CN107324738A - A kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material and Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method - Google Patents
A kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material and Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107324738A CN107324738A CN201710756616.5A CN201710756616A CN107324738A CN 107324738 A CN107324738 A CN 107324738A CN 201710756616 A CN201710756616 A CN 201710756616A CN 107324738 A CN107324738 A CN 107324738A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- parts
- concrete pavement
- cement concrete
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010430 carbonatite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ACOGMWBDRJJKNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;ethene Chemical group C=C.CC(O)=O ACOGMWBDRJJKNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002791 glucosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O1)CO)* 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 235000011128 aluminium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000876 geopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 208000010392 Bone Fractures Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061619 Deformity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039203 Road traffic accident Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- BFMKFCLXZSUVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl but-3-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC=C BFMKFCLXZSUVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- HTMIBDQKFHUPSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methdilazine Chemical group C1N(C)CCC1CN1C2=CC=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 HTMIBDQKFHUPSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
- C04B28/065—Calcium aluminosulfate cements, e.g. cements hydrating into ettringite
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
- E01C23/06—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road
- E01C23/09—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges
- E01C23/0906—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for forming, opening-out, cleaning, drying or heating cuts, grooves, recesses or, excluding forming, cracks, e.g. cleaning by sand-blasting or air-jet ; for trimming paving edges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
- E01C23/06—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road
- E01C23/09—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges
- E01C23/0966—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for filling or priming, with or without working the surface of the filling or applying particulate material thereto, e.g. for filling the joints of stone-sett paving
- E01C23/0973—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for filling or priming, with or without working the surface of the filling or applying particulate material thereto, e.g. for filling the joints of stone-sett paving with liquid or semi-liquid materials, e.g. crack sealants
- E01C23/098—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for filling or priming, with or without working the surface of the filling or applying particulate material thereto, e.g. for filling the joints of stone-sett paving with liquid or semi-liquid materials, e.g. crack sealants and working the surface of the filling or applying particulate material thereto, e.g. smoothing, gritting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/0075—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for road construction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/34—Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials
- C04B2111/343—Crack resistant materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/60—Flooring materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/70—Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/72—Repairing or restoring existing buildings or building materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/10—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the viscosity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material and Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method, the patching material includes following components：Portland cement, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin, flyash, alkali-activator, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polycarboxylate water-reducer, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, adjustable solidification agent；The consumption of water controls water-cement ratio to be 0.35 0.4.The characteristics of patching material has high-early-strength and excellent mechanical property and durability；The crack of cement concrete pavement and breakage are repaired using the patching material, construction technology simple and fast, without prolonged special maintenance, operating efficiency is high, can open to traffic in repairing 8h 24h；Conjunction old and new concret intensity is high, by long-time multigelation, without cracking or disrepair phenomenon, and can maintain higher adhesion strength again, extends the service life of cement concrete pavement.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to concrete patching technical field, and in particular to a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material,
Also relate to a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method using the patching material.
Background technology
Cement concrete, which refers to be mixed with water by cement, sand, stone etc., forms overall engineered composite material, usually uses water
Mud makees binder materials, and sand, masonry gather materials, and coordinates by a certain percentage with water (plus or be not added with additive and admixture), it is agitated, into
Type, oxidation and obtain.Cement concrete pavement refers to the road surface that surface layer is done by main material of cement concrete, is high grade pavement
One of primary structure form, be widely adopted in highways at different levels.Cement concrete pavement has that rigidity is big, bearing capacity
By force, fatigue life length, water-fast, high temperature resistant, good endurance, material source extensively, good economy performance the advantages of, it is public in the high speed of China
In road and urban road, cement concrete pavement occupies very big proportion.
But, with the increase of traffic volume of highway, road surface over burdening situation increase and road speed quickening, most of water
Cement concrete road surface in use, can produce crack and different degrees of breakage, influence the flatness and row on road surface
The comfortableness of car；If carrying out pavement patching not in time, rolling repeatedly for vehicle can make situation increasingly serious, fracture development or broken
Disfigurement is in depression, and even traffic accident occurs for influence traffic safety, finally subgrade settlement to scrap whole section of highway pavement.
Therefore, the crack of cement concrete pavement and breakage need to be repaired in time.Due to cost considerations, conventional repairing side
Method is to remove damaged concrete, is repaired with normal concrete identical or high grade with the design grade on former road surface,
But novel concrete shrinks big, shrinkage cracking occurs after being easily caused repairing；Normal concrete adhesion strength is low, in new-old concrete circle
Face is to there is joint portion cracking；Curing period, is long, and the time of open to traffic is long.
For the economic loss not caused by long-term blocked road and influence people's trip, current highway, city
Time requirement of the transport hubs such as road to the cement concrete pavement open to traffic after repairing is shorter and shorter, and this requires repairing
Condensation of materials hardening time is short, high-early-strength, while having good mechanical strength and durability, meets its use demand.Mesh
Before, the fast repairing material species developed both at home and abroad is various, is roughly divided into inorganic patching material and organic patching material.Without machine maintenance
Mend material and be generally special cement or Portland cement mixes early strength agent, be characterized in that fragility is big, compression strength is higher but anti-
Tensile strength is low, and adhesion strength is low, durability is not good enough, for Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction, it is easy to occur secondary destruction.It is organic
Patching material is mainly epoxy resin, polyurethanes, although its adhesion strength is high, corrosion stability and impermeability are preferable, its
Fatigue durability, poor impact resistance, easy aging, cost are high, and actual repair efficiency is unsatisfactory.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, high-early-strength, while having good
Mechanical strength and durability.
Second object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method using above-mentioned patching material.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is：
A kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, includes the component of following parts by weight：48-52 parts of portland cement,
18-22 parts of sulphate aluminium cement, 18-22 parts of metakaolin, 8-12 parts of flyash, 25-30 parts of alkali-activator, fine aggregate 130-
160 parts, 270-280 parts of coarse aggregate, 0.8-1.5 parts of polycarboxylate water-reducer, 1.5-2.5 parts of polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethyl vinyl acetate
0.8-1.0 parts of ethylene copolymer rubber powder, 2-4 parts of organic or inorganic composite fiber, 0.2-0.4 parts of adjustable solidification agent；The consumption control water of water
Glue ratio is 0.35-0.4.
The alkali-activator is waterglass, and the modulus of waterglass is adjusted into 1.1-1.4 using sodium hydroxide in advance.
" glue " in the water-cement ratio refers to binder materials, be calculated as portland cement, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin with
The quality sum of flyash；" water " in water-cement ratio refers to the Free water in waterglass and the quality sum of external adding water.Therefore, exist
When calculating the amount of external adding water, total Water is calculated according to water-cement ratio, the amount containing Free water in waterglass is subtracted.
The fine aggregate is the middle sand that modulus of fineness is 2.6-2.8；The coarse aggregate is the continuous level that particle diameter is 4-10mm
With rubble.
The organic or inorganic composite fiber is that the mass ratio of polypropylene fibre and steel fibre is 4:1 mixture；It is described poly-
The length of tacryl is 10-15mm, and draw ratio is 500-1000；The length of the steel fibre is 15-20mm, and draw ratio is
50-100。
The adjustable solidification agent is that the mass ratio of calcium gluconae and calcium chloride is (1-2):The mixture of (4-5).
Above-mentioned cement concrete patching material is prepared by following methods：Water intaking glass, adds sodium hydroxide and simultaneously stirs
Dissolving is mixed, the modulus of waterglass is adjusted to 1.1-1.4, alkali-activator is obtained；Take portland cement, the aluminium sulfate water of formula ratio
It is mud, metakaolin, flyash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic
Inorganic composite fiber, alkali-activator and water are mixed, and the polycarboxylate water-reducer and adjustable solidification agent of formula ratio are added in whipping process,
Patching material is produced after well mixed.
A kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method of above-mentioned Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, including following step
Suddenly：
1) cement concrete cracks or breakage periphery are beaten, knocks out impractical concrete block, along work
Cutting is carried out around face and forms pit, it is ensured that the notch of pit is the geometry of rule, and trough rim and the Lu Zhizheng line of cutting are put down
Row is vertical；
2) concrete block and debris in pit, smooth hole groove sidewall and bottom surface are removed；
3) smeared or injection base joint grouting glue in hole groove sidewall and bottom surface, fill base joint grouting glue and block hole groove sidewall and bottom surface
On crack；
4) patching material is poured into pit, plugs and pounds closely knit and smooth, it is flushed with former cement concrete pavement,
Natural curing.
Step 1) in cutting, cut place at least 10cm outside crack or breakage edge.
Step 2) in, it is ensured that the depth of pit is not less than 8cm.Such as pit depth is more than 15cm, using the side of placement layer by layer
Formula carries out pit filling, lays reinforcing bar grid to strengthen in bottom land if necessary.
The present invention Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, using portland cement, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin and
Flyash compounding is as binder materials, the characteristics of wherein sulphate aluminium cement has fast hard low alkalinity, and a small amount of doping can improve mixed
The characteristic solidifying soon of solidifying soil；Portland cement is sa admixture, warp with flyash as main binder materials, metakaolin
Cross alkali-activator to excite to form geopolymer gelled material, the polymerization that the calcium constituent and element silicon in cement participate in geopolymer is anti-
Should, promote it to condense and hardening, a variety of binder materials compounding uses, it is ensured that the high intensity of concrete early stage and later strength it is steady
It is fixed to increase.Polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder and organo-mineral complexing are mixed in cement concrete
Fiber, polymer mixes concrete in the form of rubber powder and fiber simultaneously, and the mechanical property of patching material is effectively improved in steel fibre
On the basis of energy, suppress patching material and condensing presclerotic moulding cracking, improve the anti-cracking performance of mending concrete, reduce
Drying shrinkage；Polymer glue powder is compounded using polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, on the one hand improves repairing
Material improves interface binding intensity in the cementitiousness of new-old concrete interface, on the other hand has patching material good
Freeze thawing resistance circulation damage capability, obtain excellent durability.
The present invention Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, using portland cement, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin,
Flyash, alkali-activator, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polycarboxylate water-reducer, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, adjustable solidification agent and water blending are formed, and the characteristics of with high-early-strength, are used as a kind of new water
Solidifying concrete material, with excellent mechanical property and durability；Using crack of the patching material to cement concrete pavement
Repaired with breakage, construction technology simple and fast, without prolonged special maintenance, operating efficiency is high, in repairing 8h-
24h can open to traffic；Conjunction old and new concret intensity is high, is verified by prolonged freezing-thawing test, without cracking again or broken
Phenomenon is damaged, and higher adhesion strength can be maintained, the service life of cement concrete pavement is improved.
Embodiment
With reference to embodiment, the present invention is described further.
In embodiment, portland cement used be 42.5R Portland cement (commercially available), w (CaO)=
58.15%, w (SiO2)=22.64%；Sulphate aluminium cement used is low 42.5 grades of sulphate aluminium cements of alkali, purchased from Tang Shanbei
Ji Xiong building materials Co., Ltd；Metakaolin used comes from Kaifeng Qi Ming Refractory Co., ltds, w (SiO2)=
52.76%, w (Al2O3)=41.80%；Flyash used is II grades of flyash, w (SiO2)=35.56%, w (Al2O3)=
22.38%；Waterglass used is commercial goods, and modulus is 2.47, and moisture content is 50.4%, w (SiO2)=29.81%, w
(NaO)=12.56%；The high-efficiency water-reducing agent of poly-carboxylic acid that polycarboxylate water-reducer used produces for outstanding person's new material company of Chongqing section,
Solid content is 23%；Polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder used is the instant rubber powders of polyethylene glycol oxide WSR 308 of LG-DOW；Ethene used-
Acetate ethylene copolymer rubber powder is German watt gram 4023N rubber powders.
In embodiment, " glue " in the water-cement ratio refers to binder materials, is calculated as portland cement, aluminium sulfate
The quality sum of cement, metakaolin and flyash；" water " in water-cement ratio refers to Free water in waterglass and external adding water
Quality sum.Therefore, when calculating the amount of external adding water, total Water is calculated according to water-cement ratio, subtracted in waterglass containing Free water
Amount.
In embodiment, base joint grouting glue used builds the public affairs that path bridge material installation Co., Ltd provides for Henan Xinxiang City
Road base joint grouting glue.
Embodiment 1
The Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material of the present embodiment, is made up of the component of water and following parts by weight：Silicate
It is 48 parts of cement, 22 parts of sulphate aluminium cement, 22 parts of metakaolin, 8 parts of flyash, 25 parts of alkali-activator, 145 parts of fine aggregate, thick
280 parts of aggregate, 1.5 parts of polycarboxylate water-reducer, 2.0 parts of polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, 1.0 parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder,
2 parts of organic or inorganic composite fiber, 0.23 part of adjustable solidification agent；The consumption of water controls water-cement ratio to be 0.35.
Wherein, the fine aggregate is the middle sand that modulus of fineness is 2.6；The coarse aggregate is the continuous level that particle diameter is 4-10mm
With rubble；The organic or inorganic composite fiber is that the mass ratio of polypropylene fibre and steel fibre is 4:1 mixture；Described poly- third
The length of alkene fiber is 10mm, and draw ratio is 500；The length of the steel fibre is 15mm, and draw ratio is 50.The adjustable solidification agent is
The mass ratio of calcium gluconae and calcium chloride is 1:4 mixture.
The patching material is prepared by following methods：Water intaking glass, adds sodium hydroxide and stirring and dissolving, by water glass
The modulus of glass is adjusted to 1.2, obtains alkali-activator；Take the portland cement of formula ratio, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin, flyash,
Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, alkali-activated carbonatite
Agent is mixed with water, and the polycarboxylate water-reducer and adjustable solidification agent of formula ratio are added in whipping process, and repairing is produced after being well mixed
Material.
The present embodiment uses the Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method of above-mentioned patching material, comprises the following steps：
1) cement concrete cracks or breakage periphery are beaten, knocks out impractical concrete block, along work
Cutting is carried out around face and forms pit, it is ensured that the notch of pit is the geometry of rule, and trough rim and the Lu Zhizheng line of cutting are put down
Row is vertical；
2) concrete block and debris in pit, smooth hole groove sidewall and bottom surface are removed, it is ensured that pit depth is not less than
8cm；
3) smeared or injection casting glue in hole groove sidewall and bottom surface, fill casting glue and block hole groove sidewall and bottom surface
On crack；
4) above-mentioned gained patching material is poured into pit, plugs and pounds closely knit and smooth, makes itself and former cement concrete pavement
Flush, natural curing.
Embodiment 2
The Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material of the present embodiment, is made up of the component of water and following parts by weight：Silicate
It is 50 parts of cement, 20 parts of sulphate aluminium cement, 20 parts of metakaolin, 10 parts of flyash, 28 parts of alkali-activator, 150 parts of fine aggregate, thick
275 parts of aggregate, 1.2 parts of polycarboxylate water-reducer, 2.3 parts of polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, 0.9 part of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder,
3 parts of organic or inorganic composite fiber, 0.28 part of adjustable solidification agent；The consumption of water controls water-cement ratio to be 0.38.
Wherein, the fine aggregate is the middle sand that modulus of fineness is 2.7；The coarse aggregate is the continuous level that particle diameter is 4-10mm
With rubble；The organic or inorganic composite fiber is that the mass ratio of polypropylene fibre and steel fibre is 4:1 mixture；Described poly- third
The length of alkene fiber is 15mm, and draw ratio is 1000；The length of the steel fibre is 20mm, and draw ratio is 100.The adjustable solidification agent
It is 2 for the mass ratio of calcium gluconae and calcium chloride:5 mixture.
The patching material is prepared by following methods：Water intaking glass, adds sodium hydroxide and stirring and dissolving, by water glass
The modulus of glass is adjusted to 1.3, obtains alkali-activator；Take the portland cement of formula ratio, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin, flyash,
Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, alkali-activated carbonatite
Agent is mixed with water, and the polycarboxylate water-reducer and adjustable solidification agent of formula ratio are added in whipping process, and repairing is produced after being well mixed
Material.
The present embodiment uses the Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method of above-mentioned patching material, concrete operation step be the same as Example
1。
Embodiment 3
The Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material of the present embodiment, is made up of the component of water and following parts by weight：Silicate
It is 52 parts of cement, 18 parts of sulphate aluminium cement, 18 parts of metakaolin, 12 parts of flyash, 30 parts of alkali-activator, 158 parts of fine aggregate, thick
270 parts of aggregate, 1.0 parts of polycarboxylate water-reducer, 2.5 parts of polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, 0.8 part of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder,
4 parts of organic or inorganic composite fiber, 0.31 part of adjustable solidification agent；The consumption of water controls water-cement ratio to be 0.36.
Wherein, the fine aggregate is the middle sand that modulus of fineness is 2.8；The coarse aggregate is the continuous level that particle diameter is 4-10mm
With rubble；The organic or inorganic composite fiber is that the mass ratio of polypropylene fibre and steel fibre is 4:1 mixture；Described poly- third
The length of alkene fiber is 15mm, and draw ratio is 800；The length of the steel fibre is 20mm, and draw ratio is 80.The adjustable solidification agent is
The mass ratio of calcium gluconae and calcium chloride is 1.5:4.5 mixture.
The patching material is prepared by following methods：Water intaking glass, adds sodium hydroxide and stirring and dissolving, by water glass
The modulus of glass is adjusted to 1.4, obtains alkali-activator；Take the portland cement of formula ratio, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin, flyash,
Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, alkali-activated carbonatite
Agent is mixed with water, and the polycarboxylate water-reducer and adjustable solidification agent of formula ratio are added in whipping process, and repairing is produced after being well mixed
Material.
The present embodiment uses the Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method of above-mentioned patching material, concrete operation step be the same as Example
1。
Experimental example 1
This experimental example is detected to the performance of patching material obtained by embodiment 1-3.Specially：Simulated and cheated using mould
Groove, is respectively adopted embodiment 1-3 and prepares gained patching material, pour and prepare concrete sample in a mold；Newly mix patching material
And the physical-mechanical properties of patching material are according to GB/T 50080-2001《Standard for test methods of properties of ordinary concrete mixture mark
It is accurate》It is measured.As a result it is as shown in table 1.
The performance test results of patching material obtained by the embodiment 1-3 of table 1
As it can be seen from table 1 embodiment 1-3 Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, is used as a kind of novel concrete coagulation
Soil, its presetting period is 40min or so, and final setting time is 55min or so；Used as patching material, itself is in repairing 3h
Compression strength reaches more than 30MPa afterwards, and rupture strength reaches more than 2.80MPa, the characteristics of with high-early-strength.
Embodiment 3
This experimental example is detected to the adhesion strength of patching material obtained by embodiment 1-3.Specific method is：Using
100mm × 100mm × 200mm experiment mould, one end is put into old concrete sample (commercially available normal cement concrete road surface
Layer), the other end is respectively adopted embodiment 1-3 gained patching materials and pours shaping, and natural curing forms a monoblock concrete repair
Sample, it is linking new and old concrete intensity to test its rupture strength.As a result it is as shown in table 2.
Method is frozen soon according to JTJ-98 to the concrete repair sample after maintenance 28h simultaneously and carries out freezing-thawing test, age is
90d, number of freezing and thawing is 200 times, and the detection of adhesion strength is carried out again.As a result it is as shown in table 2.
The adhesion strength testing result of patching material obtained by embodiment 1-3
From table 2 it can be seen that being repaiied using cement concrete patching material obtained by embodiment 1-3 to former concrete sample
The monolithic concrete sample formed after benefit, 3h adhesion strength reaches more than 2.64MPa, illustrate the present invention patching material with often
Rule cement concrete pavement base material has good adhesive property；By the freezing-thawing test of 90 days, after freeze thawing 200 times, repairing
The adhesion strength of monolithic concrete sample afterwards also in more than 3.80MPa, illustrates the cement concrete patching material tool of the present invention
There is excellent adhesive durability, the monolithic concrete block after repairing has long-time stability.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material, it is characterised in that：Include the component of following parts by weight：Portland cement
48-52 parts, 18-22 parts of sulphate aluminium cement, 18-22 parts of metakaolin, 8-12 parts of flyash, 25-30 parts of alkali-activator, thin collection
130-160 parts of material, 270-280 parts of coarse aggregate, 0.8-1.5 parts of polycarboxylate water-reducer, 1.5-2.5 parts of polyethylene glycol oxide rubber powder, second
Alkene -0.8-1.0 parts of acetate ethylene copolymer rubber powder, 2-4 parts of organic or inorganic composite fiber, 0.2-0.4 parts of adjustable solidification agent；The consumption of water
It is 0.35-0.4 to control water-cement ratio.
2. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The alkali-activator is water glass
Glass, is adjusted to 1.1-1.4 using sodium hydroxide by the modulus of waterglass in advance.
3. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The fine aggregate is fineness mould
Number is 2.6-2.8 middle sand；The coarse aggregate is the continuous grading rubble that particle diameter is 4-10mm.
4. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The organo-mineral complexing is fine
Dimension is that the mass ratio of polypropylene fibre and steel fibre is 4:1 mixture；The length of the polypropylene fibre is 10-15mm, long
Footpath ratio is 500-1000；The length of the steel fibre is 15-20mm, and draw ratio is 50-100.
5. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The adjustable solidification agent is glucose
The mass ratio of sour calcium and calcium chloride is (1-2):The mixture of (4-5).
6. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The patching material is by following
Prepared by method：Water intaking glass, adds sodium hydroxide and stirring and dissolving, the modulus of waterglass is adjusted into 1.1-1.4, alkali-activated carbonatite is obtained
Agent；Take portland cement, sulphate aluminium cement, metakaolin, flyash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, the polyethylene glycol oxide of formula ratio
Rubber powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer rubber powder, organic or inorganic composite fiber, alkali-activator and water are mixed, in whipping process
The polycarboxylate water-reducer and adjustable solidification agent of formula ratio are added, patching material is produced after being well mixed.
7. a kind of Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction side using Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction material as claimed in claim 1
Method, it is characterised in that：Comprise the following steps：
1) cement concrete cracks or breakage periphery are beaten, knocks out impractical concrete block, along working face week
Enclose progress cutting form pit, it is ensured that the notch of pit for rule geometry, the trough rim of cutting it is parallel with Lu Zhizheng line or
Vertically；
2) concrete block and debris in pit, smooth hole groove sidewall and bottom surface are removed；
3) smeared or injection base joint grouting glue in hole groove sidewall and bottom surface, base joint grouting glue is filled and is blocked on hole groove sidewall and bottom surface
Crack；
4) patching material is poured into pit, plugs and pounds closely knit and smooth, it is flushed with former cement concrete pavement, it is natural
Maintenance.
8. Cement Concrete Pavement Reconstruction method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：Step 2) in, it is ensured that pit
Depth be not less than 8cm.
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