CN107325888A - The extraction element and extracting method of plants essential oil - Google Patents
The extraction element and extracting method of plants essential oil Download PDFInfo
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- CN107325888A CN107325888A CN201710715407.6A CN201710715407A CN107325888A CN 107325888 A CN107325888 A CN 107325888A CN 201710715407 A CN201710715407 A CN 201710715407A CN 107325888 A CN107325888 A CN 107325888A
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- vacuum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/02—Recovery or refining of essential oils from raw materials
- C11B9/027—Recovery of volatiles by distillation or stripping
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
Abstract
The extraction element and extracting method of plants essential oil.The extraction element constitutes vacuum cycle extraction system including being evaporated in vacuo unit, condensing unit and vacuum unit sequential communication by indirectly heat.Indirectly heat be evaporated in vacuo have in unit can respectively with connect heating source and gas inlet and outlet can airtight cavity space, its gas vent is connected with condensing unit, gas feed is connected with the vavuum pump that can send out path through switching control structural change gas, through switching control structural change gas send out path be respectively external environment direction or the extraction structure can airtight cavity space, the buffer structure connection in the vacuum pumping opening and condensing unit of vavuum pump.The extraction element can carry out circulation extraction to the plant material containing derived essential oil under vacuum heating conditions, extraction heating-up temperature can effectively be reduced, the loss of the plants essential oil in extraction process has effectively been reduced or avoided again, the quality and extract yield of plants essential oil product is improved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of extraction element that can be used for plants essential oil, and to the extracting method of plants essential oil.
Background technology
Plants essential oil can often have many benifits to the physical and mental health of human body, and can be widely used for treating some inferior healths
Disease.The main extracting method to plants essential oil is steam distillation at present.At the beginning of steam distillation is Christian era eleventh century,
By Arabic doctor Avicenna(1037 980 years~Christian eras of Christian era)The method invented.Steam distillation is certainly most initial
The bright history for having nearly one thousand years till now.During this, people have also carried out many to relevant device and method from multi-angle and changed
Enter, such as equipment to glass equipment and arrives stainless steel equipment etc. from initial wooden barrel, terrine equipment;In method, also from normal pressure
Distillation, vacuum distillation, to distillation under pressure, from water distillation to water and steam distillation etc., also having should by microwave technology, ultrasonic technology etc.
For in steam distillation, to obtain the plants essential oil of higher quality and higher yield.
Existing steam distillation, can be divided into water distillation method and water and steam distillation method from distillation mode.Water distillation method,
Plant material is immersed directly in water, the method for then heating distillation;Water and steam distillation method, i.e., be placed on water by plant material
Top, the method for then heating distillation.It can be divided into from mode of heating and directly heat the way of distillation, i.e., using coal-fired or combustion gas or electricity
The method that the method such as heating or microwave heating is directly heated to water in boiler, the steam heating way of distillation is to use steam copper
Stove produces high-temperature steam, and then steam imported to the method heated in boiler.It can be divided into air-distillation from pressure mode
Method, that is, it is the way of distillation that normal pressure is carried out to keep the air pressure in boiler;Distillation under vacuum, that is, it is low to keep the air pressure in boiler
The way of distillation carried out in ambient pressure;And distillation under pressure method, that is, it is to be carried out higher than ambient pressure to keep the air pressure in boiler
The way of distillation;In addition other certain methods be have also been attempted:Such as aided in the above-mentioned way of distillation with ultrasonic oscillation, or
By methods such as above-mentioned a variety of methods combinations.
But, one of problem present in above-mentioned atmospheric distillation is that temperature is too high.It is required to keep heating-up temperature
In 100° centigrade or more, the fragrant composition hardly possible of head of plants essential oil is caused to reclaim, wax component is excessive, has had a strong impact on essential oil
Quality.Another problem is that water-oil separating is difficult.Plants essential oil is the mixture that numerous micromolecular compounds are constituted, and has certain journey
The water solubility of degree(It is water-soluble different depending on the difference of essential oil species), but the universal relatively low characteristic of content in plant.It is above-mentioned
Method in add substantial amounts of moisture or by steam import bring large quantity of moisture into, cause oil-water ratio difference increasing, essential oil
It is difficult to be separated from the water(Only concentration of the essential oil in water exceedes after its solubility, can just be separated from water).
In order to solve the problem of oil-water ratio difference is excessive, Application No. CN201510626029.5 Chinese patent is provided
A kind of extracting method of Rosa Damascana, the rose after will sterilizing directly is steamed using steam, and temperature is 105-106 DEG C.Though this method
Water-oil factor is so reduced to a certain extent, improves the yield of essential oil.But the temperature in still-process is too high, result in volatility
Relatively low composition is also carried over being mixed into essential oil, has had a strong impact on the quality of essential oil.
In order to solve the problem of temperature is too high, distillation under vacuum, also known as vacuum distillation method are a kind of effectively reduction distillations
The method of temperature.Existing vacuum distillation method is to install vavuum pump additional in the end of distiller, to be maintained in still-process, distillation
Air pressure in device is less than ambient pressure, so, can reach the effect of the reduction temperature in still-process, the essential oil product of acquisition
Matter is improved.But, existing vacuum distillation method, because vavuum pump is being evacuated always in still-process, to remain necessary
Vacuum, Some essential oils can not be reclaimed effectively by vacuum pumped, cause the yield of essential oil to substantially reduce, this is also in reality
One of the reason for applying less in production.
The content of the invention
It is basic herein present invention firstly provides a kind of extraction element that can be used for plants essential oil for above-mentioned situation
Go up and further provide a kind of extracting method to plants essential oil, can be satisfied with and solve the above problems.
The present invention plants essential oil extraction element, be include by indirectly heat be evaporated in vacuo unit, condensing unit and very
The vacuum cycle extraction system that dummy cell sequential communication is constituted.Wherein:
--- indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo in unit and is provided with extraction structure, extract there is band to be vented structure in structure can be closed
Cavity space.Can be in airtight cavity space provided with material bearing structure and matched setting and the heating that is connected with heating source
Structure.Airtight cavity space and it can enter with the gas vent being connected respectively with condensing unit and the gas that is connected with vacuum unit
Mouthful;
--- condensing unit includes the condensation structure by being linked in sequence and condensation-buffer cell of buffering structure composition.Wherein,
Positioned at front condensation structure with extract in structure can the gas vent in airtight cavity space be connected;The buffer structure being located behind
Bottom be provided with liquid discharge outlet, superjacent air space is connected with vacuum unit;
--- including in vacuum unit can change through switching control structure and be extracted respectively with external environment or with described in structure
Can airtight cavity space gas feed connection vavuum pump, after being located at described in the vacuum pumping opening and condensing unit of vavuum pump
The buffer structure connection of side.
The extraction element of said structure carries out the process of extraction of essential oil, it may include in two stages, the first stage is by true
Dummy cell makes extraction system form required vacuum environment, is converted to system interior circulation by its switching control structure afterwards, and
Heated to being extracted raw material, material is carried out in the decorum lasting circulation under heating and vacuum condition and extract, to carrying
Take it is complete, release extraction process in condensed fluid and after water-oil separating, that is, obtain corresponding plants essential oil product.Due to carrying
It is entirely circulation progress and completion in the closed vacuum heating system being hedged off from the outer world to take process, therefore both can be notable
The heating-up temperature extracted is reduced, while also effectively prevent essential oil in the unavoidable extraction process of conventional method institute, being particularly
The loss of low boiling derived essential oil.
In the extraction element of said structure, the heating arrangement that the indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo in unit can have a variety of
Selection, for instance, it may be preferable to which the control being advantageously implemented to heating-up temperature set with layer trellis or the steam of heated at constant temperature are heated
Pipeline or PTC heating arrangements.Described material bearing structure is then preferably adopted as that a layer trellis steam-heating pipe can be positioned over
Material tray between road or on PTC heating arrangements, particular with through hole shape or the structure shape in latticed ventilation device support face
The structure of the forms such as formula pallet, is more beneficial for spreading out and putting on and accelerating evaporation rate for material.
As needed, above-mentioned indirectly heat be evaporated in vacuo in unit can be in airtight cavity space, can also be routinely
Mode provided with appropriate format can be to the Extracting temperature in airtight cavity space and/or the display structure of vacuum.
It is above-mentioned to carry to improve condensation separation effect and efficiency in circulation extraction process to the volatilization gas containing derived essential oil
A kind of preferable mode in device is taken, is that condensation-buffer cell in the condensing unit is set to two be linked in sequence
Level.Wherein, the condensation structure in first order condensation-buffer cell with extract structure can airtight cavity space be connected, the first order
Buffer structure bottom in condensation-buffer cell is provided with leakage fluid dram, the exhaust outlet and second level condensation-buffer cell of top
Condensation structure is connected;Buffer structure bottom in second level condensation-buffer cell is provided with liquid discharge outlet, superjacent air space and vacuum
Unit is connected.
In said extracted device of the present invention, described can be changed through switching control structure and respectively with external environment or with it is described
Extract structure can airtight cavity space connection vavuum pump be an important and crucial part.The described vavuum pump can
It is preferred that but being not limited only to using the Water-ring vacuum for being configured with containment structures of corresponding form that is currently reported and/or using
Pump, and separate knot provided with air-water in the communication paths that itself and the extraction structure can be between the gas feeds in airtight cavity space
Structure, it is to avoid bring moisture into vacuum extraction system.
As described above, due to the extraction element of said structure form of the present invention, the plant material containing derived essential oil can be existed
Circulation extraction is carried out under vacuum heating conditions, thus both can effectively reduce the heating-up temperature of extraction, can be effectively reduced or avoided again
Loss of the plants essential oil in extraction process, substantially increases the quality and extraction of essential oil yield of plants essential oil.
The method for extracting plants essential oil based on this principle, vacuum cycle of the present invention, is including sequential communication
Indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo unit, condensing unit and can carry out the vacuum cycle of the vacuum unit composition of inside/outside circulation conversion
In extraction system, material will be extracted and be placed in the material bearing structure that indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo in unit, first by vacuum list
Member is made after extraction system formation vacuum to required extraction vacuum in the outer circulation mode communicated with external environment, is converted in dimension
Hold the vacuum of extraction system and the gas in extraction system is separated by what danger spot was run in extraction system interior circulation with external environment
Under the conditions of, heated to being extracted material, be extracted the condensed unit condensation of the gas containing derived essential oil that material is volatilized
After gas-liquid separation, condensed fluid is collected, on-condensible gas continues, in the operation of extraction system interior circulation, will persistently contain derived essential oil
Volatilization gas take away and condensed unit is condensed and separated, terminate until extracting, by the liquid after the gas-liquid separation of collection
Body obtains described essential oil product after Oil-water separation.
Equally, in said extracted method, the further preferred measure that can be used in independent or any combination mode point
Do not include:
The vacuum unit for carrying out inside/outside circulation conversion, can be using the corresponding Water-ring vacuum for being combined with containment structures
Pump, and be evaporated in vacuo in itself and the indirectly heat in the communication paths between unit provided with air-water isolating construction;
Described pair be extracted material carry out needed for Extracting temperature heating, can using layer trellis set steam-heated pipe line or
PTC heating arrangements, be extracted material be placed in the steam-heated pipe line or PTC heating arrangements of layer trellis be equipped with logical
In the material tray in hole or grid ventilation device support face;
It is cold in condensed unit to being extracted the gas containing derived essential oil that material is volatilized in extraction system inner cyclic process
, can be by the way that condensation process unit is condensed and separated described in the two-stage of front and rear setting successively during solidifying progress condensation process.
Because any water or other molten is not used in the above method of the present invention in the whole circulation extraction process of plants essential oil
Agent, not only the oily ratio in collected condensate liquid can be significantly higher than 5 ~ 8 times of the conventional steam way of distillation, and vacuum is carried
Extracting temperature can also be significantly reduced by taking, when adding the cooling to the essential oil extracted under the conditions of good interior circulation in addition
Between and cooling effect, can effectively prevent the loss of low boiling volatile materials, improve the yield and quality of essential oil product.
Below in conjunction with the embodiment by accompanying drawing illustrated embodiment, the above to the present invention remakes further
Describe in detail.But the scope that this should not be interpreted as to above-mentioned theme of the invention is only limitted to following example.The present invention is not being departed from
In the case of above-mentioned technological thought, the various replacements or change made according to ordinary skill knowledge and customary means all should
It is included within the scope of the invention.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation of the extraction element of plants essential oil of the present invention.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
The extraction element of plants essential oil of the present invention as depicted, including unit I, condensing unit II are evaporated in vacuo by indirectly heat
The vacuum cycle extraction system constituted with the sequential communication of vacuum unit III.Wherein:
Indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo in unit I, is provided with extraction structure 1.Extract structure 1 in have band be vented structure 11 can be close
Cavity space 4 is closed, the steam-heated pipe line with external heat vapour source 7 of layer trellis is provided with it, or be connected with external power
The heating arrangement 6 of the forms such as PTC(Steam-heated pipe line is shown in the figure), it is provided with cooperating therewithly and carries through hole or grid
The pellet type material bearing structure 5 of ventilation device.Wherein, digital or pointer-type can be further respectively had in airtight cavity space 4
Temperature displaying structure 2 and vacuum show structure 3.The gas vent and condensing unit II that can be set in airtight cavity space 4
Connection;Gas feed 10 is connected with vacuum unit III.
In condensing unit II, including front and back stages are respectively by the cold of the condensation structure that is linked in sequence and buffering structure composition
Solidifying-buffer cell.Wherein, the condensation structure 12 in first order condensation-buffer cell with extract structure 1 can airtight cavity space
4 gas vent connection;The bottom of buffer structure 13 is provided with leakage fluid dram 14, exhaust outlet and the second level condensation-buffering list of top
Condensation structure 15 in member is connected;The bottom of buffer structure 16 in second level condensation-buffer cell is provided with liquid discharge outlet 17,
Superjacent air space is connected with vacuum unit III.
In vacuum unit III, including the valve that form can be split through two shown in figure(Also can turning using integral type
Change valve)The switching control structure 22 of form change and realize respectively with external environment or with it is described extraction structure 1 can closed chamber
The vavuum pump 20 of the forms such as the water ring vacuum pump that the gas feed 10 in body space 4 is connected, and be configured with and the phase of water ring vacuum pump 20
The containment structures such as the tank of adaptation 21, vavuum pump 20 with can airtight cavity space 4 gas feed 10 communication paths in, and
Provided with the gas-water separation structure 18 with leakage fluid dram 19.The vacuum pumping opening of vavuum pump 20 and second level condensation in condensing unit II-
The superjacent air space connection of the buffer structure 16 of buffer cell.
Embodiment 2
Rose ethereal oil is extracted using the extraction element of the plants essential oil shown in Fig. 1.
The basic process that vacuum cycle is extracted, is to be evaporated in vacuo unit I, condensation by the indirectly heat including sequential communication
In the vacuum cycle extraction system that unit II is constituted with the vacuum unit III that can carry out inside/outside circulation conversion, by 50kg rose
The pellet type material with grid through hole that fresh flower is placed between indirectly heat vacuum evaporation unit middle level trellis heating arrangement 6 is held
Carry structure 5 in, first beyond the water ring vacuum pump in vacuum unit endless form make extraction system is formed vacuum be-
After 0.075MPa vacuum environment, be converted to and maintaining the vacuum of extraction system and making the gas and external environment in extraction system
It is separated by danger spot to be heated to 40-50 DEG C under conditions of the operation of extraction system interior circulation and maintain circulation 4 hours.In cyclic process
In, the volatilization gas containing derived essential oil is condensed through chilling temperature for -10 DEG C ~ 0 DEG C of tubulation and/or tube coil type heat exchanger type
Unit condenses and after gas-liquid separation, collects the liquid of condensation, and on-condensible gas then continues to run in extraction system interior circulation, until
Extraction terminates.By the liquid after the gas-liquid separation of collection, stand 4 hours and carry out Oil-water separation, obtain rose ethereal oil product.
The yield > 0.061% of essential oil, is significantly higher than 0.02-0.04% current national known level.
Embodiment 3
Using the extraction element of the plants essential oil shown in Fig. 1, operating process and mode according to embodiment 2, respectively with 50kg's
Osmanthus flowers are raw material, extract corresponding osmanthus essential oil.Basic process is basic with said extracted rose ethereal oil.Difference be in
It is -0.09MPa that vacuum is extracted in the circulation of extraction system, and circulation is extracted 5 hours under 35-45 DEG C of heating condition.By collection
Liquid after gas-liquid separation, stands 4 hours and carries out Oil-water separation, and the yield of obtained osmanthus essential oil product is 0.03%.
Embodiment 4
In the way of embodiment 3, to freeze sweet osmanthus as raw material, corresponding osmanthus essential oil is extracted.The circulation of extraction system is extracted
Vacuum is -0.09MPa, and circulation is extracted 6 hours under 35-45 DEG C of heating condition.By the liquid after the gas-liquid separation of collection,
Stand 4 hours and carry out Oil-water separation, the yield of obtained osmanthus essential oil product is 0.04%.
Claims (10)
1. the extraction element of plants essential oil, it is characterized in that including being evaporated in vacuo unit by indirectly heat(Ⅰ), condensing unit(Ⅱ)With
Vacuum unit(Ⅲ)Sequential communication constitutes vacuum cycle extraction system, wherein,
--- indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo unit(Ⅰ)In be provided with extraction structure(1), extract structure(1)In have band emptying knot
Structure(11)Can airtight cavity space(4), can airtight cavity space(4)It is interior to be provided with material bearing structure(5)And it is matched
Set and and heating source(7)The heating arrangement of connection(6), can airtight cavity space(4)And with respectively with condensing unit(Ⅱ)
The gas vent of connection and and vacuum unit(Ⅲ)The gas feed of connection(10);
--- condensing unit(Ⅱ)Include the condensation structure by being linked in sequence and condensation-buffer cell of buffering structure composition,
Condensation structure wherein positioned at front is with extracting structure(1)In can airtight cavity space(4)Gas vent connection, be located behind
Buffer structure bottom be provided with liquid discharge outlet(17), superjacent air space and vacuum unit(Ⅲ)Connection;
--- vacuum unit(Ⅲ)Including can be through switching control structure(22)Change and extracted respectively with external environment or with described
Structure(1)In can airtight cavity space(4)Gas feed(10)The vavuum pump of connection(20), vavuum pump(20)Vacuum suction
Mouth and condensing unit(Ⅱ)Described in be located behind buffer structure connection.
2. extraction element as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that the indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo unit(Ⅰ)In heating knot
Structure(6)For the steam-heated pipe line or PTC heating arrangements set with layer trellis, described material bearing structure(5)For that can place
Material tray between layer trellis steam-heated pipe line or on PTC heating arrangements.
3. extraction element as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described material bearing structure(5)For with through hole or grid
The structure type in shape ventilation device support face.
4. extraction element as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that the condensing unit(Ⅱ)Described in condensation-buffer cell
For the two-stage being linked in sequence, the wherein condensation structure in first order condensation-buffer cell(12)With extracting structure(1)Can be closed
Cavity space(4)Buffer structure in connection, first order condensation-buffer cell(13)Bottom is provided with leakage fluid dram(14), top
Exhaust outlet and the condensation structure in second level condensation-buffer cell(15)Connection;Buffering knot in second level condensation-buffer cell
Structure(16)Bottom is provided with liquid discharge outlet(17), superjacent air space and vacuum unit(Ⅲ)Connection.
5. extraction element as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that the vacuum unit(Ⅲ)In vavuum pump(20)For configuration
There are containment structures(21)Water ring vacuum pump, in itself and the extraction structure(1)Can airtight cavity space gas feed(10)
Between communication paths in be provided with air-water isolating construction(18).
6. the extraction element as described in one of claim 1 to 5, it is characterized in that the indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo unit(Ⅰ)In
Can airtight cavity space(4)In show structure provided with temperature and/or vacuum.
7. the vacuum cycle extracting method of plants essential oil, it is characterized in that being evaporated in vacuo in the indirectly heat including sequential communication single
Member, condensing unit and can carry out inside/outside circulation conversion vacuum unit constitute vacuum cycle extraction system in, will be extracted
Material is placed in the material bearing structure that indirectly heat is evaporated in vacuo in unit, first outer with what is communicated with external environment by vacuum unit
Endless form makes after extraction system formation vacuum to required extraction vacuum, is converted to and is maintaining the vacuum of extraction system simultaneously
The gas in extraction system is separated by danger spot under conditions of the operation of extraction system interior circulation with external environment, enter to being extracted material
Row heating, is extracted after the condensed unit condensation of the gas containing derived essential oil and gas-liquid separation that material volatilizes, collects condensation
Liquid, on-condensible gas continues, in the operation of extraction system interior circulation, to continue to take away the volatilization gas containing derived essential oil and condensed
Unit is condensed and separated, and is terminated until extracting, by the liquid after the gas-liquid separation of collection after Oil-water separation, is obtained institute
The essential oil product stated.
8. the method that vacuum cycle as claimed in claim 7 extracts plants essential oil, it is characterized in that described carry out inside/outside circulation
The vacuum unit of conversion, to be configured with the water ring vacuum pump of containment structures, and provided with air-water separation in peripheral passage behind
Structure.
9. the method that vacuum cycle as claimed in claim 7 extracts plants essential oil, it is characterized in that described pair is extracted material and enters
Steam-heated pipe line or PTC heating arrangements that the heating of Extracting temperature needed for row is set using layer trellis, are extracted material and are placed in
With the steam-heated pipe line or PTC heating arrangements of layer trellis shape be equipped with through hole or grid ventilation device support face
In material tray.
10. the method that the vacuum cycle as described in one of claim 7 to 9 extracts plants essential oil, exists it is characterized in that being extracted material
The gas containing derived essential oil volatilized in extraction system interior circulation running, successively through being condensed described in the front and rear two-stage set
Unit is condensed and separating treatment.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113563973A (en) * | 2021-08-06 | 2021-10-29 | 温州阳羽机械科技有限公司 | Low-temperature rose petal water extraction equipment and process |
CN114657025A (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-06-24 | 宜宾金森林业投资开发有限公司 | Extraction method for improving yield of cinnamomum camphora oil |
Citations (1)
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CN105713731A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-06-29 | 上海依肯机械设备有限公司 | Plant drying and essential oil and hydrolat extraction system based on air energy |
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2017
- 2017-08-20 CN CN201710715407.6A patent/CN107325888A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN105713731A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-06-29 | 上海依肯机械设备有限公司 | Plant drying and essential oil and hydrolat extraction system based on air energy |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113563973A (en) * | 2021-08-06 | 2021-10-29 | 温州阳羽机械科技有限公司 | Low-temperature rose petal water extraction equipment and process |
CN113563973B (en) * | 2021-08-06 | 2024-05-03 | 温州阳羽机械科技有限公司 | Low-temperature extraction equipment and process for rose petal water |
CN114657025A (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-06-24 | 宜宾金森林业投资开发有限公司 | Extraction method for improving yield of cinnamomum camphora oil |
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Application publication date: 20171107 |