CN1074726C

CN1074726C - File

Info

Publication number: CN1074726C
Application number: CN95190120A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 牧珠子; 三井隆史
Original assignee: Kokuyo Co Ltd
Current assignee: Kokuyo Co Ltd
Priority date: 1994-02-28
Filing date: 1995-02-13
Publication date: 2001-11-14
Anticipated expiration: 2015-02-13
Also published as: MY114156A; WO1995023068A1; GB2292544B; JPH07237383A; GB9519235D0; GB2292544A; JP2690454B2; HK1009952A1; CN1123538A; SG52456A1; KR0150738B1; KR960701749A

Abstract

A file of the invention comprises a pair of front and back opening and closing covers (F1, F3), a backbone (F2) provided between base ends of both the opening and closing covers such that it can be changed in width, binding legs (41) projecting toward an inner surface side from a base end of one of the opening and closing covers or from a foldout formed on the base end, and binding tools (10) provided on a foldout formed on a base end of the other of the opening and closing covers for bending tip portions of the binding legs in a direction away from the base ends of the opening and closing covers for latching.

Description

File

The present invention is relevant with the file that has attachment means of bound document class.

The existing file folder that people know is as the 12nd figure.The last strip of paper used for sealing F1 that file F shown in this figure is made by a ground paper, back strip of paper used for sealing F2 reach down, and strip of paper used for sealing F3 forms.Be provided with between last strip of paper used for sealing F1 and the back strip of paper used for sealing F2 on the folding to the inside folding part F4 that forms of root of strip of paper used for sealing F1, again be provided with between strip of paper used for sealing F3 and the back strip of paper used for sealing F2 down under the folding to the inside F5 of folded inside portion that forms of root of strip of paper used for sealing F3.On lower seal intracutaneous side folding part F5, be provided with pair of right and left bookbinding

pawl

41,41 facing to last strip of paper used for sealing folding part F4, on the surface of last strip of paper used for sealing folding part F4 elongated tabular attachment means 10 is housed simultaneously.On this attachment means 10, have and above-mentioned a pair of

bookbinding pawl

41,41 corresponding pair of right and left inserting

holes

20,20, be provided with pair of right and left stay hook spare 30,30 in the outside of inserting

hole

20,20 simultaneously.So by means of the through hole of last strip of paper used for sealing folding part

F4 bookbinding pawl

41,41 is passed above-mentioned

inserting hole

20,20, make the front end of

bookbinding pawl

41,41 stretch out in attachment means 10 above, shown in the 12nd figure solid line.

File is to be penetrated the state bookbinding between last strip of paper used for sealing folding part F4 and following strip of paper used for sealing folding part F5 by bookbinding pawl 41,41.File bound

pawl

41,41 wear order after, shown in the 12nd figure dotted line, the

bookbinding pawl

41,41 front end to strip of paper used for sealing F1, the top edge F1U of F3, F3U and lower limb F1b, the direction warpage of F3b, and to be finished the bookbinding of file in file by said fixing hook spare 30,30 fixing states.

The file that also has the people shown in the 13rd figure to know.This file F also has last strip of paper used for sealing F1, back strip of paper used for sealing F2, following strip of paper used for sealing F3, and goes up strip of paper used for sealing folding part F4 and following strip of paper used for sealing folding part F5.More than identical with file shown in the 12nd figure, but attachment means 10 ' with last different.

This attachment means 10 ' be provided with makes progress turnup to the both sides of elongated baseplate width direction and a pair of guide part 40,40 made, in these guide part 40,40 corresponding gathering sills, imbed a pair of fixing metal spare 50,50, and the fixing metal spare in the gathering sill attachment means 10 ' a pair of

inserting hole

20,20 between slide freely.Top at fixing metal spare 50,50 is provided with the protuberance that stamps out, and the peristome of its protuberance is respectively towards strip of paper used for sealing F1, top edge F1U, the F3U of F3 and lower limb F1b and F3b.Above-mentioned a pair of fixing metal spare 50,50, move to the pawl of bookbinding separately 41,41 directions of stretching out inserting

hole

20,20 tops, shown in Figure 13 dotted line, make respectively bind

pawl

41,41 attachment means 10 ' on towards the top edge F1U of strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3, F3U and lower limb F1b, the bending of F3b direction, and in importing lug boss from peristome, make

bookbinding pawl

41,41 be fixed in attachment means 10 ' on.

But, but the problem that the file of said structure exists the bound document amount to be restricted.With regard to this class file folder F, F ', in order to bind the many files of quantity, must be when widening back strip of paper used for sealing F2, the length of lengthening bookbinding pawl 41,41.But, if it is bigger that the setting of this type of file can be bound thickness, and under the little situation of actual bound document thickness, back strip of paper used for sealing F2 outwards expands excessive, can cause the front portion of the

bookbinding pawl

41,41 of bending to expose top edge F1U, the F3U of strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 and the unfavorable condition outside lower limb F1b and the F3b.So, with regard to this class file folder F, F ', it is difficult that setting can be bound thickness very big.Especially from top edge F1U, the F3U of strip of paper used for sealing F1 to the little file of size lower limb F1b, the F3b, because of the distance of edge F1U, F3U or lower limb F1b and F3b on each

bookbinding pawl

41,41 and strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 diminishes, want to make that to bind enlarged in thickness be difficult.

The present invention carries out according to the situation of above explanation, and purpose is to provide when bookbinding during a few files, is not causing back to expand and the bookbinding pawl exposes under the condition of unfavorable condition at strip of paper used for sealing edge, can set the file of big bookbinding thickness easily.

The present invention takes following means for achieving the above object.File related to the present invention is formed and is comprised: by last strip of paper used for sealing, down strip of paper used for sealing be a pair of strip of paper used for sealing, be located at spine's strip of paper used for sealing of the variable-width between the strip of paper used for sealing root up and down, at a strip of paper used for sealing root or be located at the bookbinding pawl that stretches out to the inside on the folding part of its root, the place, folding part that is located at another strip of paper used for sealing root makes bookbinding pawl front end to the fixing attachment means of the switching direction warpage of strip of paper used for sealing etc.

So long as the file of structure like this because of changing the width of back strip of paper used for sealing according to the thickness of bound document, always can be bound the file of different-thickness under the state that keeps suitable profile.And, because the bookbinding pawl, is not subjected to the restriction that position distance lower limb to the strip of paper used for sealing is set from the bookbinding pawl not to strip of paper used for sealing edge direction warpage and to away from strip of paper used for sealing root direction warpage up and down, the bookbinding pawl is fully extended.Promptly when the time with plural number bookbinding pawl bookbinding generic-document, from each bookbinding pawl position to strip of paper used for sealing on distance the lower limb with the bookbinding pawl position is set and compares to the distance of the switching end margin of strip of paper used for sealing, the latter is much bigger.So when the attenuation of bookbinding thickness, under the condition that the bookbinding pawl can not expose from the strip of paper used for sealing edge, the bookbinding pawl that can extend makes setting bookbinding thickness become big.

Make the desirable pattern of back strip of paper used for sealing width change as follows: to establish the two-seat structure that has peristome at the root of a strip of paper used for sealing,, the other end of back strip of paper used for sealing is inserted slidably in the peristome of this strip of paper used for sealing so that an end of back strip of paper used for sealing and another strip of paper used for sealing are connected.When making structure like this, need not partly being accommodated in the strip of paper used for sealing that becomes two-seat structure of back strip of paper used for sealing can not be exposed.

The described the present invention of claim 3 is the file that the mode of removing the back strip of paper used for sealing realizes above-mentioned purpose.The characteristics of this file are: have a pair of up and down strip of paper used for sealing and a strip of paper used for sealing root or the bookbinding pawl that stretches out is to the inside arranged, the oriented attachment means that deviates from strip of paper used for sealing root direction warpage above-mentioned bookbinding pawl front end and load onto on the folding part of another strip of paper used for sealing root on the folding part of its root therein.

So the file of structure also because of its bookbinding pawl to claim 1,2 described equidirectional warpages, except that the ridge of file can not be blocked by the back strip of paper used for sealing, the effect of available effect and above-mentioned file was identical.

Desire to want to make the extension of plural number bookbinding pawl to take off when quick, the invention that attachment means is made as claim 4 gets final product.This attachment means interts the elongated track of the required through hole of plural number bookbinding pawl and form with respect to the bookbinding pawl fixture that track slidably connects along its length by being contained in to have on the strip of paper used for sealing folding part.The bookbinding pawl that passes through hole on the above-mentioned track is to utilize the sliding action of above-mentioned bookbinding fixator with respect to track, finishes warpage and fixing at one stroke.

As preferred forms, can lift the described the sort of bookbinding pawl fixator of claim 5, this bookbinding pawl fixer is promising make the bookbinding pawl break-through of passing track and the breach window of establishing, for keeping the holddown groove that is communicated with the breach window that bookbinding pawl warpage state establishes and utilize for the sliding action of binding pawl fixator track, when can make the bookbinding pawl warpage of the above-mentioned breach window of break-through it is directed to inclined lead part required in the holddown groove.More specifically, described as claim 6, the breach window roughly is the flat square triangle, and the edge part of this breach window constitutes above-mentioned tilt guides.

Simple declaration about accompanying drawing:

The 1st figure represents that the part of one of embodiment of the invention cuts open oblique view.

The 2nd figure represents the part oblique view of same embodiment.

The 3rd figure represents that same embodiment's partly cuts open oblique view.

The 4th figure is the A-A profile of the 3rd figure.

The 5th figure is the B-B section of the 3rd figure.

The 6th figure is the C-C profile of the 3rd figure.

The 7th figure is the bookbinding pawl fixator ground plan of same embodiment.

The 8th figure represents file bookbinding the finishing oblique drawing of the state of same embodiment.

The 9th figure represents the oblique view that is equivalent to the 1st figure of other example of the present invention.

The 10th figure and the 11st figure also represent the oblique view that is equivalent to the 1st figure of other embodiment of the present invention respectively.

The 12nd figure represents the oblique view of existing file folder.

The 13rd figure represents another kind of existing file folder oblique view.

Fig. 1-Fig. 8 all represents the embodiment of the invention, and the 1st figure is then for partly cuing open oblique view with file associated folder Fa of the present invention.Presents folder Fa forms and comprises: a pair of up and down strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3, be located at the variable-width back strip of paper used for sealing F2 between two strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 root F1k, the F3k, the folding part F5 that is provided with at a strip of paper used for sealing F3 root F3k place, a pair of

bookbinding pawl

41,41 that stretches out to the inside from F5 and for binding a pawl front end 41 _sDeviate from strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 root F1k, F3k direction warpage is fixed and be located at attachment means 1 on the folding part F4 of another strip of paper used for sealing F1 root etc.

Detailed it, the side of a strip of paper used for sealing F3k made have peristome F3 _oDual structure, simultaneously the root F1k of the end F2k of back strip of paper used for sealing F2 and another strip of paper used for sealing F1 is linked into one, other end F2s one side of this back strip of paper used for sealing F2 is slidably inserted among the peristome F3o of strip of paper used for sealing F3k.Promptly strip of paper used for sealing F3 has the envelope shape thing of opening at root F3k place, after it is the folding bristol plate, pastes at upper and lower edge F3u, F3b place, makes the F5 of foldable integral portion at the inboard edge of opening of its opening part F3o.Another strip of paper used for sealing F1 also makes with a millboard, establishes the F4 of foldable integral portion at its root F1k place, and the end with back strip of paper used for sealing F2 connects together simultaneously.That is to say, above-mentioned strip of paper used for sealing F1, folding part F4 and back strip of paper used for sealing F2 are processed into an integral body with a millboard through folding.On back strip of paper used for sealing F2, be carved with many parallel broken curves, make it crooked easily at required place.

At the F5 place, folding part that above-mentioned strip of paper used for sealing F3 down is provided with bookbinding tine 4 is housed.Bookbinding tine 4 has elongated base plate 42 as shown in Figure 2 in its bottom, buries a pair of

flat bookbinding melon

41,41 at the surperficial two ends of this base plate 42 underground, and makes their flat horizontal surface in the same plane.The front end 41s of bookbinding

pawl

41,41 makes arrow shaped, and is provided with the portion of expanding 43 at this arrow corresponding to the flat horizontal surface place, to prevent to deviate from from top.Necking part 45 is established in lower end at bookbinding

pawl

41,41, and the portion of expanding 44 that on this necking part 45, sets up defences and take off down.This binding part 4 is the through holes by above-mentioned folding part F5, and bookbinding

pawl

41,41 is fixed on the F5 of folding part with the state that runs through from the back side.Bookbinding

pawl

41,41 passes under the state that through hole is contained in folding part F4, and the necking part 45 of bookbinding

pawl

41,41 is positioned at the through hole, can prevent to bind pawl and 4 deviates from from the folding part by taking off part 44 under its top anti-.

Binding part 4 used in the present embodiment is a synthetic resin article, and bookbinding

pawl

41,41 and base plate 42 are that the general injection shaping forms.The most suitable synthetic resin is polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene etc.But can be not limited thereto, so long as the reelability soft material is all applicable.

Binding part 4 in the present embodiment is made up of bookbinding

pawl

41,41 and base plate 42, but this binding part 4 can not be subjected to the restriction of shape shown in the foregoing description and structure, can make elongated, belt-shaped or line restiform bodies to binding parts 4.In addition, do not establish base plate 42 in particular cases, also can directly be contained in F5 place, folding part to bookbinding

pawl

41,41.

Attachment means 1 is formed by elongated track 2 with the bookbinding pawl component for fixing 3 that track 2 guiding are slided freely it in orbit.Track 2 is elongated plate-like bodies made from animi resin.Both sides, width top at track 2 are provided with the guided way 21 to outer process in the length direction four corner.Establish pair of right and left fixed via 22 at track 2 length direction two ends.One of them (left side among the figure) fixing hole 22 is located at the termination, and another (right side among the figure) fixing hole 22 is located at slightly by on the central position.In this fixing hole 22, put on rivet etc., so that track 2 is fixed on the F4 of folding part.Length direction center line at take over the slightly side and the track 2 of fixing hole 22 is provided with a pair of through hole 23 by back strip of paper used for sealing F2 one side place, so that above-mentioned a pair of fixed claw 41 interts.Distance between the through

hole

23,23 is equated with the distance of binding between the pawl 41,41.Width corresponding to through hole 23 is provided with a pair of fixedly raised line 24, and it is in and deviates from the back strip of paper used for sealing direction, is along its length along stretching.The length of this raised line 24 is bigger slightly than through-hole diameter.

Bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is elongated members made from synthetic resin, and the section of its width is the font to " C " of under shed.Inboard at bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is provided with the direction recess 31 that extends along its length corresponding to the guided way 21 of above-mentioned track 2, is provided with the raised line 31a that extends to length direction in the bottom of this gathering sill 31.Guided way 21 is matching status and places gathering sill 31, and bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is free to slide on the length direction of track 2.

On bookbinding pawl fixator 3, leave a pair of notched right angled triangle window 32 in the longitudinal direction, its hypotenuse at its place, base, is provided with to by the peristome of bound document D direction all left.Above-mentioned window 32, be located at the corresponding position of the through hole 32 of track 2, as shown in Figure 2, bookbinding pawl fixator 3 relative orbits 2 move track 2 are under the state of extracting out slightly left, are in the position of the through hole 23 of track 2 near the summit of vee window 32.

Place, base at vee window 32 leaves the holddown groove 36 of direction left, and this groove 36 is as shown in Figure 3.Under the state that bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is accommodated by track 2, make its position corresponding with through hole 23 on track 2 widths.Thereby the edge that makes the hypotenuse that constitutes breach window 32 plays the effect of tilt guides 32a.Tilt guides 32a utilizes the slip of track 2 with respect to bookbinding pawl fixator 3, when making

bookbinding pawl

41,41 warpages that pass breach window 32, it is imported within the holddown groove 36.Bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is slided to the right with respect to track 2, and when making it accommodate state with respect to 2 one-tenth on track, as shown in Figure 3, the through hole 23 on the track 2 is promptly blocked by the left part of the window 32 of bookbinding pawl fixture 3.

The inner top surface at the length direction both ends of this bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is provided with extracts groove 33 as fixedly raised line 24 corresponding to track 2 shown in Figure 4.So, even the slip that bookbinding pawl fixture 3 carries out as shown in Figure 2 with respect to track 2, two inner tops and fixedly also not mutual interference mutually of raised line 24 of bookbinding pawl fixator 3.

As Fig. 5 and shown in Figure 6,, be provided with bookbinding pawl receiving space 34 in the bottom of breach window 32.Can the pawl fixator of bookbinding shown in the 2nd figure 3 be drawn out of or bookbinding pawl fixator shown in Figure 33 by under the two states of accommodating, all be enough to block through hole 23 and fixing raised line 24 on the track 2.Between left and right sides receiving space 34, be provided with inner top surface than facial high slightly space 35 on the track 2, as Figure 6 and Figure 7.There is not above-mentioned guiding raised line 31a at these spatial portion 35 places.

Above-mentioned track 2 and bookbinding pawl fixator 3 are to be made by the hard resin injection molding method.The most suitable hard resin material is hard polyethylene, hard polypropylene, RPVC, polystyrene, acrylic acid butyronitrile ethene, ABS resin, PMA, polyethylene one vinylidene chloride copolymer, polyamide, polyacetals, Merlon etc., in addition, as long as matter is hard and have appropriate rigidity, any resin all can use.

Because the present invention's file Fa has said structure, when bound document, as Figure 1 and Figure 2, at first 2 slippages of bookbinding pawl fixator 3 relative orbits, make the through hole 23 of track 2 snap to the breach window 32 of binding pawl fixator 3, track 2 is in the state that is exposed.Afterwards plug file D about bookbinding

pawl

41,41 pass folding part F4, and pass through hole 23 from the bottom of track 2.Regulate the size in the dual cover of strip of paper used for sealing F3 under the back strip of paper used for sealing F2 insertion, make the back width get appropriate value.Afterwards, as shown in Figure 3, when bookbinding pawl fixator 3 is slided with respect to the upper right side of track 2 in figure, bookbinding

pawl

41,41 is by the tilt guides 32a of breach window 32 hypotenuses guiding warpage, its warpage direction is omited the length direction perpendicular to attachment means 1, and the tilt guides 32a that is subjected to breach window 32 to the upper right side to inducing of moving, the direction of 41,41 inverted file D becomes the bookbinding pawl at last and holds state in holddown groove 36 under the arm.

Bookbinding pawl fixator 3 all is accommodated under the state of track 2, and the stepped raised line 43a that is located at bookbinding

pawl

41,41 inner faces is in the state of being fixed by fixing raised line 24.

Bookbinding pawl

41,41 stretches out from the holddown groove 36 downward strip of paper used for sealing F3 directions of breach window 32.Its result, though attachment means 1 from the direction reinforcing of extracting of bookbinding

pawl

41,41, also be not easy to extract attachment means 1.

Fig. 8 represents above-mentioned state.Place the file D on the strip of paper used for sealing F3 under the file Fa, be to order, and make file be in the pressurized stationary state with the attachment means of being located on the F4 of folding part 1 by the

bookbinding pawl

41,41 that is fixed on folding part F5.Under this bookbinding state of file D, bookbinding

pawl

41,41 front end 41a stretch out to the root F1k that deviates from strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3, F3k direction.

As long as document clamper has structure like this, can change the width of back strip of paper used for sealing F2 according to the thickness of required bound document D.So, always can when keeping suitable profile, can become all thickness to file binding.And bookbinding

pawl

41,41 is not top edge F1u, F1u and lower limb F1b and the F3b direction warpage towards strip of paper used for sealing F1 and F3, but to deviating from root F1k, F3k direction warpage.So the length of

bookbinding pawl

41,41 can fully extend, be not restricted because of its position distance between lower limb F1u, F3u, F1b, the F3b on strip of paper used for sealing F1, the F3.Therefore,, do not causing bookbinding pawl 41 to expose under the situation at strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 edge when bookbinding during thin thickness, the bookbinding pawl that can extend, can be on a large scale the bookbinding thickness of enactment document D.

Especially under the situation of file Fb shown in Figure 9, because close with the lengthwise dimension of attachment means 1 to distance lower limb F1b, the F3b from top edge F1u, the F3u of strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3, above-mentioned effect is more remarkable.The file Fb of this class geomery, if bookbinding

pawl

41,41 when the length direction warpage of attachment means 1, bookbinding

pawl

41,41 is easy to be exposed at outside strip of paper used for sealing F1, the F3.But, in distance range strip of paper used for sealing end F1s, the F3s, can freely set its length, thereby bound thickness that can free enactment document D at root F1k, F3k from strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 according to structure of the present invention.

In addition, become possible structure, can not be considered as being limited by the foregoing description for making the width of regulating back strip of paper used for sealing F2.For example,, only dual structure is made near the F3m place root of strip of paper used for sealing F3 down, near the F3m root of back strip of paper used for sealing F2 is made at the place dual structure, the end F2s of back strip of paper used for sealing F2 is slidably inserted into this dual structure also can in partly as file Fc shown in Figure 10.

And for example with shown in Figure 11, under the situation that the ridge of file need expose, can save the back strip of paper used for sealing.The composition that is this document folder Fd comprises: a pair of up and down strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3, on the root F3k of strip of paper used for sealing F3 down or be located at the

bookbinding pawl

41,41 that is provided with to the inside on the folding part F5 on its root F3k, be located at the attachment means 1 at the F4 place, folding part on the strip of paper used for sealing F1 root F1k etc.And attachment means 1 is holding 41s, 41s to deviate from strip of paper used for sealing F1, F3 root direction warpage and fixing usefulness before the bookbinding pawl 41,41.With the identical or considerable part of the 1st Tu-the 8th figure illustrated embodiment, all use prosign, so save explanation.

File related to the present invention is suitable for all size paper, photo album paper or specification class file most and preserves with the bookbinding state.

Claims

1. file, it is characterized in that this file comprises: a pair of up and down strip of paper used for sealing, between a pair of strip of paper used for sealing root, be provided with the back strip of paper used for sealing of variable width, the bookbinding pawl that stretches out to the inside from the folding part of a strip of paper used for sealing root or this root, be located at the folding part of another strip of paper used for sealing root and be used for a bookbinding pawl front end to deviating from the fixing attachment means composition of strip of paper used for sealing root direction warpage, attachment means has: the elongated track parts that are fixed in the folding part of a pair of strip of paper used for sealing, and the bookbinding pawl fixator of above-mentioned relatively track component combination slidably, described track component is provided with and is used for the through hole that a plurality of bookbinding pawls pass, and passes respectively the binding pawl and can at one stroke a plurality of bookbinding pawls be fixed with respect to the sliding action of above-mentioned bookbinding pawl fixator of through hole of above-mentioned track component by utilization.

2. according to the described file of claim 1, it is characterized in that: make a strip of paper used for sealing root have dual structure, simultaneously, another strip of paper used for sealing root and back strip of paper used for sealing link, and the other end of back strip of paper used for sealing are slidably inserted in the dual structure peristome of a strip of paper used for sealing.

3. file, be characterised in that: comprise a pair of strip of paper used for sealing up and down, the bookbinding pawl that stretches out to the inside from the root that is located at a strip of paper used for sealing or the folding part of being located at its root, and be located at another strip of paper used for sealing root, be used for the bookbinding pawl to deviating from the fixing compositions such as attachment means of strip of paper used for sealing root direction warpage, attachment means has the elongated track parts of the folding part of being fixed in a pair of strip of paper used for sealing, and the bookbinding pawl fixator of above-mentioned relatively track component combination slidably, described track component is provided with and is used for the through hole that a plurality of bookbinding pawls pass, and passes respectively the binding pawl and can at one stroke a plurality of bookbinding pawls be fixed with respect to the sliding action of above-mentioned bookbinding pawl fixator of through hole of above-mentioned track component by utilization.

4. according to the described file of claim 3, it is characterized in that binding fixator by the breach window that the bookbinding pawl that passes track is passed through, for the holddown groove that keeps the window of the breach therewith UNICOM that bookbinding pawl warpage state establishes, when utilizing bookbinding pawl fixator, its set oriented groove of guiding composition in holddown groove with respect to the above-mentioned bookbinding pawl that passes the breach window of the slip warpage of track.

5. according to the described file of claim 4, it is characterized in that the rectangular triangle of breach window, and make the limit portion of breach window become above-mentioned tilt guides.