CN107389395B - A kind of artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating and its method for prefabricating - Google Patents
A kind of artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating and its method for prefabricating Download PDFInfo
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- CN107389395B CN107389395B CN201710457009.9A CN201710457009A CN107389395B CN 107389395 B CN107389395 B CN 107389395B CN 201710457009 A CN201710457009 A CN 201710457009A CN 107389395 B CN107389395 B CN 107389395B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
Abstract
The present invention relates to debonding defect preparation technical field more particularly to a kind of artificial debonding defect test specimens of hot-spraying coating and its method for prefabricating.The method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating provided by the invention, comprising: process the through-hole of required diameter to matrix, and be equipped with internal screw thread in the inner wall of through-hole；Preparation filling bar, and external screw thread is equipped in the outer surface of filling bar；The length for filling bar is not less than the depth of through-hole；Filling bar rotation is screwed into through-hole, and so that it is screwed into the end face at end and is flushed with the outer surface of matrix, to form a complete plane, through-hole is substantially reduced and fills the cooperation difficulty of bar, cooperation compactness is good and processing cost is low；And can realize any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect, sandblasting is carried out to plane and spray-on coating is handled, filling bar is finally back-outed into end part from it and is back-outed to obtain artificial debonding defect, is more nearly its heat conducting law with true debonding defect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to debonding defect preparation technical field more particularly to a kind of artificial debonding defect test specimens of hot-spraying coating
And its method for prefabricating.
Background technique
Hot-spraying coating is widely used in engineering structure and machinery part surface, plays the functions such as anti-corrosion, wear-resisting, heat-insulated.
During military service, the effects of coating is by external force load, corrosive environment, heat fatigue, can generate de- at coating-substrate interface
It is viscous, if unsticking regional development expands, it will lead to coating shedding.In engineering detecting and scientific research process, to prepare true
Real debonding defect standard sample is difficult, because the size and shape in unsticking region is unable to control.
Therefore, true debonding defect is simulated using artificial debonding defect at present, the artificial unsticking for preparing certain size lacks
Fall into there are mainly two types of method at present: the first is, as shown in Figure 1, including coating 1 and matrix 2, in the non-coating of matrix 2
End opens up flat blind hole 3, replaces artificial debonding defect with flat blind hole 3, is usually added after spray coating using drill bit or point spark
Work removes 2 part of matrix, leaves 1 part of coating, forms a flat blind hole and simulates debonding defect；Another method is, such as
Shown in Fig. 2, including coating 1, matrix 2, silica flour 4 and filling bar 5, matrix 2 are removed using electrical discharge machining after spraying
Divide and fill silica flour 4 and filling bar 5 prepares artificial debonding defect.
But the above two method for preparing artificial debonding defect has following deficiency:
Flat hole sample: the flat blind hole for simulating hot-spraying coating debonding defect is often sprayed using in plate surface
It is obtained afterwards from the mode of the drilling of matrix another side or electrical discharge machining.The blind hole defect that this method obtains is since body portion is complete
It is air, true debonding defect body portion heat conducting law can not be reacted.
Electrical discharge machining debonding defect: some of flat hole are avoided by the way of electrical discharge machining matrix defect and are lacked
It falls into, but its application range nevertheless suffers from limitation.First, electric discharge machining method removes a large amount of basis material efficiency low cost
It is high；Second, sample need to be immersed in the working solution of water in process, if coating or basis material are iron-based or magnesium-based
The corrosion susceptible materials such as alloy, the then interface contacted with working solution will receive corrosion；Third, after the preparation of unsticking hole, using preparatory
The filling bar insertion blind hole processed, so that its heat conducting law is close with real defect.But fill the close of bar and blind hole
Degree of cooperation is difficult to control, and fit clearance is too small, then it is big to fill bar insertion blind hole difficulty；Fit clearance is big, then after being inserted into not
It can guarantee that filling bar and blind hole are fitted close.
Summary of the invention
(1) technical problems to be solved
The first object of the present invention is: providing that a kind of structure is simple, production cost is low and can effectively improve test material preparation effect
The method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of the hot-spraying coating of rate and test result reliability, to solve existing method for prefabricating
Existing structure is complicated, the tight fit degree of high production cost and uncontrollable bar and blind hole, and then causing cannot be true
The problem of reflecting debonding defect heat conducting law.
The second object of the present invention is: providing that a kind of structure is simple, production cost is low and can effectively improve test material preparation effect
The artificial debonding defect test specimen of the hot-spraying coating of rate and test result reliability, it is multiple to solve structure existing for existing test specimen
The tight fit degree of miscellaneous, high production cost and uncontrollable bar and blind hole, and then cause really reflect debonding defect
The problem of heat conducting law.
(2) technical solution
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of the prefabricated of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating
Method, including following operating procedure:
The through-hole of required diameter is processed to matrix, and is equipped with internal screw thread in the inner wall of the through-hole；
To filler rod prepared and processed with the material of matrix homogeneity, that the size of preparation and the through-hole matches
Material, and the external screw thread used with the screw-internal thread fit is equipped in the outer surface of the filling bar；
Filling bar rotation is screwed into the through-hole, and makes the end face for being screwed into end and the institute of the filling bar
The outer surface for stating matrix flushes, to form a complete plane；
Blasting treatment, and the surface spraying coating after sandblasting are carried out to the plane；
The filling bar is back-outed end from it to back-out, so that the spacing for being screwed into end with the coating of the filling bar
To preset spacing, to obtain artificial debonding defect.
Wherein, the filling bar is rotated described before being screwed into the through-hole, further includes: in the filling bar
External screw thread on be coated with heat conduction silicone.
Wherein, the end of back-outing of the filling bar is equipped with the driving hole that is used cooperatively with spanner, in order to by the filling
Bar is back-outed from the through-hole.
Wherein, the mode of the spraying includes: flame-spraying or electric arc spraying or plasma spraying.
Wherein, the coating is alloy coat or ceramic coating or alloy-ceramic coating.
Wherein, described includes: to utilize compressed air for power by sand blasting unit to plane progress blasting treatment, is used
The high velocity spray beam of formation sprays material spray on the plane.
Wherein, the material spray includes: one of quartz sand, steel sand, copper ore, glass sand, ceramic sand or multiple combinations.
Wherein, described matrix and the filling bar are all made of No. 45 steel and are made.
The present invention also provides a kind of method for prefabricating preparations using the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating
Obtained debonding defect test specimen, including matrix, coating and filling bar, described matrix are equipped with through-hole, and the inner wall of the through-hole is set
There is internal screw thread, the outer surface of the filling bar is equipped with external screw thread, and the filling bar passes through the through-hole and described matrix spiral shell
Line connection；After the filling bar is screwed into the through-hole, the filling bar to be screwed into end and the outer surface of described matrix common
A complete plane is limited, the coating spraying is on the plane.
Wherein, the end of back-outing of the filling bar is equipped with the driving hole that is used cooperatively with spanner, in order to by the filling
Bar is back-outed from the through-hole.
(3) beneficial effect
Above-mentioned technical proposal of the invention has the advantages that
The present invention provides a kind of method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating, including operate step as follows
It is rapid: to process the through-hole of required diameter to matrix, and be equipped with internal screw thread in the inner wall of through-hole；To prepared and with matrix homogeneity
Material is processed, the filling bar that the size of preparation and through-hole matches, and is equipped with and interior spiral shell in the outer surface of filling bar
The external screw thread that line is used cooperatively；Filling bar rotation is screwed into through-hole, and makes the end face for being screwed into end and the base of filling bar
The outer surface of body flushes, to form a complete plane；Blasting treatment is carried out to plane, and the surface after sandblasting sprays and applies
Filling bar is finally back-outed end from it and back-outed by layer, so that the be screwed into end and the spacing of coating of filling bar are default spacing, with
Artificial debonding defect is obtained, using preparation method provided by the present application, the heat conducting law of artificial defect and true debonding defect are more
Adjunction is close, and heat-conducting effect is similar to artificial debonding defect described in bibliography, highly reliable.Before spraying, by
Through-hole is prepared in matrix and fills filling bar, avoids and coating and basal body interface are immersed into water quality working solution after spraying, shorten
Preparation section, reduces production cost；It realizes that filling bar is combined with through-hole using helicitic texture simultaneously, substantially reduces logical
The cooperation difficulty in hole and filling bar, structure is simple, and assembly is easy, and cooperation compactness is good and processing cost is low；In addition, need to only lead to
Crossing helicitic texture rotation filling bar can be realized any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect, easy to operate, be conducive to improve examination
Test detection efficiency.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram for replacing the test specimen of artificial debonding defect with flat blind hole in the prior art；
Fig. 2 is in the prior art with the signal of filling silica flour and the test specimen of the artificial debonding defect of alloy bar material preparation
Figure；
Fig. 3 is the flow diagram of the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is structural schematic diagram of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating before spraying in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 5 be in the embodiment of the present invention the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating after spray coating and will fill bar part
Back-out the structural schematic diagram of through-hole；
Fig. 6 be in the embodiment of the present invention debonding defect central temperature of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating with it is flat
The central temperature comparison diagram of blind hole debonding defect and true debonding defect.
In figure: 1: coating；2: matrix；3: flat blind hole；4: silica flour；5: filling bar；6: through-hole；7: external screw thread；8:
Driving hole.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the object, technical scheme and advantages of the embodiment of the invention clearer, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention
In attached drawing, technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is
A part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, ordinary skill people
Member's every other embodiment obtained without making creative work, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in figure 3, the embodiment of the invention provides a kind of method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating,
Specifically include following operating procedure:
S1, the through-hole 6 that required diameter is processed to matrix 2, and internal screw thread is equipped in the inner wall of through-hole 6；Wherein, through-hole 6
Diameter according to the diameter of Embedded defect determine.
S2, to filling prepared and processed with the material of 2 homogeneity of matrix, that the size of preparation and through-hole 6 matches
Bar 5, and be equipped with the external screw thread 7 that uses with screw-internal thread fit in the outer surface of filling bar 5, the screw thread specification of external screw thread 7 with
The screw thread specification of internal screw thread is identical；
Specifically, filling bar 5 is identical as the material of matrix 2, and fills bar 5 and be used to fill the through-hole 6 on matrix 2；
Wherein, the external screw thread 7 of bar 5 is filled by connect with the screw-internal thread fit of through-hole 6, fills the tight of bar 5 and matrix 2 to realize
Close fit effectively reduces through-hole 6 and fills the cooperation difficulty of bar 5 using this mode is threadedly coupled, and structure is simple, dress
With simplicity, cooperation compactness is good and processing cost is low, is also conducive to improve preparation efficiency；And filling bar is rotated by helicitic texture
5 may be implemented any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect, easy to operate, be conducive to improve testing inspection efficiency.
S3, the filling rotation of bar 5 is screwed into through-hole 6, so that the end face for being screwed into end of filling bar 5 and matrix 2 is outer
Surface flushes, and to form a complete plane, complete plane refers to that filling bar 5 is closely matched with the through-hole in matrix
It closes, so that filling bar 5 is screwed between end and matrix 2 there is no gap, the end that is screwed into of filling bar 5 limits jointly with matrix 2
Make one for spraying plane；Wherein, fill bar 5 be screwed into end refer to filling bar 5 at first with the interior spiral shell of through-hole 6
One end of line contact, corresponding, one end that filling bar 5 is finally contacted with the internal screw thread of through-hole 6 is known as back-outing end.
It should be noted that when the length for filling bar 5 is greater than the depth of through-hole 6, i.e., when filling bar 5 is screwed into through-hole 6
Afterwards, the outer surface for being screwed into end and being higher by matrix for filling bar 5, the mode that grinding or turning can be used will fill being screwed into for bar 5
End is higher by the part removal of 2 outer surface of matrix, so that the end that is screwed into of filling bar 5 is flushed with the outer surface of matrix 2, to form one
Plane a complete and for spraying.Wherein, the depth of through-hole 6 refers to the thickness of matrix 2.
S4, blasting treatment, and the surface spraying coating 1 after sandblasting are carried out to plane；
S5, filling bar 5 is back-outed end from it and is back-outed, so that the be screwed into end and the spacing of coating 1 of filling bar 5 are default
Spacing, to obtain artificial debonding defect；Wherein, default spacing can be reasonably arranged according to actual implementation condition.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, it is handled by sequentially carrying out sandblasting and spray-on coating 1 to the plane in step S3
Afterwards, filling bar 5 is back-outed from a side section in the non-spraying face of matrix 2, can be obtained the artificial debonding defect in the application,
It is easy to operate, and using the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating 1 provided by the present application, artificial defect is led
Thermal gauge rule is more nearly with true debonding defect, and heat-conducting effect is similar to artificial debonding defect described in bibliography, specifically
It can be found in Fig. 6, wherein 2 material of matrix is 45# steel, and 1 material of coating is 3Cr13 alloy coat, and spraying method is electric arc spraying；
What the ordinate in Fig. 6 indicated is actual temperature value, and abscissa indicates the time, and what two curves indicated is in pulse flash mistake
In journey two different blemish surface temperature-rise periods and flash of light after temperature-fall period, through comparing, it is possible to find temperature-rise period is very short
Temporarily, the maximum temperature of two kinds of defects is also essentially identical；Temperature-fall period has larger difference, and blind hole cooling is slow, is exactly because in blind hole
Portion is entirely air, the conduction of the heat of influence；And unsticking sample cooling prepared by the present invention is fastly, is because of debonding defect lower part
There is bar filling, heating conduction is better than blind hole, thus the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating provided by the present application is prefabricated
The artificial debonding defect and true debonding defect that method obtains are closer.
Preferably, before it will fill the rotation of bar 5 and be screwed into through-hole 6, further includes: on the external screw thread 7 of filling bar 5
Coated with heat conduction silicone, to improve the capacity of heat transmission of threaded connection place, so that artificial defect provided by the present application is led
Thermal gauge rule is more nearly with true debonding defect.Apart from the above, heat conductive silica gel can be also coated at the internal screw thread of through-hole 6
Layer.
Further, the end of back-outing for filling bar 5 is equipped with the driving hole 8 that is used cooperatively with spanner, in order to by filler rod
Material 5 is back-outed from through-hole 6.In the present embodiment, the end of back-outing for filling bar 5 is equipped with die nut hole 8, is applied with convenient wrench
Power, and then facilitate and filling bar 5 is threaded in or out through-hole 6, effectively to realize any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect.
Preferably, the mode of spraying includes: flame-spraying or electric arc spraying or plasma spraying, specifically can be according to practical reality
It applies condition and selects suitable spraying method.
Preferably, coating 1 can be alloy coat or ceramic coating or alloy-ceramic coating, can also select other conjunctions
The material of reason specifically can select suitable coating material according to actual implementation condition.
Specifically, carrying out blasting treatment to plane includes: to utilize compressed air for power by sand blasting unit, with formation
High velocity spray beam sprays material spray in the plane；Preferably, material spray includes: quartz sand, steel sand, copper ore, glass sand, ceramic sand
One of or multiple combinations, specifically can select corresponding material spray material according to actual implementation condition.
Preferably, matrix 2 and filling bar 5 are all made of No. 45 steel and are made, and cheap, materials are convenient, and No. 45 steel tools
Have higher intensity, preferable machinability and higher mechanical stability, conducive to maintenance debonding defect test it is smooth into
Row.
As shown in Fig. 4 to Fig. 5, the present invention also provides a kind of using the artificial debonding defect test specimen of above-mentioned hot-spraying coating
The debonding defect test specimen that method for prefabricating is prepared specifically includes matrix 2, coating 1 and filling bar 5, matrix 2 and is equipped with through-hole 6,
The inner wall of through-hole 6 is equipped with internal screw thread, and the outer surface of filling bar 5 is equipped with external screw thread 7, and external screw thread 7 connect with screw-internal thread fit, fills out
It fills bar 5 to be threadedly coupled by through-hole 6 with matrix 2, substantially reduce through-hole 6 and fills the cooperation difficulty of bar 5, structure is simple,
Assembly is easy, and cooperation compactness is good and processing cost is low；Apart from the above, filling bar 5 need to be only rotated by helicitic texture is
Any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect can be achieved, it is easy to operate, it is conducive to improve testing inspection efficiency；Filling bar 5 is screwed into
After through-hole 6, be screwed into end and the outer surface of matrix 2 of filling bar 5 limit a complete plane jointly, and coating 1 is sprayed on
In plane, wherein the end that is screwed into of filling bar 5 is flushed with the outer surface of matrix 2.
Further, the end of back-outing for filling bar 5 is equipped with the driving hole 8 that is used cooperatively with spanner, in order to by filler rod
Material 5 is back-outed from through-hole 6, specifically, after the completion of prepared by coating 1, from (i.e. the back-outing close to filling bar 5 of 2 non-spraying face of matrix
The one side at end) by spanner by fill bar 5 back-out certain length, that is, obtain artificial debonding defect as described herein.
In conclusion the present invention provides a kind of method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating, including such as
Lower operating procedure: the through-hole of required diameter is processed to matrix, and is equipped with internal screw thread in the inner wall of through-hole；To prepared and and base
The material of body homogeneity is processed, the filling bar that the size of preparation and through-hole matches, and is set in the outer surface of filling bar
There is the external screw thread used with screw-internal thread fit；Filling bar rotation is screwed into through-hole, and makes the end of being screwed into for filling bar
End face is flushed with the outer surface of matrix, to form a complete plane；Blasting treatment, and the table after sandblasting are carried out to plane
Filling bar is finally back-outed end from it and back-outed by face spray-on coating, so that the be screwed into end and the spacing of coating of filling bar are pre-
If spacing, to obtain artificial debonding defect, using preparation method provided by the present application, the heat conducting law of artificial defect takes off with true
Viscous defect is more nearly, and heat-conducting effect is similar to artificial debonding defect described in bibliography, highly reliable.In spraying
Before, by preparing through-hole in the base and filling filling bar, avoids and coating and basal body interface are immersed into water quality work after spraying
Make liquid, shorten preparation section, reduces production cost；Realize that filling bar is combined with through-hole using helicitic texture simultaneously,
It substantially reduces through-hole and fills the cooperation difficulty of bar, structure is simple, and assembly is easy, and cooperation compactness is good and processing cost is low；
In addition, filling bar need to be only rotated by helicitic texture can be realized any adjusting of manual simulation's depth of defect, it is easy to operate,
Conducive to raising testing inspection efficiency.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations；Although
Present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: it still may be used
To modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features；
And these are modified or replaceed, technical solution of various embodiments of the present invention that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution spirit and
Range.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating, which is characterized in that including following operating procedure:
The through-hole of required diameter is processed to matrix, and is equipped with internal screw thread in the inner wall of the through-hole；
To filling bar prepared and processed with the material of matrix homogeneity, that the size of preparation and the through-hole matches,
And the external screw thread used with the screw-internal thread fit is equipped in the outer surface of the filling bar；
Filling bar rotation is screwed into the through-hole, and makes the end face for being screwed into end for filling bar and the base
The outer surface of body flushes, and the filling bar and the through-hole are fitted close so that the filling bar be screwed into end with it is described
Gap is not present between matrix, to form a complete plane；
Blasting treatment, and the surface spraying coating after sandblasting are carried out to the plane；
The filling bar is back-outed end from it to back-out, so that the be screwed into end and the spacing of the coating of the filling bar are pre-
If spacing, to obtain artificial debonding defect；
Wherein, the end that is screwed into is one end that the filling bar is contacted with the internal screw thread of the through-hole at first, described to back-out end
The one end finally contacted with the internal screw thread of the through-hole for the filling bar.
2. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in institute
It states before filling bar rotation is screwed into the through-hole, further includes:
Heat conduction silicone is coated on the external screw thread of the filling bar.
3. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
The end of back-outing of filling bar is equipped with the driving hole being used cooperatively with spanner, in order to twist the filling bar from the through-hole
Out.
4. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
The mode of spraying includes: flame-spraying or electric arc spraying or plasma spraying.
5. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described
Coating is alloy coat or ceramic coating or alloy-ceramic coating.
6. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described
Carrying out blasting treatment to the plane includes:
Utilizing compressed air by sand blasting unit is power, is sprayed material spray on the plane with the high velocity spray beam of formation.
7. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: described
Material spray includes: one of quartz sand, steel sand, copper ore, glass sand and ceramic sand or multiple combinations.
8. the method for prefabricating of the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating according to claim 1-7, feature
Be: described matrix and the filling bar are all made of No. 45 steel and are made.
What 9. a kind of method for prefabricating using the artificial debonding defect test specimen of hot-spraying coating as described in claim 1 was prepared
Debonding defect test specimen, it is characterised in that: including matrix, coating and filling bar, described matrix be equipped with through-hole, the through-hole it is interior
Wall is equipped with internal screw thread, and the outer surface of the filling bar is equipped with external screw thread, and the filling bar passes through the through-hole and the base
Body is threadedly coupled；After the filling bar is screwed into the through-hole, the outer surface for being screwed into end and described matrix of the filling bar
A complete plane is limited jointly, and the coating spraying is on the plane.
10. debonding defect test specimen according to claim 9, it is characterised in that: it is described filling bar back-out end be equipped with
The driving hole that spanner is used cooperatively, in order to back-out the filling bar from the through-hole.
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| CN111894628A (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2020-11-06 | 何峰 | Improved construction method for blocking hand hole of shield tunnel |
| CN113324902B (en) * | 2021-05-13 | 2023-04-11 | 山东非金属材料研究所 | Reference block for composite armor plate debonding defect knocking detection and preparation method thereof |
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