CN107488501A - Microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease and its preparation technology - Google Patents
Microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease and its preparation technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN107488501A CN107488501A CN201710857849.4A CN201710857849A CN107488501A CN 107488501 A CN107488501 A CN 107488501A CN 201710857849 A CN201710857849 A CN 201710857849A CN 107488501 A CN107488501 A CN 107488501A
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- fatty acid
- polyunsaturated fatty
- acid grease
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/02—Pretreatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
- C11B1/108—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting after-treatment, e.g. of miscellae
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/001—Refining fats or fatty oils by a combination of two or more of the means hereafter
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/008—Refining fats or fatty oils by filtration, e.g. including ultra filtration, dialysis
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease and its preparation technology, it is related to polyunsaturated fatty acid grease extraction process field, the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease is that microorganism dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, obtains broken wall product；Broken wall product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, obtains broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid；Broken wall thalline is extracted using extractant, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, extract is concentrated in vacuo.The preparation technology is to carry out broken wall to fermentative microorganism using ionic liquid, then is extracted, high income, the high income of obtained polyunsaturated fatty acid grease.
Description
Technical field
It is a kind of microbe-derived more the present invention relates to polyunsaturated fatty acid grease extraction process field, and more particularly to
Distinctive unsaturated fat acid lipid and its preparation technology.
Background technology
With the transformation and growth in the living standard of people's consumption idea, the health care consciousness of people increasingly strengthens.More insatiable hungers
With aliphatic acid (Polyunsaturatedfattyacids, PUFAs) to the important function of human health more and more by people
Attention.Wherein, docosahexaenoic acid (abbreviation DHA) and arachidonic acid (abbreviation ARA) are because it is in human body and animal body
Important physiological function and by the favor of people.Research shows that ARA and DHA are the basic of cell membrane in some tissues of human body
Component；Development to infant's vision system and nervous system plays an important role；Also having reduces cholesterol effect, anticoagulation
Effect and suppression cancer effect, prevent senile dementia etc..
Traditionally DHA obtains from deep sea fish oil, but there is yield is unstable, yield is low, cost is high and contains others
The problems such as polyunsaturated fatty acid, and as the growing tension of fishery resources, traditional DHA resources can not meet growing
The market demand.In recent years, scientific worker has carried out the research using marine microorganism fermenting and producing DHA, conventional micro- life
Thing includes schizochytrium limacinum, hidden dinoflagellate etc..Moreover, ARA is also mainly to be produced by microbial fermentation.
DHA or ARA method is extracted in the existing culture from microbial fermentation mainly by three kinds：First, centrifugal process；Two make
Organic solvent extractionprocess, third, supercritical extraction.Notification number discloses one kind for CN1282745C patent and uses centrifugal process
The method that oil is obtained from microbial cell, this method is to make the cell membrane of cracking microbial cell fuel-displaced next to discharge, then is led to
Cross in cell wall fragments of the centrifugation formed in and separate oil, but the oil reservoir inferior quality after centrifugation, in addition to containing grease, also contain
Moisture, medium component and cell fragment, it is unfavorable for follow-up refining, the waste water layer after centrifuging in addition contains a large amount of bacteria residues, COD
It is very high, it is difficult to which that processing or processing cost are high.
Therefore, it is necessary to a kind of preparation method of low, high income the polyunsaturated fatty acid grease of cost.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, its profit
Broken wall is carried out to fermentative microorganism with ionic liquid, then extracted, high income.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, its high income.
The present invention is solved its technical problem and realized using following technical scheme.
The present invention proposes a kind of preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, and it includes following step
Suddenly：
Microorganism dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, obtains broken wall product, ionic liquid be by organic cation with
Organic or inorganic anion form, cation include 1,3- dialkyl group substitution imidazol ion, the alkyl-substituted pyridinium ions of N-,
At least one of quaternary ammonium ion and season phosphine ion, anion include Cl-、Br-、[Al2Cl7]-、[BF4]-、[PF6]-、CF3COO-
At least one of；
Broken wall product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, obtains broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid；
Broken wall thalline is extracted using extractant, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, extract is subjected to vacuum
Concentration, obtains polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, and yield is more than 90%.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, microorganism is Mortierella alpine mould, corresponding polyunsaturated fat
Acid lipid is ARA greases；Microorganism is schizochytrium limacinum, and corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acid grease is DHA grease.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, the solvent of 0.5~2 times of volume, solvent choosing are added into shell-broken liquid
From at least one of water, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, the cell membrane of dissolving is precipitated out, is filtered to remove
Cell membrane, then solvent is removed by being evaporated under reduced pressure, to reclaim ionic liquid, recovery yield is more than 98%.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, extractant in n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate extremely
Few one kind.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, the amount ratio of microorganism dry mycelium and ionic liquid is 100g：
0.8~1.5L.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, scattered method is：Microorganism dry mycelium is added 30~50 DEG C
Ionic liquid, 30~60min of mechanical agitation at a temperature of 30~50 DEG C.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, the amount ratio of microorganism dry mycelium and extractant is 100g：1.5
~4L.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, the method extracted using extractant to broken wall thalline is：Will
Broken wall thalline adds 50~70 DEG C of extractant, 10~15min of mechanical agitation.
Further, in present pre-ferred embodiments, the preparation method of microorganism dry mycelium is：
Microbial culture medium is separated, obtains wet thallus；
Wet thallus is dried, obtains the microorganism dry mycelium that moisture is less than 5%.
A kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, it uses the system of above-mentioned microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease
Standby technique is made.
The microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease of the embodiment of the present invention and its beneficial effect of preparation technology are：
The preparation technology of the microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease of the embodiment of the present invention is will to disperse microorganism dry mycelium
In ionic liquid, broken wall product is obtained；Broken wall product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, obtains broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid；Use extraction
Take agent to extract broken wall thalline, be filtered to remove bacteria residue, obtain extract, extract is concentrated in vacuo.The preparation work
Skill is to carry out broken wall to fermentative microorganism using ionic liquid, then is extracted, high income；Obtained bacterium polyunsaturated fatty acid grease
High income.
Embodiment
, below will be in the embodiment of the present invention to make the purpose, technical scheme and advantage of the embodiment of the present invention clearer
Technical scheme be clearly and completely described.Unreceipted actual conditions person, builds according to normal condition or manufacturer in embodiment
The condition of view is carried out.Agents useful for same or the unreceipted production firm person of instrument, it is the conventional production that can be obtained by commercially available purchase
Product.
Have below to the microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease and its preparation technology of the embodiment of the present invention
Body explanation.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, and microorganism can
Think Mortierella alpine mould or schizochytrium limacinum, it comprises the following steps：
S1 broken walls：Microorganism dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, obtains broken wall product, microorganism dry mycelium and ion
The amount ratio of liquid is 100g：0.8~1.5L, ionic liquid are made up of organic cation and organic or inorganic anion, sun
Ion is included in imidazol ion, the alkyl-substituted pyridinium ions of N-, quaternary ammonium ion and the season phosphine ion of the substitution of 1,3- dialkyl group
At least one, the imidazol ion of preferably 1,3- dialkyl group substitution；Anion includes Cl-、Br-、[Al2Cl7]-、[BF4]-、
[PF6]-、CF3COO-At least one of, preferably Br-.Ionic liquid is also known as room temperature molten salt, in room temperature or nearly room temperature condition
Under be in a liquid state, its have good dissolubility, it is highly polar, non-volatile, the premium properties such as do not aoxidize, it is considered to be it is most potential green
One of color solvent.
In the present embodiment, scattered method is：Microorganism dry mycelium is added to 30~50 DEG C of ionic liquid, 30~50
30~60min of mechanical agitation at a temperature of DEG C.
In the present embodiment, the preparation method of microorganism dry mycelium is：
Microbial culture medium is separated, generally by precipitation, filtering or centrifugation, zymotic fluid is removed, obtains wet bacterium
Body.
Wet thallus is dried, drying mode can be spraying, air blast or freezing, preferably be spray-dried, and obtain water
Divide and be less than 5%, preferably shorter than 3% microorganism dry mycelium.
S2 separation of solid and liquid：Broken wall product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, the method for separation of solid and liquid is usually precipitation, centrifugation or mistake
Filter, obtains broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid.
S3 is extracted：Broken wall thalline is extracted using extractant, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, by extract
It is concentrated in vacuo, obtains polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, yield is more than 90%.Microorganism is Mortierella alpine mould, corresponding
Polyunsaturated fatty acid grease is ARA greases；The microorganism is schizochytrium limacinum, and corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acid grease is
DHA grease.Furthermore it is also possible into shell-broken liquid add 0.5~2 times of volume solvent, solvent selected from water, ethanol, isopropanol,
At least one of acetone, ethyl acetate, the cell membrane of dissolving is precipitated out, is filtered to remove cell membrane, then steam by decompression
Solvent is removed in distillation, and to reclaim ionic liquid, recovery yield is more than 98%.Ionic liquid used can be molten by adding ethanol etc.
Agent removes the cell membrane of dissolving, then is recycled and reused after solvent is distilled off, therefore waste water will not be produced in whole process,
It is environmentally friendly.
In the present embodiment, extractant is selected generally from least one of n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate, preferably just
The amount ratio of hexane, microorganism dry mycelium and extractant is 100g：1~4L；Extracting method is：Broken wall thalline is added 50~70
DEG C extractant, 10~15min of mechanical agitation.
The embodiment of the present invention is that the dissolubility of cellulose is dissolved to the cell membrane of microorganism using ionic liquid,
Reach broken wall purpose；And the ionic liquid used in broken wall can recycle and reuse, cost is low, waste water will not be produced, to ring
Border is friendly.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, its use it is above-mentioned it is microbe-derived it is more not
The preparation technology of saturated fatty acid grease is made.Polyunsaturated fatty acid grease in the present embodiment is mainly DHA grease or ARA
Grease.
The feature and performance of the present invention are described in further detail with reference to embodiments.
Embodiment 1
The present embodiment provides a kind of DHA grease, and it is made according to following preparation technology：
Schizochytrium limacinum dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, ionic liquid is by 1- butyl -3- methyl imidazolium cations
And Br-Composition specifically by 100.00g DHA content is 20.23%, water content is that 3.1% schizochytrium limacinum dry mycelium adds
1L, 435 DEG C of ionic liquid, the mechanical agitation 60min at a temperature of 35 DEG C, obtain broken wall product.
Broken wall product is centrifuged to the isolated broken wall thalline of 10min and shell-broken liquid under 3000rmp rotating speeds.
Broken wall thalline is extracted using n-hexane, broken wall thalline is specifically added into 2L, 50 DEG C of n-hexane, machinery
10min is stirred, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, extract is concentrated in vacuo at 40 DEG C, obtains 52.12g's
DHA grease, DHA content 35.43%, DHA recovery rates are 91.28%.In addition, 0.5L absolute ethyl alcohols are added into shell-broken liquid,
The cell membrane of dissolving is precipitated out, is filtered to remove cell membrane, then is evaporated under reduced pressure at 50 DEG C and removes ethanol, to reclaim ionic liquid
Body is used to use next time, the rate of recovery 98.5%.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment provides a kind of ARA greases, and it is made according to following preparation technology：
Mortierella alpine mould dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, ionic liquid is by 1- pi-allyl -3- methylimidazoles
Cation and Cl-Composition, it is 26.20% specifically by 100.00g ARA contents, water content is 4.5% Mortierella alpine mould
Dry mycelium adds 0.8L, 45 DEG C of ionic liquid, the mechanical agitation 45min at a temperature of 40 DEG C, obtains broken wall product.
Broken wall product is isolated by filtration to obtain broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid.
Broken wall thalline is extracted using n-hexane, broken wall thalline is specifically added into 3L, 60 DEG C of n-hexane, machinery
10min is stirred, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, extract is concentrated in vacuo, obtain 53.66g ARA greases, contain
Measure as 45.32%, extract yield 92.82%.In addition, adding 1.2L isopropanols into shell-broken liquid, the cell membrane of dissolving is sunk
Shallow lake comes out, and is filtered to remove cell membrane, then is evaporated under reduced pressure by 50 DEG C and removes isopropanol, is used to make next time to reclaim ionic liquid
With the rate of recovery 98.2%.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment provides a kind of DHA grease, and it is made according to following preparation technology：
Schizochytrium limacinum dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, ionic liquid be by 1- pi-allyls -3- methylimidazoles sun from
Son and Br-Composition, it is 21.22% specifically by 100.00g DHA content, the schizochytrium limacinum dry mycelium that water content is 4.9% adds
Enter 0.8L, 50 DEG C of ionic liquid, the mechanical agitation 30min at a temperature of 50 DEG C, obtain broken wall product.
Broken wall product is isolated by filtration to obtain broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid.
Broken wall thalline is extracted using n-hexane, broken wall thalline is specifically added into 4L, 60 DEG C of n-hexane, machinery
10min is stirred, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, extract is concentrated in vacuo, obtain 55.79g DHA grease, contain
Measure as 35.13%, extract yield 92.35%.In addition, adding 1.6L acetone into shell-broken liquid, the cell membrane of dissolving is precipitated
Out, cell membrane is filtered to remove, then is evaporated under reduced pressure by 50 DEG C and removes acetone, is used to use next time to reclaim ionic liquid,
The rate of recovery is 99.2%.
In summary, the preparation technology of the microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease of the embodiment of the present invention is to utilize
Ionic liquid carries out broken wall to fermentative microorganism, then extracts, high income；The high income of obtained polyunsaturated fatty acid grease.
Embodiments described above is part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.The reality of the present invention
The detailed description for applying example is not intended to limit the scope of claimed invention, but is merely representative of the selected implementation of the present invention
Example.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, what those of ordinary skill in the art were obtained under the premise of creative work is not made
Every other embodiment, belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, it is characterised in that it comprises the following steps：
Microorganism dry mycelium is scattered in ionic liquid, obtains broken wall product, the ionic liquid be by organic cation with
Organic or inorganic anion forms, and the cation includes the imidazol ion of 1,3- dialkyl group substitution, the alkyl-substituted pyridines of N-
At least one of ion, quaternary ammonium ion and season phosphine ion, the anion includes Cl-、Br-、[Al2Cl7]-、[BF4]-、
[PF6]-、CF3COO-At least one of；
The broken wall product is subjected to separation of solid and liquid, obtains broken wall thalline and shell-broken liquid；
The broken wall thalline is extracted using extractant, bacteria residue is filtered to remove, obtains extract, the extract is carried out
It is concentrated in vacuo, obtains polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, yield is more than 90%.
2. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The microorganism is Mortierella alpine mould, and corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acid grease is ARA greases；The microorganism is fragmentation kettle
Bacterium, corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acid grease are DHA grease.
3. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The solvent of 0.5~2 times of volume is added into the shell-broken liquid, the solvent is selected from water, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, acetic acid second
At least one of ester, the cell membrane of dissolving is precipitated out, is filtered to remove cell membrane, then solvent is removed by being evaporated under reduced pressure,
To reclaim ionic liquid, recovery yield is more than 98%.
4. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The extractant is selected from least one of n-hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate.
5. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The amount ratio of the microorganism dry mycelium and the ionic liquid is 100g：0.8~1.5L.
6. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The scattered method is：The microorganism dry mycelium is added to 30~50 DEG C of the ionic liquid, in 30~50 DEG C of temperature
30~60min of the lower mechanical agitation of degree.
7. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The amount ratio of the microorganism dry mycelium and the extractant is 100g：1~4L.
8. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The method extracted using extractant to the broken wall thalline is：The broken wall thalline is added to 50~70 DEG C of the extraction
Agent, 10~15min of mechanical agitation.
9. the preparation technology of microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease according to claim 1, it is characterised in that
The preparation method of the microorganism dry mycelium is：
Microbial culture medium is separated, obtains wet thallus；
Wet thallus is dried, obtains the microorganism dry mycelium that moisture is less than 5%.
10. a kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid grease, it is characterised in that it uses micro- as claimed in any one of claims 1-9 wherein
The preparation technology of the polyunsaturated fatty acid grease of biological source is made.
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| CN201710857849.4A CN107488501A (en) | 2017-09-21 | 2017-09-21 | Microbe-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid grease and its preparation technology |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109055228A (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2018-12-21 | 大连理工大学 | The method of carbonate assisted extraction microalgae grease and absorbing carbon dioxide Cyclic culture |
| CN115109647A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-09-27 | 嘉必优生物技术（武汉）股份有限公司 | Oil extraction method and obtained oil |
| CN117486713A (en) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-02-02 | 山东悦翔生物有限公司 | Method for selectively extracting DHA from microalgae based on bisimidazole ionic liquid |
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| US20090234146A1 (en) * | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-17 | University Of Hawaii | Methods and compositions for extraction and transesterification of biomass components |
| CN102586002A (en) * | 2011-01-12 | 2012-07-18 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | Method for extracting oil from microalgae by utilizing ionic liquid |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109055228A (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2018-12-21 | 大连理工大学 | The method of carbonate assisted extraction microalgae grease and absorbing carbon dioxide Cyclic culture |
| CN115109647A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-09-27 | 嘉必优生物技术（武汉）股份有限公司 | Oil extraction method and obtained oil |
| CN115109647B (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2024-04-19 | 嘉必优生物技术（武汉）股份有限公司 | Grease extraction method and obtained grease |
| CN117486713A (en) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-02-02 | 山东悦翔生物有限公司 | Method for selectively extracting DHA from microalgae based on bisimidazole ionic liquid |
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Application publication date: 20171219 |