CN107455196B - 一种利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法。本发明通过在稻田中设置种植有菖蒲的菖蒲区来保护稻田蜘蛛。本发明通过在稻田边种植菖蒲,使得田边菖蒲区捕食性蜘蛛的种类和数量均显著增加,菖蒲的种植不仅能为稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛提供栖息地和产卵地,更能为稻田蜘蛛提供种库,对稻田蜘蛛种群的保存和发展具有重大的作用,同时菖蒲的驱虫作用还能减少稻田害虫的发生程度,总的来说稻田边种植菖蒲能起到生态控害作用,具有明显的经济价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及农业领域,具体涉及一种利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法。
背景技术
在稻田生态系统中,天敌生物在水稻病虫害防控方面发挥着不可替代的作用。稻田蜘蛛是水稻田中一类重要的捕食性天敌,其控虫效能是其他任何天敌都不能比拟的。研究发现稻田蜘蛛对稻飞虱、叶蝉和螟虫等均具有非常好的控制效果,大量文献研究表明稻田蜘蛛的种类和数量会直接影响到稻田中害虫的种群数量(王洪全,1992;尹娟娟,2010;晋焯忠,1998)。研究表明一头拟环纹狼蛛(狼蛛科)1天可捕食飞風4-6头,一头草间钻头蛛(皿蛛科)1天可捕食1-3头飞風,且稻田蜘蛛与稻飞虱、叶蝉之比为1:5情况下,便可以起到控制作用。蜘蛛作为稻田生境内捕食性节肢动物群落中最主要的一大类群在控制水稻虫害中起着非常大的作用。
蜘蛛是维持稻田生态系统平衡的重要因素,保护天敌蜘蛛来治理相关害虫是水稻害虫综合治理的主要技术措施,在水稻害虫综合治理中具有重要地位和作用。更好的保护和利用稻田蜘蛛,可为保护农业生态环境与可持续发展农业开拓新的前景。然而,随着化学农药的大量使用,严重影响了稻田蜘蛛的种类和数量,因此,保护稻田蜘蛛在增强其对水稻虫害的控制作用上显得极为重要。
菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)属天南星科菖蒲属植物,是一种喜生于潮湿沼泽地的多年生草本植物,其生长环境跟水稻非常类似,广泛分布于江西、湖北、湖南等地。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是:针对各种人为因素严重影响稻田捕食性蜘蛛的种类和数量、制约蜘蛛的控害能力的问题,提供一种利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法,以改善稻田生态系统,提高蜘蛛对稻田害虫的控制能力。
本发明的利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法,其特征在于,通过在稻田中设置种植有菖蒲的菖蒲区来保护稻田蜘蛛。
优选,在水稻移栽3个月前,在稻田中每隔50-60m设置一个0.5-0.8m宽的条带用于种植菖蒲,种植的菖蒲株间距为10-20cm,形成菖蒲区。
优选,在每季水稻收割时避免破坏菖蒲区,使菖蒲保持旺盛生长;这样在下一季或以后就不再需要重新种植菖蒲,实现菖蒲区的循环利用。
优选,所述的稻田蜘蛛为微蛛、狼蛛、园蛛、肖蛸、管巢蛛、球腹蛛、跳蛛、盗蛛和/或皿蛛。
发明人通过研究观察发现在野外菖蒲的生长地具有大量的稻田捕食性蜘蛛的存在,捕食性蜘蛛趋向于在菖蒲地中产卵繁殖;进一步的调查研究表明菖蒲地是稻田捕食性蜘蛛天然的保育地。菖蒲是一种常见的植物,其生长环境跟水稻非常类似,而且菖蒲还具有良好的趋避害虫的作用,因此通过在水稻田边种植菖蒲来保护稻田的捕食性蜘蛛和防治水稻害虫是一条非常有效的途径。对促进稻田内害虫的控制效果、改善生态环境都具有重要意义。
本发明通过在稻田边种植菖蒲,使得田边菖蒲区捕食性蜘蛛的种类和数量均显著增加,菖蒲的种植不仅能为稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛提供栖息地和产卵地,更能为稻田蜘蛛提供种库,对稻田蜘蛛种群的保存和发展具有重大的作用,同时菖蒲的驱虫作用还能减少稻田害虫的发生程度,总的来说稻田边种植菖蒲能起到生态控害作用,具有明显的经济价值。
附图说明
图1是菖蒲区和杂草区内蜘蛛数量差异比较;注:**表明菖蒲区(处理组)与杂草区(对照组)之间存在极显著差异(t-test,P﹤0.01)。
具体实施方式
以下实施例是对本发明的进一步说明,而不是对本发明的限制。
实施例1
1材料与方法
1.1实验地点
实验在江西省九江市沙湖山湿地管理处,该地处于江西北部鄱阳湖畔,属于亚热带季风气候,该处由20世纪围湖造田而成,受保护耕地面积9600亩,全处粮食作物以水稻为主。实验地稻田成片,环境单一。
1.2实验设计
在常规水稻种植区随机选择4块田地(长50m,宽50m),每个小区之间至少间隔一块稻田。(1)在田边种植菖蒲的田块为处理田,具体做法如下:在水稻移栽3个月前,在田边(每两个相邻的田边大约相隔50m)设置一个0.5m宽的条带用于种植菖蒲,种植的菖蒲株间距为10cm,形成菖蒲区。(2)田边(每两个相邻的田边大约相隔50m)种植杂草的田块为对照田,种植的杂草区宽0.5m,杂草为自然生长状态。处理田和对照田在地理位置上处于同一片区域以消除地域性差异,所有田块种植的水稻品种相同、生长周期相近。
1.3蜘蛛种群数量调查方法
大田调查于水稻拔节期进行,采用“五点法”扫网式调查,每点调查1m2区域,收集并统计蜘蛛的种类和数量。
1.4数据分析
采用T检验比较菖蒲区和杂草区蜘蛛种类在数量上的差异。所有数据均采用SPSS14.0软件分析。
2结果分析
2.1蜘蛛物种组成
通过对田边菖蒲区和杂草区蜘蛛种类进行鉴定,在菖蒲区共鉴定到了9个科的蜘蛛,分别为微蛛、狼蛛、园蛛、肖蛸、管巢蛛、球腹蛛、跳蛛、盗蛛和皿蛛;杂草区共鉴定到7个科的蜘蛛,分别为微蛛、狼蛛、园蛛、肖蛸、管巢蛛、球腹蛛和跳蛛(表1)。微蛛、狼蛛和园蛛在菖蒲区和杂草区数量均占优,在菖蒲区平均数量分别为107、72和45,在杂草区中平均数量为25.75、15和10.5(表1)。
表1不同田块蜘蛛组成
2.2菖蒲区和杂草区蜘蛛数量差异比较
通过在稻田边种植菖蒲并比较菖蒲中蜘蛛数量与田边杂草中蜘蛛数量的差异发现,菖蒲区蜘蛛数量要显著高于杂草区,菖蒲中蜘蛛的总数是杂草中的4.55倍(独立样本t检验,t=13.632,df=6,P<0.001);其中微蛛数量是杂草地的4.15倍(独立样本t检验,t=18.363,df=6,P<0.001);狼蛛数量是杂草地的4.78倍(独立样本t检验,t=8.243,df=6,P<0.001);园蛛数量是杂草地的4.29倍(独立样本t检验,t=8.076,df=6,P<0.001)(图1)。
实施例2
实施地点在江西省九江市沙湖山湿地管理处的水稻田。
在水稻移栽3个半月前,在稻田中每隔60m设置一个0.8m宽的条带用于种植菖蒲,种植的菖蒲株间距为20cm,形成菖蒲区。
在水稻拔节期、收割前分两次对菖蒲区蜘蛛的种类和数量进行调查。调查结果显示,菖蒲区的蜘蛛总数、微蛛数量、狼蛛数量、园蛛数量均为未经处理的稻田边杂草带上的4-5倍。水稻田的菖蒲区为蜘蛛提供了栖息地和产卵地,蜘蛛捕食稻田害虫大大减少了稻田中害虫的数量,起到了很好的生态控制水稻害虫的效果。相对于常规水稻栽培管理方法,利用本实施例的方法的稻田在减少了农药的用量的同时还获得了同等的稻谷产量;减少了农药对稻谷和环境的污染。
在水稻收割时注意避免破坏菖蒲区,使菖蒲保持自然生长,这样在下一季或以后就不再需要重新种植菖蒲,也可以起到生态控制水稻害虫的效果。
Claims (1)
1.一种利用菖蒲来保护稻田蜘蛛的方法,其特征在于,通过在稻田中设置菖蒲区来保护稻田蜘蛛;所述的菖蒲区是通过如下方法得到的:在水稻移栽3个月前,在稻田中每隔50-60m设置一个0.5-0.8m宽的条带用于种植菖蒲,种植的菖蒲株间距为10-20cm,形成菖蒲区;所述的稻田蜘蛛为微蛛、狼蛛、园蛛、肖蛸、管巢蛛、球腹蛛、跳蛛、盗蛛和/或皿蛛;在每季水稻收割时避免破坏菖蒲区,使菖蒲保持自然生长。
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