CN107335434B - A kind of nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst preparation method - Google Patents
A kind of nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107335434B CN107335434B CN201710453001.5A CN201710453001A CN107335434B CN 107335434 B CN107335434 B CN 107335434B CN 201710453001 A CN201710453001 A CN 201710453001A CN 107335434 B CN107335434 B CN 107335434B
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-octadec-9-en-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCN QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L EDTA disodium salt (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229960000935 dehydrated alcohol Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-ol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 22
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DDT Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- LZGUHMNOBNWABZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-nitro-n-phenylnitramide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N([N+]([O-])=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LZGUHMNOBNWABZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010891 toxic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002415 trichloroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to a kind of nano-TiOs of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst preparation method, comprising the following steps: 1. butyl titanate is dissolved in dehydrated alcohol, oleyl amine and PVP is then added, stirs evenly to obtain A liquid;2. nine water ferric nitrates, EDTA-2Na, DMF are uniformly mixed, B liquid is obtained;3. B drop is added in A liquid, it is transferred in hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly, 12 ~ 18h is reacted at 160 ~ 200 DEG C, up to the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping after is filtered, washed, drying2Photochemical catalyst.The present invention has prepared the nano-TiO for double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks that surface exposure has the Fe of high miller index surface to adulterate in conjunction with dehydrated alcohol and DMF as reaction dissolvent used as dispersing agent and Morphological control agent in proportion by using oleyl amine, PVP and EDTA-2Na2Photochemical catalyst, average grain diameter 10nm, greatly improves TiO2The catalytic activity of photochemical catalyst, and good catalytic activity is shown to the degradation rate of rhodamine B under ultraviolet source, it is with a wide range of applications.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks that organic pollutant degradation technique field more particularly to a kind of Fe are adulterated
TiO2Photochemical catalyst preparation method.
Background technique
TiO2Material because can organic and inorganic pollution effectively in catalytic degradation air and water, and do not generate secondary dirt
It contaminates and reusable, gradually attracts people's attention in recent years, scientific worker has carried out many to TiO2Material light catalysis
Oxidation, reduction or degradation treatment contain the research of the toxic wastes such as DDT, dinitroaniline, trichloro ethylene, NO, Cr (VI).But it is existing
Some TiO2Photochemical catalyst or preparation method are complicated, and expensive or product catalytic performance is not high, therefore provides one kind
Preparation method is simple, the TiO high to organic pollutant degradation efficiency2Photochemical catalyst is very important.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation methods simply, pair of the Fe doping high to organic pollutant degradation efficiency
The nano-TiO of pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks2Photochemical catalyst preparation method.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that, a kind of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping are received
Rice TiO2Photochemical catalyst preparation method, comprising the following steps: 1. butyl titanate is dissolved in dehydrated alcohol, oleyl amine is then added
And PVP, stir evenly to obtain A liquid;2. by nine water ferric nitrates, EDTA-2Na, DMF(dimethylformamide) it is uniformly mixed, obtain B liquid;
3. B drop is added in A liquid, it is transferred in hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly, 12 ~ 18h is reacted at 160 ~ 200 DEG C, filters, wash
Up to the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping after washing, drying2Photochemical catalyst.
Preferably, the nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst preparation method includes following
6g butyl titanate: being 1. dissolved in 30mL dehydrated alcohol by step, and 20mL oleyl amine and 100mg PVP is then added, stirs evenly
Obtain A liquid;2. nine water ferric nitrate of 51mg, 150mg EDTA-2Na, 25mL DMF are uniformly mixed, B liquid is obtained;3. B drop is added to A
In liquid, be transferred in hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly, hydro-thermal reaction 16h at 200 DEG C, be filtered, washed, dry after mixed up to Fe
The TiO of miscellaneous double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks2Photochemical catalyst.
The beneficial effect comprise that: the present invention by using oleyl amine, PVP and EDTA-2Na in proportion used as
Dispersing agent and Morphological control agent, in conjunction with dehydrated alcohol and DMF as reaction dissolvent, having prepared surface exposure has high miller index surface
Fe doping double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks nano-TiO2Photochemical catalyst, average grain diameter 10nm, greatly improves TiO2Photocatalysis
The catalytic activity of agent, and good catalytic activity is shown to the degradation rate of rhodamine B under ultraviolet source, have extensive
Application prospect.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the TiO of the double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks for the Fe doping that embodiment 1 is prepared2The transmission electron microscope of photochemical catalyst
Photo;
Fig. 2 is the TiO of the double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks for the Fe doping that embodiment 1 is prepared2The XRD diagram of photochemical catalyst;
Fig. 3 is the TiO of the double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks for the Fe doping that reference examples 1 are prepared2The transmission electron microscope of photochemical catalyst
Photo;
Fig. 4 is the TiO of the double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks for the Fe doping that reference examples 2 are prepared2The transmission electron microscope of photochemical catalyst
Photo;
Fig. 5 is double pentagonal pyramid rod structure model schematics.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with embodiment, but those skilled in the art will
Understand, the following example is merely to illustrate the present invention, and is not construed as limiting the scope of the invention.It is not specified in embodiment specific
Condition person carries out according to conventional conditions or manufacturer's recommended conditions.Reagents or instruments used without specified manufacturer is
The conventional products that can be obtained by commercially available purchase.
Embodiment 1
A kind of nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping21. photochemical catalyst preparation method will be the following steps are included: will
6g butyl titanate is dissolved in 30mL dehydrated alcohol, and 20mL oleyl amine and 100mg PVP(polyvinylpyrrolidone is then added),
Stir evenly to obtain A liquid;2. nine water ferric nitrate of 51mg, 150mg EDTA-2Na, 25mL DMF are uniformly mixed, B liquid is obtained;3. by B
Drop is added in A liquid, is transferred in hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly, and hydro-thermal reaction 16h at 200 DEG C is filtered, washed, dries
Afterwards up to the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst.
Fig. 2 is the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of the Fe doping prepared in embodiment 12The XRD diagram of photochemical catalyst, with
The angle that the characteristic peak of the titanium dioxide of Detitanium-ore-type in standard graph card (PDF01-0562) occurs is almost the same, does not see
The characteristic peak for observing doping Fe atom, illustrates under the doping ratio of embodiment 1, the Fe atom of doping is present in a dispersed form
TiO in catalyst, with Detitanium-ore-type2Crystal is compounded to form photocatalytic activity position, can not be in TiO2It is formed in crystal and contains Fe
Crystallite, so not observing the XRD characteristic peak in relation to Fe.
Reference examples 1
Be except reference examples 1 and the difference of embodiment 1: 1 step of reference examples 1. in be added without EDTA-2Na.
Reference examples 2
Be except reference examples 2 and the difference of embodiment 1: 2 step of reference examples 1. in be added without oleyl amine.
Fig. 1 is the TiO of the double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks for the Fe doping that embodiment 1 is prepared2The transmission electron microscope of photochemical catalyst
Photo;Fig. 3 is the TiO for the Fe doping that reference examples 1 are prepared2The transmission electron microscope photo of photochemical catalyst;Fig. 4 is the system of reference examples 2
The TiO of standby obtained Fe doping2The transmission electron microscope photo of photochemical catalyst.By oleyl amine in embodiment 1 it can be seen from Fig. 1,3-4,
PVP and EDTA-2Na has prepared double the five of Fe doping in conjunction with solvent thermal reaction condition used as Morphological control agent in proportion
The nano-TiO of pyramid column pattern2Photochemical catalyst;The TiO that Fe is adulterated is prepared from reference examples 1 and reference examples 22Photochemical catalyst pattern
From the point of view of, in the case where having lacked EDTA-2Na or oleyl amine, the nano-titanium dioxide pattern of formation is irregular and particle size not
Uniformly.
Application test
Take four photocatalysis instrument reaction tubes, be separately added into 100mL concentration be 10mg/L rhodamine B solution, then to
The nanometer of Fe doping prepared by embodiment 1, reference examples 1 and reference examples 2 is wherein separately added into three photocatalysis instrument reaction tubes
TiO2Photochemical catalyst 0.01g, another photocatalysis instrument reaction tube are blank control group (being added without photochemical catalyst), ultrasonic disperse
4min reaches reaction adsorption equilibrium in darkroom after Static Adsorption 30min, open ultraviolet source and magnetic stirring apparatus, illumination
It is sampled in the process at interval of 10min, takes supernatant liquor at rhodamine B maximum absorption wavelength l=554nm after centrifuge separation, used
722N visible spectrophotometer measures sample absorbance, and passes through formula: DC=[(A0-Ai )/A0 ] * 100% completion degradation rate
Calculating, wherein for A0For the absorbance of the rhodamine B solution of 10mg/L, AiFor the rhodamine B solution that is measured when timing sampling
Absorbance.
The TiO of Fe doping prepared by embodiment 1, reference examples 1 and reference examples 22Photochemical catalyst degrades to rhodamine B,
After irradiating 60min under 254nm length ultraviolet light, the degradation rate of rhodamine B is respectively 99.1%, 86% and 81%.
Although illustrate and describing the present invention with specific embodiment, it will be appreciated that without departing substantially from of the invention
Many other change and modification can be made in the case where spirit and scope.It is, therefore, intended that in the following claims
Including belonging to all such changes and modifications in the scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping2Photochemical catalyst preparation method, which is characterized in that including following
Butyl titanate: being 1. dissolved in dehydrated alcohol by step, and oleyl amine and PVP is then added, stirs evenly to obtain A liquid;2. by nine water nitre
Sour iron, EDTA-2Na, DMF are uniformly mixed, and obtain B liquid;3. B drop is added in A liquid, it is transferred to hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly
In, 12 ~ 18h is reacted at 160 ~ 200 DEG C, up to the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping after being filtered, washed, drying2Light is urged
Agent.
2. the nano-TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping as described in claim 12Photochemical catalyst preparation method, feature exist
In, comprising the following steps: 1. 6g butyl titanate is dissolved in 30mL dehydrated alcohol, 20mL oleyl amine and 100mg is then added
PVP stirs evenly to obtain A liquid;2. nine water ferric nitrate of 51mg, 150mg EDTA-2Na, 25mL DMF are uniformly mixed, B liquid is obtained;③
B drop is added in A liquid, is transferred in hydrothermal reaction kettle after mixing evenly, hydro-thermal reaction 16h at 200 DEG C is filtered, washed, does
Up to the TiO of double pentagonal pyramid cylindricality looks of Fe doping after dry2Photochemical catalyst.
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Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103599810A (en) * | 2013-10-28 | 2014-02-26 | 江苏大学 | Preparation and application of Sr<2+>-doped TiO2 composite hollow sphere photocatalyst |
CN103861593A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-06-18 | 陕西科技大学 | Chromium-silver co-doped nano TiO2 photo-catalyst, and preparation method and use thereof |
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2017
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN103599810A (en) * | 2013-10-28 | 2014-02-26 | 江苏大学 | Preparation and application of Sr<2+>-doped TiO2 composite hollow sphere photocatalyst |
CN103861593A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-06-18 | 陕西科技大学 | Chromium-silver co-doped nano TiO2 photo-catalyst, and preparation method and use thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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Hydrothermal synthesis of different TiO2 nanostructures: structure, growth and gas sensor properties;Long Huang et al.;《J Mater Sci: Mater Electron》;20120403;第1911-1915页 |
Synthesis of Metal Ion-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Two-Phase Method and Their Photocatalytic Activity Under Visible Light Irradiation;Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology;《 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology》;20161231;第2024–2029页 |
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