CN107317045B - A kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system - Google Patents

A kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system Download PDF

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CN107317045B
CN107317045B CN201710630808.1A CN201710630808A CN107317045B CN 107317045 B CN107317045 B CN 107317045B CN 201710630808 A CN201710630808 A CN 201710630808A CN 107317045 B CN107317045 B CN 107317045B
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吴小娟
高丹慧
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04992—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the implementation of mathematical or computational algorithms, e.g. feedback control loops, fuzzy logic, neural networks or artificial intelligence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04679—Failure or abnormal function of fuel cell stacks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of optimal fault tolerant control methods of solid oxide fuel battery system, the optimized operation parameter of system normal condition and air compressor malfunction is obtained by optimization module, current system status is diagnosed by fault diagnosis module, and according to diagnostic result, optimized operation parameter is selected using switching module and as the target value of controlled parameter, the tracing control of power temperature and air peroxide ratio, the final optimal faults-tolerant control for realizing system are finally realized using PID controller.

Description

A kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system
Technical field
The invention belongs to Optimized-control Technique fields, more specifically, are related to a kind of solid oxide fuel cell system The optimal fault tolerant control method of system.
Background technique
Solid oxide fuel battery system is a kind of directly to turn the chemical energy in fossil fuel under the conditions of high temperature It is changed to the electrochemical generating unit of electric energy, has the characteristics that environmental-friendly, energy conversion efficiency is high.However load tracking, heat Management, air peroxide still hamper the development of system than the big problem of limitation, high efficiency, low cost, fault diagnosis etc. six.
Optimal control can guarantee the best performance of system while realizing target following.Existing optimal control side Method not can be implemented simultaneously the optimal of system effectiveness and cost in tracking system temperature, air peroxide ratio, bearing power.Except this Except, existing optimal control method does not consider how this is handled when system jam.However, system is in the process of running Various failures are often generated, to influence the power generation performance of system, serious person even will cause fuel cells fail.
The invention proposes the optimal faults-tolerant control scheme of solid oxide fuel battery system, the programs based on the above situation System be can be realized normally and under malfunction, system temperature, bearing power, peroxide ratio tracing control, while maximizing and being System efficiency, minimizes system cost.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of solid oxide fuel battery systems most Excellent fault tolerant control method, by addition fault diagnosis and switching control come realize normally under malfunction bearing power, The tracing control of peroxide ratio and anode and cathode inlet temperature, while optimizing efficiency and cost.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is a kind of optimal faults-tolerant control side of solid oxide fuel battery system Method, which comprises the following steps:
(1), the fault model of the normal and air compressor of solid oxide fuel battery system is established；
System output power: P=VI-Pcp, V is the output voltage of fuel cell, and I is load current, PcpFor air compression The power of machine consumption；
System delivery efficiency:LHVfFor the low heat value of fuel, WfFor the fuel inlet flow of system；
System electric unit cost:C is the cost of electricity-generating of solid oxide fuel cell, and Ex is soild oxide The power generation fire value of fuel cell；
System anode and cathode inlet temperature T4、T14:
WhereinThe respectively entrance energy stream of two mixers of system, W4、W14Respectively two mixers Rate of discharge, x4,i、x14,iThe molfraction of the exit gas of two mixers of expression system, cp,iThen indicate the specific heat of gas Hold,Represent the normalized molar enthalpy of gas, ToIndicate atmospheric temperature；
System peroxide ratio WaFor air intake flow,For oxygen mole number, N in air For the battery number of pile, F is Faraday constant；
System fuel utilization uf: For methane molfraction in fuel；
When system is in normal condition, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11Meet:
When system is in air compressor malfunction, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11It is full Foot:
Wherein, ηEMFor air compressor motor efficiency, cp,aFor the specific heat capacity of air, ηisIt is imitated for the constant entropy of air compressor Rate, β are the pressure ratio of air compressor, and γ is the adiabatic exponent of air；
(2), the normal and air compressor fault model of solid oxide fuel battery system is optimized；
Fuel availability, peroxide ratio, anode inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, electric current in selecting system is as optimization Decision variable in the process, the generating efficiency of selecting system and electric unit cost are used as optimization aim, using NSGA-II and TOPSIS algorithm obtains the optimized operation operating parameter under system is normal and air compressor failure, it is made to meet system power generation Efficiency maximum and electric unit cost minimization；
(3), the state of currently running solid oxide fuel battery system is diagnosed；
Compare the outlet temperature T under normal condition with air compressor when actual motion11,NAnd T11If T11,NIt is equal to T11, then system is in normal condition, and otherwise system is in air compressor malfunction；
(4), optimized operation operating parameter is selected according to diagnostic result；
If being diagnosed to be current system is normal condition, switch selects the optimized operation under normal condition to operate ginseng It counts, and the parameter will be controlled to the target value of parameter as controller；
If when being diagnosed to be current system and being in air compressor malfunction, switch is selected under malfunction most Excellent operation operating parameter, and the parameter will be controlled to the target value of parameter as controller；
(5), the tracing control of power temperature and air peroxide ratio is realized using controller；
Four PID controllers are selected, choose fuel flow rate, air mass flow, fuel bypass valve opening, air bypass valve respectively Control variable of the aperture as four PID controllers, realize to bearing power, peroxide ratio and anode and cathode inlet temperature with Track control, the final optimal faults-tolerant control for realizing system.
Goal of the invention of the invention is achieved in that
A kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system of the present invention obtains system by optimization module The optimized operation parameter for the normal condition and air compressor malfunction of uniting is diagnosed locating for current system by fault diagnosis module State, and according to diagnostic result, using switching module selection optimized operation parameter and as the target value of controlled parameter, most The tracing control of power temperature and air peroxide ratio, the final optimal faults-tolerant control for realizing system are realized using PID controller afterwards.
Meanwhile a kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system of the present invention also have it is beneficial below Effect:
(1), in tracking system temperature, air peroxide ratio, bearing power, while system effectiveness and cost be ensure that most It is excellent.
(2), it is added to fault diagnosis module and switching module in optimal control, realizes under system fault condition most Excellent control.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of functional block diagram of solid oxide fuel battery system of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the functional block diagram of optimal control；
Fig. 3 is the tracking figure of output power under optimal control；
Fig. 4 is the tracking figure of peroxide ratio under optimal control；
Fig. 5 is the tracking figure of anode inlet temperature under optimal control；
Fig. 6 is the tracking figure of cathode inlet temperature under optimal control；
Fig. 7 is the tracking figure of delivery efficiency under optimal control；
Fig. 8 is the tracking figure of electric unit cost under optimal control.
Specific embodiment
A specific embodiment of the invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawing, preferably so as to those skilled in the art Understand the present invention.Requiring particular attention is that in the following description, when known function and the detailed description of design perhaps When can desalinate main contents of the invention, these descriptions will be ignored herein.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 is a kind of functional block diagram of solid oxide fuel battery system of the present invention.
In the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 1, solid oxide fuel battery system mainly includes air compressor, fuel Heat exchanger, air heat exchanger, mixer, bypass valve, pile, the components such as combustion chamber, since main target of the present invention is real The tracing control of power, anode and cathode inlet temperature and peroxide ratio under existing optimum efficiency and cost, therefore remaining part and invention shadow Not die is rung to omit.
Wherein, as shown in Figure 1, number 1-13 respectively represents each input/output port of system, specifically: 1 represents fuel Entrance, 2 represent fuel heat exchanger cold air inlet, 3 represent fuel heat exchanger cold air outlet, 4 represent pile anode inlet, 5 Pile anode export is represented, 6 combustor exit is represented, 7 represents air heat exchanger hot gas inlet, 8 represents air heat exchanger Heat outlet, 9 represent fuel bypass valve passage, 10 represent air compressor inlet, 11 represent air compressor outlet, 12 represent Air heat exchanger cold air inlet, 13 represent air heat exchanger cold air outlet, 14 represent pile cathode inlet, 15 represent pile Cathode outlet, 16 represent air bypass valve passage, 17 represent air compressor consumption power inlet, 18 represent power outlet.k =1,2,3...., 18, CkRepresent the unit cost of k-th of port fire stream, ExkIt is then the fiery value of corresponding ports fire stream, WkFor the flow of corresponding ports fire stream, xk,iIndicate the molfraction of gas in corresponding port fire stream, cp,iThen indicate gas Specific heat capacity, R is gas constant, and P is gas pressure intensity, and T is gas temperature,For the chemical caries remove of gas, Zh1、Zh2、Zc、Zs、 ZbRespectively fuel heat exchanger, air heat exchanger, air compressor, SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, solid Oxide fuel cell) pile and combustion chamber relevant device maintenance cost, φ, ir、Na, n respectively represented the maintenance of equipment Coefficient, interest rate, operating time and service life.
We combine Fig. 1 below, to a kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system of the present invention It is described in detail, specifically includes the following steps:
S1, the normal and fault model for establishing solid oxide fuel battery system；
System delivery efficiency and output power:
P=VI-Pcp (2)
Wherein, V is the output voltage of fuel cell, and I is load current, PcpFor the power of air compressor consumption, LHVf For the low heat value of fuel, WfFor the fuel inlet flow of system；
Wherein, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpFollowing formula can be written as with the output voltage V of fuel cell:
V=E- ηohm-ηact-ηcon (4)
Wherein, cp,aFor the specific heat capacity of air, ηisFor the isentropic efficiency of air compressor, β is the pressure of air compressor Than γ is the adiabatic exponent of air, E, ηohm、ηact、ηconRespectively represent the equivalent open-circuit voltage of pile, ohm overpotential, activation Overpotential, concentration difference overpotential；
System electric unit cost:c18For solid oxide fuel cell cost of electricity-generating, Ex18It is then solid oxygen Compound fuel cell power generation fire value, cost of electricity-generating and fire can be asked with value by thermoeconomics equilibrium equation and subsidiary equation It takes, specific finding process are as follows:
C3·Ex3+C7·Ex7=C2·Ex2+C6·Ex6+Zh1 (5)
C8·Ex8+C13·Ex13=C7·Ex7+C12·Ex12+Zh2 (6)
C11·Ex11=C10·Ex10+C17·Ex17+Zc (7)
C5·Ex5+C15·Ex15+C18·Ex18=C4·Ex4+C14·Ex14+Zs (8)
C6·Ex6=C5·Ex5+C15·Ex15+Zb (9)
C4·Ex4=C3·Ex3+C9·Ex9+ZM1 (10)
C14·Ex14=C13·Ex13+C16·Ex16+ZM2 (11)
System anode and cathode inlet temperature T4、T14:
Specific finding process are as follows:
WhereinThe respectively entrance energy stream of two mixers of system, W4、W14Respectively two mixers Rate of discharge, x4,i、x14,iThe molfraction of the exit gas of two mixers of expression system, cp,iThen indicate the specific heat of gas Hold,Represent the normalized molar enthalpy of gas, ToIndicate atmospheric temperature, i indicates that each channel gas ingredient of system includes: methane, water Steam, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen；
System peroxide ratio
Wherein, W10For air intake flow,For oxygen mole number in air, N is the battery number of pile, and F is Faraday constant；
System fuel utilization uf:
For methane molfraction in fuel；
When system is in normal condition, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11Meet:
Therefore, using formula (1)-(19), the normal model of solid oxide fuel battery system can be built；
When system is in malfunction, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11Meet:
Wherein, ηEMFor air compressor motor efficiency, cp,aFor the specific heat capacity of air, ηisIt is imitated for the constant entropy of air compressor Rate, β are the pressure ratio of air compressor machine, and γ is the adiabatic exponent of air；
Therefore, using formula (1), (2), (4)-(18), (20), the failure mould of solid oxide fuel battery system can be built Type；
S2, the normal and air compressor fault model of solid oxide fuel battery system is optimized；
Fuel availability, peroxide ratio, anode inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, electric current in selecting system is as optimization Decision variable in the process, the generating efficiency of selecting system and electric unit cost are used as optimization aim, using NSGA-II and TOPSIS algorithm obtains the optimized operation operating parameter under system is normal and air compressor failure, it is made to meet system power generation Efficiency maximum and electric unit cost minimization；
(1), Pareto solution is obtained using NSGA-II algorithm, the specific steps are as follows:
1), initialization population Pt
1.1) 150 individuals, are randomly generated, each individual forms (fuel availability, peroxide ratio, sun by 5 decision variables Pole inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, electric current), the value of 5 decision variables randomly selects in the variation range of decision variable；
1.2) fitness function value of each individual, is calculated according to decision variable value；
1.3), initial population P is constituted by 150 individuals and its corresponding fitness functiont；
2), according to fitness function value to population PtIt carries out quick non-dominated ranking and crowding distance calculates, obtain every The grade and crowding distance of individual；
3), individual is selected to constitute parent population P using tournament methodp
3.1), from population PtIn randomly select two individual carry out grade comparisons, grade it is lower individual be parent individuality；
If 3.2), two individual grades are identical, compare its crowding distance, the larger individual of crowding distance is parent individuality；
3.3) repetitive operation 3.1), 3.2) until parent individuality number reach desirable value, be to reach 75 in the present embodiment；
4), to parent population PpMiddle individual intersect or mutation operation obtains progeny population Pc；
If operating the probability intersected every time is 0.9, the probability to morph is 0.1；
4.1), intersect
Wherein, c1,k c2,kRefer to the value of k-th of decision variable in offspring individual, p1,k, p2,kRefer to from parent population PpIn The value of corresponding k-th of the decision variable of two individuals randomly selected.βkRefer to a density sample and by formula given below It calculates；
Wherein ηcRefer to that cross-distribution index, u are the random numbers between 0-1
4.2) it, makes a variation
Wherein, ckRefer to the value of k-th of decision variable in offspring individual, pkRefer to from parent population PpIn randomly select The value of corresponding k-th of the decision variable of an individual.Respectively represent parent population PpIn k-th of decision variable maximum value With minimum value；
δkIt represents degree of variation and is calculated by formula given below
Wherein, ηmRefer to that variation profile exponent, r are the random numbers between 0-1；
5), by population PtWith progeny population PcIt merges, the population P after being expandede；
6), to extension population PeIt carries out quick non-dominated ranking and crowding distance calculates, choose its preceding 150 individual and replace In generation, generates new population Pt；
Judge whether to meet stop condition, if satisfied, then population PtAs optimization gained Pareto solution is such as unsatisfactory for returning Step 3).
(2), using TOPSIS algorithm, optimized operation operating point is obtained from Pareto solution.
The state of S3, the currently running solid oxide fuel battery system of diagnosis；
Compare the outlet temperature T under normal condition with air compressor when actual motion11,NAnd T11If T11,NIt is equal to T11, then system is in normal condition, and otherwise system is in malfunction；
S4, optimized operation operating parameter is selected according to diagnostic result；
If being diagnosed to be current system is normal condition, switch selects the optimized operation under normal condition to operate ginseng It counts, and the parameter will be controlled to the target value of parameter as controller；
If when being diagnosed to be current system and being in air compressor malfunction, switch is selected under malfunction most Excellent operation operating parameter, and the parameter will be controlled to the target value of parameter as controller；
In the present embodiment, as shown in Fig. 2, when fault diagnosis module diagnostic system is malfunction, by diagnostic result Signal is input in switching module, switching module switching selection lower section operating parameter yref,FIf diagnostic system is normal condition, cut Change the mold block switching selection top operating parameter yref,N。
S5, the tracing control that power temperature and air peroxide ratio are realized using controller；
Four PID controllers are selected, choose fuel flow rate, air mass flow, fuel bypass valve opening, air bypass valve respectively Control variable of the aperture as four PID controllers, realize to bearing power, peroxide ratio and anode and cathode inlet temperature with Track control, is finally reached the optimal faults-tolerant control of system.
Fig. 3-Fig. 6 is system load power, temperature, peroxide ratio, in Optimal Control Strategy of the present invention and common optimum control The tracking graphic correlation of strategy, in order to preferably embody the advantage of Optimal Control Strategy of the present invention, analogue system is intended in 400S It closes and air compressor failure occurs.Fig. 7, Fig. 8 are the efficiency cost figure using Optimal Control Strategy of the present invention.It is right separately below Every width figure is illustrated.
Solid line is the tracking effect figure using optimal controller bearing power of the present invention in Fig. 3, and dotted line is Common Controller Load efficiency tracking effect figure, chain-dotted line are then load value and power reference.As seen from the figure when system jam, using this hair Bright optimal controller has better tracking effect to the reference value of bearing power.
Solid line is the tracking effect figure of optimal controller peroxide ratio in Fig. 4, and dotted line is Common Controller peroxide comparison-tracking effect Fruit figure, chain-dotted line are that peroxide compares reference value.By Fig. 4 observation it can be seen that 3 curves all overlap peroxide ratio be 6 when, from And it reflects the optimal controller tracking that the present invention uses and has gone up target reference.
Solid line is optimal controller anode inlet temperature tracking effect figure in Fig. 5, and dotted line is Common Controller anode inlet Temperature tracking effect figure, chain-dotted line is anode inlet temperature reference value, as seen from the figure when system jam, using the present invention Optimal controller has better tracking effect to the reference value of anode inlet temperature.
Solid line is optimal controller cathode inlet temperature tracking effect figure in Fig. 6, and dotted line is Common Controller cathode inlet Temperature tracking effect figure, chain-dotted line is cathode inlet temperature reference value, as seen from the figure when system jam, using the present invention Optimal controller has better tracking effect to the reference value of cathode inlet temperature.
Fig. 7 is the efficiency figure using optimization control scheme.As seen from the figure, the present invention can track bearing power, enter The mouth optimum efficiency of temperature, peroxide than guaranteeing system in the process.
Fig. 8 is the cost graph using optimization control scheme.As seen from the figure, the present invention can track bearing power, enter The mouth optimal cost of temperature, peroxide than guaranteeing system in the process.
Although the illustrative specific embodiment of the present invention is described above, in order to the technology of the art Personnel understand the present invention, it should be apparent that the present invention is not limited to the range of specific embodiment, to the common skill of the art For art personnel, if various change the attached claims limit and determine the spirit and scope of the present invention in, these Variation is it will be apparent that all utilize the innovation and creation of present inventive concept in the column of protection.

Claims (1)

1. a kind of optimal fault tolerant control method of solid oxide fuel battery system, which comprises the following steps:
(1), the model of the normal and air compressor failure of solid oxide fuel battery system is established；
System output power: P=VI-Pcp, V is the output voltage of fuel cell, and I is load current, PcpDisappear for air compressor The power of consumption；
System delivery efficiency:LHVfFor the low heat value of fuel, WfFor the fuel inlet flow of system；
System electric unit cost:C is the cost of electricity-generating of solid oxide fuel cell, and Ex is solid oxide fuel The power generation fire value of battery；
System anode and cathode inlet temperature T4、T14:
WhereinThe respectively entrance energy stream of two mixers of system, W4、W14Respectively two mixers go out Mouth flow, x4,i、x14,iThe molfraction of the exit gas of two mixers of expression system, cp,iThen indicate the specific heat capacity of gas,Represent the normalized molar enthalpy of gas, ToIndicate atmospheric temperature；
System peroxide ratioWaFor air intake flow,It is for oxygen mole number, N in air The battery number of pile, F are Faraday constant；
System fuel utilization uf: For methane molfraction in fuel；
When system is in normal condition, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11Meet:
When system is in air compressor malfunction, the power P of air compressor consumptioncpWith outlet temperature T11Meet:
Wherein, ηEMFor air compressor motor efficiency, cp,aFor the specific heat capacity of air, ηisFor the isentropic efficiency of air compressor, β For the pressure ratio of air compressor machine, γ is the adiabatic exponent of air；
(2), the normal model with air compressor failure of solid oxide fuel battery system is optimized；
Fuel availability, peroxide ratio, anode inlet temperature, cathode inlet temperature, electric current in selecting system is as optimization process In decision variable, the generating efficiency of selecting system and electric unit cost are used as optimization aim, utilize NSGA-II and TOPSIS calculation Method obtains the optimized operation operating parameter under system is normal and air compressor failure, so that it is met system generating efficiency maximum And electric unit cost minimization；
(3), the state of currently running solid oxide fuel battery system is diagnosed；
Compare the outlet temperature T under normal condition with air compressor when actual motion11,NAnd T11If T11,NEqual to T11, then System is in normal condition, and otherwise system is in air compressor malfunction；
(4), optimized operation operating parameter is selected according to diagnostic result；
If being diagnosed to be current system is normal condition, switch selects the optimized operation operating parameter under normal condition, and Have this parameter as the target value that controller is controlled parameter；
If when being diagnosed to be current system and being in air compressor malfunction, switch selects the optimal fortune under malfunction Row operating parameter, and have this parameter as the target value that controller is controlled parameter；
(5), the tracing control of power temperature and air peroxide ratio is realized using controller；
Four PID controllers are selected, choose fuel flow rate, air mass flow, fuel bypass valve opening, air bypass valve opening respectively As the control variable of four PID controllers, the tracking control to bearing power, peroxide ratio and anode and cathode inlet temperature is realized System, the final optimal faults-tolerant control for realizing system.
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