored by the exhaust cam sensor. Thus, if the engine is a four cylinder engine with a single intake cam, method 4200 samples the cam sensor eight times over two engine revolutions. Cam position and velocity may be determined for each cam sensor sample acquired. Method 4200 proceeds to 4208.

At 4208, method 4200 adjusts cam phase actuator commands to adjust cam position based on cam sensor samples. If the cam sensor indicates that the cam position is not at its desired position, and/or if the cam is moving slower or faster than desired, the cam phase command is adjusted to reduce the error between the actual cam position and the desired cam position. Method 4200 proceeds to exit.

At 4204, method 4200 determines which engine cylinders are deactivated. In one example, method 4200 evaluates values stored in memory indicating active and deactivated cylinders. Method 4200 determines which cylinders are deactivated and proceeds to 4206.

At 4206, method 4200 samples the bank's cam sensor twice per intake stroke of the intake cam or twice per exhaust stroke of the exhaust cam, except for the exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinder that is not sampled. Alternatively, cam sensor samples taken during the intake or exhaust stroke of a deactivated cylinder may be discarded. The samples are then processed to determine cam position and velocity. In addition, the cam samples may be averaged to reduce cam signal noise. Method 4200 proceeds to 4208.

By not sampling the cam sensor during the intake or exhaust stroke of the deactivated cylinder, cam position deviations that may be caused in the engine cam position may be reduced. The rate at which the cam phase actuator moves may be affected by whether the cylinder is deactivated. Thus, it may be desirable to eliminate the cam samples collected when the valve springs of the deactivated cylinders do not assist cam movement relative to crankshaft position.

Note that the example control and estimation routines included herein can be used with various engine and/or vehicle system configurations. The control methods and programs disclosed herein may be stored as executable instructions in non-transitory memory and may be executed by a control system including a controller in combination with various sensors, actuators, and other engine hardware. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various acts, operations, and/or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated acts, operations, and/or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, at least a portion of the described acts, operations, and/or functions may graphically represent code to be programmed into the non-transitory memory of the computer readable storage medium in the control system. When the described actions are carried out by executing the instructions in a system that includes various engine hardware components in combination with one or more controllers, the control actions may also transform the operating state of one or more sensors or actuators in the physical world.

The specification concludes with this description. Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art upon reading this specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the specification. For example, I3, I4, I5, V6, V8, V10, and V12 engines operating in natural gas, gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuel configurations may advantageously use the present description.

Claims

1. A vehicle system, comprising:

a first vehicle comprising a first cylinder block and a first cylinder head casting to which a first actual total number of deactivated valve operators are coupled; and

a second vehicle comprising a second cylinder block and a second cylinder head casting to which a second actual total number of deactivation valve operators are coupled, the first cylinder block being identical to the second cylinder block, the first cylinder head casting being identical to the second cylinder head casting,

wherein the first vehicle and the second vehicle have different quality or performance goals, and

wherein the first actual total number of deactivated valve operators is different from the second actual total number of deactivated valve operators.

2. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the first cylinder head casting includes a deactivated intake valve operator and does not include a deactivated exhaust valve operator.

3. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the second cylinder head casting includes a deactivated intake valve operator and a deactivated exhaust valve operator.

4. The vehicle system of claim 1, further comprising a controller including executable instructions stored in a non-transitory memory to reduce boost pressure output of a turbocharger by a first amount at engine speed and driver torque demand in response to a request to reactivate a cylinder in the first cylinder head.

5. The vehicle system of claim 4, further comprising additional instructions to reduce boost pressure output of the turbocharger by a second amount at the engine speed and driver demanded torque in response to reactivating cylinders in the second cylinder head.

6. The vehicle system of claim 1, wherein the cylinder head is part of a cylinder bank.

7. A vehicle system, comprising:

a first vehicle comprising a first engine comprising a first cylinder block and a first cylinder head casting to which a first actual total number of non-stop valve operators are coupled: and

A second vehicle comprising a second engine comprising a second block and a second cylinder head casting to which a second actual total number of non-stop valve operators are coupled, the first block being identical to the second block, the first cylinder head casting being identical to the second cylinder head casting,

wherein the first vehicle and the second vehicle have different quality or performance targets; and is provided with

Wherein the first actual total number of non-deactivatable valve operators is different from the second actual total number of non-deactivatable valve operators.

8. The vehicle system of claim 7, wherein the first and second engines include deactivated valve operators that slide along a camshaft to selectively activate and deactivate cylinders.

9. The vehicle system of claim 7, further comprising a controller including executable instructions stored in non-transitory memory to deactivate one or more cylinders by deactivating a valve operator and stopping fuel supply to the one or more cylinders.

10. The vehicle system of claim 9, further comprising additional instructions to adjust an actual total number of deactivated cylinders in an engine cycle in response to an estimate of an amount of oil in one or more deactivated cylinders, wherein deactivating the one or more cylinders comprises maintaining an intake valve in a closed state during the engine cycle.

11. The vehicle system of claim 9, further comprising additional instructions to sample an exhaust gas oxygen sensor via a first method in response to deactivating a cylinder of the engine, and to sample the exhaust gas oxygen sensor via a second method in response to activating the cylinder.

12. The vehicle system of claim 9, further comprising additional instructions to sample a camshaft position sensor via a first method in response to deactivating a cylinder of the engine, and to sample the camshaft position sensor via a second method in response to activating the cylinder.

13. The vehicle system of claim 12, wherein the engine includes one or more deactivated valve operators, and wherein the one or more deactivated valve operators maintain the intake valves in a closed state throughout an engine cycle.