CN107343234B - Intelligent earphone - Google Patents
Intelligent earphone Download PDFInfo
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- CN107343234B CN107343234B CN201610286574.9A CN201610286574A CN107343234B CN 107343234 B CN107343234 B CN 107343234B CN 201610286574 A CN201610286574 A CN 201610286574A CN 107343234 B CN107343234 B CN 107343234B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/10—Earpieces; Attachments therefor ; Earphones; Monophonic headphones
- H04R1/1091—Details not provided for in groups H04R1/1008 - H04R1/1083
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R3/007—Protection circuits for transducers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Headphones And Earphones (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses an intelligent earphone, which comprises a depletion type isolating switch and at least two volume control loops, wherein the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected with the at least two volume control loops, the at least two volume control loops correspond to different intelligent earphone volume control modes, and the depletion type isolating switch is selectively switched to the volume control loop outputting high level according to whether the depletion type isolating switch receives the high level output by one of the at least two volume control loops.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an intelligent earphone, in particular to an intelligent earphone capable of automatically selecting and switching a volume control loop.
Background
With the popularity of music and video playing devices, people's entertainment lives are enriched. At present, the existing music and video playing equipment is mainly based on the ios system and the android system, so that intelligent headphones applicable to the ios system and the android system are also emerging.
Patent CN204616061U discloses an intelligent mobile device earphone control device, which is arranged in an intelligent earphone. Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a circuit schematic diagram of an intelligent mobile device earphone control device in the prior art, the intelligent mobile device earphone control device can be switched between an ios volume control loop and an android volume control loop by switching a double-pole double-throw switch S, and the intelligent mobile device earphone control device can be suitable for the ios system and the android system, but when the android volume control loop is used, a remote terminal (REM) and a ground terminal (GND) are still in a connection state due to a MIC terminal in an ios earphone chip, and in addition, a power supply voltage after the intelligent control device is connected to most of the android device is found to be generally 0.7-0.8V in a test, so that the operation of the intelligent control device and the android device of the earphone is invalid.
Patent CN103079138B also discloses an earphone, please refer to fig. 2 again, fig. 2 is a circuit schematic diagram of a prior art earphone, the earphone comprises: the intelligent mobile phone comprises a voltage-controlled switch S, a switch key group, a microphone Mic and more than two earphone circuits, wherein different earphone circuits correspond to different intelligent mobile phone operating systems; the voltage-controlled switch is arranged between the switch key group and the earphone circuits of the microphone and more than two groups; the voltage-controlled switch identifies the operation system of the smart phone in which the earphone is currently inserted according to the voltage of the microphone-receiving end of the earphone, and controls the change-over switch to be switched to a corresponding group of earphone circuits so as to realize the communication between the switch key group and the microphone and the corresponding group of earphone circuits. Meanwhile, the corresponding voltage range of the first intelligent mobile phone operating system is +1.5V to +1.9V, the corresponding voltage range of the second intelligent mobile phone operating system is +2.0V to +2.5V, and the corresponding voltage range of the third intelligent mobile phone operating system is +2.6V to +3.5V. The mode of switching the earphone circuit by identifying the voltages at the two ends of the microphone and controlling the switch of the voltage-controlled switch can realize the switching of the earphone circuit, but the voltage-controlled switch is matched for switching after the voltages at the two ends of the microphone are accurately identified, so that if the voltage is unstable or the problem that a time gap exists in the matching process, the earphone is influenced by the short-time function failure of the earphone, and the voltage-controlled switch cannot thoroughly disconnect other paths when using one earphone circuit, and the earphone function failure is possibly caused.
There is therefore an urgent need to develop a smart earphone capable of overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide an intelligent earphone, which comprises: the system comprises a depletion type isolating switch and at least two volume control loops, wherein the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected to the at least two volume control loops, the at least two volume control loops correspond to different intelligent earphone volume control modes, and the depletion type isolating switch is selectively switched to the volume control loop for outputting the high level according to whether the depletion type isolating switch receives the high level output by one of the at least two volume control loops.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a single-pole double-throw switch, the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with the depletion type isolating switch and the at least two volume control loops, the second end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with the MIC+ end of the intelligent earphone, and a user starts the volume control loop to work by controlling the single-pole double-throw switch according to the volume control loop selectively switched by the depletion type isolating switch.
The intelligent earphone comprises at least two volume control loops, wherein the at least two volume control loops are an ios volume control loop in ios volume control mode and an android volume control loop in android volume control mode.
The intelligent earphone comprises an ios volume control loop, a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor, an ios control chip, a first field effect switch tube, a first volume adjusting switch and a second volume adjusting switch, wherein the third end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected to the ios control chip through the first resistor, the ios control chip is electrically connected to the drain electrode of the first field effect switch tube through the second resistor, the grid electrode of the first field effect switch tube is electrically connected to the ios control chip, the source electrode of the first field effect switch tube is electrically connected to one end of the first volume adjusting switch, the source electrode of the first field effect switch tube is also electrically connected to one end of the second volume adjusting switch through the third resistor, and the other ends of the first volume adjusting switch and the second volume adjusting switch are grounded.
The intelligent earphone comprises an android volume control loop, a first volume adjusting switch and a second volume adjusting switch, wherein the android volume control loop comprises a fourth resistor, a fifth resistor, the first volume adjusting switch and the second volume adjusting switch, a first end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with two input ends of the depletion type isolating switch, one of two output ends of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected with one end of the second volume adjusting switch through the fourth resistor, the other one of the two output ends of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected with one end of the first volume adjusting switch through the fifth resistor, and a VCC end of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected with a MICPWR end of the ios control chip.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a microphone chip and a phone connection/hanging key, wherein the microphone chip is electrically connected to the MIC+ end, one end of the phone connection/hanging key is electrically connected to a connecting passage between the MIC+ end and the microphone chip, and the other end of the phone connection/hanging key is grounded.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a second field effect switch tube, wherein the grid electrode of the second field effect switch tube is electrically connected with the ios control chip, the ios control chip is further electrically connected with the source electrode of the second field effect switch tube through a seventh resistor, and the drain electrode of the second field effect switch tube is electrically connected with the microphone chip.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a third field effect switch tube, wherein the grid electrode of the third field effect switch tube is electrically connected to the first end of the single-pole double-throw switch through an eighth resistor, the source electrode of the third field effect switch tube is grounded, and the drain electrode of the third field effect switch tube is electrically connected to the microphone chip.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a first transient voltage suppressor, one end of the first transient voltage suppressor is electrically connected to a connecting channel between the fifth resistor and the first volume adjusting switch, and the other end of the first transient voltage suppressor is grounded.
The intelligent earphone further comprises a second transient voltage suppressor, wherein one end of the second transient voltage suppressor is electrically connected to a connecting channel between the fourth resistor and the second volume adjusting switch, and the other end of the second transient voltage suppressor is grounded.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that,
1. the depletion type isolating switch is used for conducting under the condition of no power supply voltage, has the characteristic of presenting an isolating state when power is supplied (reaching more than 1.5V), and is used for switching the ios volume control loop and disconnecting other connected loops when the MICPWR end of the ios chip outputs high level. At this time, the single-pole double-throw switch is shifted to the third end, so that the whole circuit can work smoothly
2. When the MICPWR end does not output high level, the depletion type isolating switch is conducted, and the android volume control loop is selected. At this time, the single-pole double-throw switch is pulled to the first end, so that the whole circuit can work smoothly.
Through this intelligent earphone controlling means can effectively break off the tall and erect volume control return circuit when switching to the tall and erect volume control mode of ios, can effectively break off the tall and erect volume control return circuit when switching to the tall and erect volume control mode of ios to the mutual interference between two kinds of volume control return circuits that this avoided.
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and examples.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a circuit schematic diagram of a prior art intelligent mobile device headset control device;
FIG. 2 is a circuit schematic of a prior art earphone;
fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of the smart earphone of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples, so as to further understand the purpose, the scheme and the effects of the present invention, but is not intended to limit the invention.
Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a smart earphone according to the present invention. In this embodiment, the smart earphone of the present invention includes a depletion type isolation switch SW1 and at least two volume control loops, the depletion type isolation switch SW1 is electrically connected to the at least two volume control loops, the at least two volume control loops correspond to different smart earphone volume control modes, and the depletion type isolation switch SW1 selectively switches to the volume control loop outputting the high level according to whether the depletion type isolation switch SW1 receives the high level output by one of the at least two volume control loops. The at least two volume control loops are ios volume control loop in ios volume control mode and android volume control loop in android volume control mode, but the invention is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, the volume control loop may be windowphone volume control loop in windowphone volume control mode.
Further, the smart headset further comprises:
the single-pole double-throw switch SW2, the first end 1 of the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is electrically connected with the two input ends INA and INB of the depletion type isolating switch and the MIC+ end of the intelligent earphone, and a user starts the volume control loop to work by controlling the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 according to the volume control loop selectively switched by the depletion type isolating switch SW1
The ios volume control loop comprises a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a third resistor R3, an ios control chip U1, a first field effect switch tube Q1, a first volume adjusting switch S1 and a second volume adjusting switch S2, wherein a third end 3 of a single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is electrically connected to the MIC end of the ios control chip U1 through the first resistor R1, the REM end of the ios control chip U1 is electrically connected to the drain D of the first field effect switch tube Q1 through the second resistor R2, the grid G of the first field effect switch tube Q1 is electrically connected to the MICPWR end of the ios control chip U1, the source S of the first field effect switch tube Q1 is electrically connected to one end of the first volume adjusting switch S1, the source S of the first field effect switch tube Q1 is also electrically connected to one end of the second volume adjusting switch S2 through the third resistor R3, and the other ends of the first volume adjusting switch S1 and the second volume adjusting switch S2 are grounded;
the android volume control loop comprises a fourth resistor R4, a fifth resistor R5, a first volume adjusting switch S1 and a second volume adjusting switch S2, a first end 1 of a single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is electrically connected to two input ends INA and INB of a depletion type isolating switch SW1, an output end OUTA of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 corresponding to the input end INA is electrically connected to one end of the second volume adjusting switch S2 through the fourth resistor R4, an output end OUTB of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 corresponding to the input end INB is electrically connected to one end of the first volume adjusting switch S1 through the fifth resistor R5, a VCC end of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 is electrically connected to a MICPWR end of an ios control chip U1 through a sixth resistor R6, one end of a first capacitor C1 is electrically connected to a connecting passage between the sixth resistor R6 and the VCC end, and the other end of the first capacitor C1 is grounded.
Still further, the smart earphone further comprises a first transient voltage suppressor D1, a second transient voltage suppressor D2, and a third transient voltage suppressor D3; one end of the first transient voltage suppressor D1 is electrically connected to the connection path between the fifth resistor R5 and the first volume adjusting switch S1, and the other end of the first transient voltage suppressor D1 is grounded; one end of the second transient voltage suppressor D2 is electrically connected to the connection path between the fourth resistor R4 and the second volume adjusting switch S2, and the other end of the second transient voltage suppressor D2 is grounded; one end of the third transient voltage suppressor D3 is electrically connected to the second end 2 of the MIC+ end machine single-pole double-throw switch SW2, and the other end of the third transient voltage suppressor D3 is grounded; one end of the third capacitor C3 is electrically connected to the connection path between the third transient voltage suppressor D3 and the second end 2 of the single pole double throw switch SW2, and the other end of the third capacitor C3 is grounded. In the invention, three transient voltage suppressors are arranged to respectively play a role of electrostatic protection in a circuit, but the invention is not limited to the above.
Furthermore, the intelligent earphone further comprises a microphone chip U2, a telephone connection/hanging key S3, a second field effect switch tube Q2 and a third field effect switch tube Q3; the microphone chip U2 comprises a POWER end POWER and an output end OUT, wherein the POWER end POWER is electrically connected with the MIC+ end and the second end 2 of the single-pole double-throw switch SW 2; one end of the telephone receiving/hanging key S3 is electrically connected to a connecting circuit of the second end 2 of the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 and the POWER end POWER, and the other end of the telephone receiving/hanging key S3 is grounded; the grid electrode G of the second field effect switch tube Q2 is electrically connected to the MICPWR end of the ios control chip U1, the MICPWR end is also electrically connected to the source electrode S of the second field effect switch tube Q2 through a seventh resistor R7 and then grounded, the microphone U2 also comprises two GND ends, and the drain electrode D of the second field effect switch tube Q2 is electrically connected to the two GND ends; the grid electrode G of the third field effect switch tube Q3 is electrically connected to the first end 1 of the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 through an eighth resistor R8, the source electrode S of the third field effect switch tube Q3 is grounded, the drain electrode D of the third field effect switch tube Q3 is electrically connected to two GND ends, one end of a 9 th resistor R9 is further connected to a connecting passage between the eighth resistor R8 and the grid electrode G of the third field effect switch tube Q3, and the other end of the 9 th resistor R9 is grounded; the output end OUT of the microphone chip U2 is electrically connected to the drains D of the second field effect switch tube Q2 and the third field effect switch tube Q3 through a tenth resistor R10; two of the tenth resistors R10 are also connected in parallel with a second capacitor C2 and an eleventh resistor R11 which are sequentially connected in series.
The specific operation of the intelligent earphone of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to fig. 3.
A first self-checking stage: the ios control chip is powered on by a second, three ends, namely an ios volume control mode through a single-pole double-throw switch SW2, enters a self-checking first stage, namely a second resistor R2 at the REM end is checked, when the ios control chip U1 enters the first self-checking stage, the MICPWR end is output to be low level, the REM end is output to be high level, the MICPWR end is a power supply end of a depletion type isolating switch SW1, two input ends INA and INB of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 and two output ends OUTA and OUTB corresponding to the two input ends INA and INB are conducted, meanwhile, as the 2 nd resistor R2 is connected in series with a first field effect tube Q1, as the first field effect tube Q1 is cut off to present high resistance at a drain electrode D and a pin, the impedance detection of the REM end of the ios control chip is passed;
when the output of the MICPWR terminal is high, the REM terminal is low, the MICPWR terminal is the power supply terminal of the depletion type isolating switch SW1, the two input terminals INA and INB of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 and the two output terminals OUTA and OUTB corresponding to the two input terminals INA and INB are disconnected, namely the depletion type isolating switch SW1 is selectively switched to the ios volume control loop. Meanwhile, the first field effect transistor Q1 is conducted, the second resistor R2 is respectively and electrically connected with the third resistor R3, the first volume adjusting switch S1 and the second volume adjusting switch S2 through the drain electrode D and the source electrode S of the first field effect transistor Q1, namely, a user can correspondingly increase or decrease the volume through the first volume adjusting switch S1 and the second volume adjusting switch S2, and meanwhile, the user can answer or hang up a telephone through the connect/hang-up key S3;
the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is in an android volume control mode after the first end and the second end are electrified, when the output of the MICPWR end is in a low level, namely the depletion type isolating switch SW1 cannot detect high level input, the two input ends INA and INB of the depletion type isolating switch SW1 and the two output ends OUTA and OUTB corresponding to the two input ends INA and INB are conducted, namely the depletion type isolating switch SW1 is selectively switched to an android volume control loop, the first end 1 of the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is electrically connected with the first volume adjusting switch S1 and the second volume adjusting switch S2 through the depletion type isolating switch SW1, the fourth resistor R4 and the fifth resistor R5, namely a user can correspondingly increase or decrease volume through the first volume adjusting switch S1 and the second volume adjusting switch S2, and meanwhile answer or hang up a phone through the phone call connecting/hanging key S3. It is noted that, due to the arrangement of the first field effect switch Q1, when the depletion type isolation switch SW1 cannot receive a high level, the connection between the android volume control loop and the ios control chip U1 can be completely disconnected, so that the ios volume control loop can be effectively disconnected, and mutual interference between the two volume control loops is avoided.
Referring to table 1, table 1 is a truth table for the operation of the smart headphones:
TABLE 1
As shown in the a and b rows of the table 1, the intelligent earphone is connected to the android mobile phone, and when the depletion type isolating switch SW1 does not receive a high level, the intelligent earphone is selectively switched to the android volume control loop; at this time, when the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is in the android volume control mode, the first volume adjusting switch S1, the second volume adjusting switch S2 and the connect/hang-up key S3 can work; at this time, when the single-pole double-throw switch is in ios volume control mode, the connect/hang phone key S3 can work, but the first volume adjustment switch S1 and the second volume adjustment switch S2 do not work, i.e. the user can only carry music or connect/hang phone but can not adjust volume, if the user needs to adjust volume, only the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 needs to be shifted to android volume control mode.
As shown in the c and d rows of table 1, the intelligent earphone is connected to the apple mobile phone, and when the depletion type isolating switch SW1 receives a high level, the intelligent earphone is selectively switched to the ios volume control loop; at this time, when the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 is in the ios volume control mode, the first volume adjusting switch S1, the second volume adjusting switch S2 and the connect/hang-up key S3 can work; at this time, when the single-pole double-throw switch is in the android volume control mode, the connect/hang phone key S3 can work, but the first volume adjustment switch S1 and the second volume adjustment switch S2 do not work, that is, a user can only carry music or connect/hang phone but can not adjust volume, and if the user needs to adjust volume, only the single-pole double-throw switch SW2 needs to be shifted to the ios volume control mode.
Of course, the present invention is capable of other various embodiments and its several details are capable of modification and variation in light of the present invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. An intelligent earphone, comprising: the system comprises a depletion type isolating switch, a single-pole double-throw switch and two volume control loops, wherein the two volume control loops are ios volume control loops and android volume control loops, and the two volume control loops correspond to different intelligent earphone volume control modes;
the first end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with two input ends of the depletion type isolating switch, and the second end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with the MIC+ end of the intelligent earphone;
the ios volume control loop comprises a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor, an ios control chip, a first field effect switch tube, a first volume control switch and a second volume control switch, wherein the third end of the single-pole double-throw switch is electrically connected with the MIC end of the ios control chip through the first resistor, the REM end of the ios control chip is electrically connected with the drain electrode of the first field effect switch tube through the second resistor, the grid electrode of the first field effect switch tube is electrically connected with the MICR end of the ios control chip, the source electrode of the first field effect switch tube is electrically connected with one end of the first volume control switch, the source electrode of the first field effect switch tube is also electrically connected with one end of the second volume control switch through the third resistor, and the other ends of the first volume control switch and the second volume control switch are grounded;
the android volume control loop comprises a fourth resistor, a fifth resistor, the first volume adjusting switch and the second volume adjusting switch, an OUTA end of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected to one end of the second volume adjusting switch through the fourth resistor, an OUTB end of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected to one end of the first volume adjusting switch through the fifth resistor, and a VCC end of the depletion type isolating switch is electrically connected to a MICPWR end of the ios control chip through a sixth resistor;
the intelligent earphone is connected to the android mobile phone, and when the depletion type isolating switch does not receive a high level, the intelligent earphone is selectively switched to the android volume control loop; the intelligent earphone is connected to the ios system mobile phone, and when the depletion type isolating switch receives a high level, the intelligent earphone is selectively switched to the ios volume control loop.
2. The intelligent earphone of claim 1, further comprising a microphone chip and a phone connect/hang-up key, wherein the microphone chip is electrically connected to the mic+ terminal, one end of the phone connect/hang-up key is electrically connected to a connection path between the mic+ terminal and the microphone chip, and the other end of the phone connect/hang-up key is grounded.
3. The intelligent earphone of claim 2, further comprising a second fet having a gate electrically connected to the ios control chip, the ios control chip further electrically connected to a source of the second fet through a seventh resistor, and a drain of the second fet electrically connected to the microphone chip.
4. The intelligent earphone of claim 3, further comprising a third field effect switch having a gate electrically connected to the first end of the single pole double throw switch through an eighth resistor, a source of the third field effect switch being grounded, and a drain of the third field effect switch being electrically connected to the microphone chip.
5. The intelligent earphone of claim 4, further comprising a first transient voltage suppressor having one end electrically connected to a connection path between the fifth resistor and the first volume adjustment switch, the other end of the first transient voltage suppressor being grounded.
6. The smart headset of claim 5, further comprising a second transient voltage suppressor having one end electrically connected to a connection path between the fourth resistor and the second volume adjustment switch, the second transient voltage suppressor having an opposite end grounded.
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