CN107310494B - Method and circuit arrangement for stabilizing the voltage of an on-board electrical system - Google Patents
Method and circuit arrangement for stabilizing the voltage of an on-board electrical system Download PDFInfo
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- CN107310494B CN107310494B CN201610355972.1A CN201610355972A CN107310494B CN 107310494 B CN107310494 B CN 107310494B CN 201610355972 A CN201610355972 A CN 201610355972A CN 107310494 B CN107310494 B CN 107310494B
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- voltage
- electrical system
- voltage converter
- electrical
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
- B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
- B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/46—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for ICE-powered road vehicles
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Control Of Direct Current Motors (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
Abstract
Method and circuit arrangement for stabilizing a vehicle electrical system voltage. Disclosed is a method for stabilizing an on-board electrical system voltage (Ua) of an on-board electrical system (BN) by means of a direct-current voltage converter (GW) during a switch-on phase (Te) of an electrical consumer (EM) in the on-board electrical system (BN), wherein the direct-current voltage converter (GW) is bridged at the end of the switch-on phase (Te) of the electrical consumer (EM) by closing a controllable jumper switch unit (RL); wherein the direct-current voltage converter (GW) is regulated directly after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switching unit (RL) for a predefined time duration (Td _ ein, Td _ aus) with a regulation target that adapts the vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) to the reference voltage (Ue).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and a circuit arrangement for stabilizing the on-board system voltage of an on-board system, in particular of a motor vehicle, and to an on-board system having the circuit arrangement.
Background
The on-board electrical system of a motor vehicle in particular includes not only powerful consumers which cause voltage fluctuations of the on-board electrical system voltage during operation, but also sensitive consumers which react sensitively to voltage fluctuations of the on-board electrical system voltage. For example, starters or electrical steering devices for starting internal combustion engines are high-power consumers of the on-board electrical system of a motor vehicle. Lighting devices, for example for the illumination of a dashboard or interior of a motor vehicle, belong to sensitive consumers of an on-board electrical system of the motor vehicle. If one or other high-powered consumers are electrically connected by switching them on to the vehicle electrical system, the voltage fluctuations caused by these high-powered consumers can lead to sensitive consumer malfunctions in the vehicle electrical system, such as flickering in the case of lighting devices. To counteract such a malfunction, the on-board electrical system generally comprises a dc voltage converter, which stabilizes the on-board electrical system voltage during the switching-on phase of the high-power consumers connected to the electrical energy source. During the switch-off phase of a high-power consumer, which does not require a voltage stabilization of the on-board electrical system, the dc voltage converter is bridged by means of a relay.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is to reliably stabilize the vehicle electrical system voltage of the vehicle electrical system mentioned above in a simple and cost-effective manner.
This task is solved by the solution provided by the first aspect of the invention described below. Advantageous embodiments are also described further below.
According to a first aspect of the invention, a method is provided for stabilizing an on-board system voltage of an on-board system, in particular of a motor vehicle, by means of a dc voltage converter during a switch-on phase of an electrical consumer in the on-board system, in particular of a starter for starting an internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle.
According to the method, the dc voltage converter is bridged at the end of the switch-on phase of the load by closing a controllable jumper switch unit (e.g. having a series resistor), in particular a relay or a semiconductor-based switching device. The direct-current voltage converter continues to be regulated for a specified time duration directly after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switch unit, with a regulation target for adapting the on-board system voltage to the reference voltage.
The present invention is based on the knowledge that, in the event of a jumper switch unit or a relay (for example with a series resistor) for a jumper dc converter being opened or closed at the beginning and/or after the switching-on phase of a high-power consumer, too sudden a current flow often occurs in the on-board electrical system.
In a further study, it was identified: the voltage difference at the two terminals of the jumper switch unit or relay, which is caused by the voltage difference between the on-board system voltage and the output voltage of the electrical energy source, is the cause of the sudden current.
In order to counteract these sudden currents, a solution is needed which avoids or reduces the mentioned voltage differences.
Based on these findings, a method is developed in which the dc voltage converter is regulated at the beginning and/or after the switching-on phase of the high-power consumer and directly after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switch unit for a predefined time duration to adapt the vehicle electrical system voltage to a reference voltage (which may be determined, for example, based on the output voltage of the energy source). The term "adapted" means that the vehicle electrical system voltage is changed slowly over a predefined time period by the regulation of the dc voltage converter, so that at the end of the predefined time period the vehicle electrical system voltage is increased or decreased to the level of the reference voltage.
A sudden (large) current is thereby effectively avoided or reduced if the dc voltage converter is activated or bridged at the beginning of or after the switching-on phase of a high-power consumer in the vehicle electrical system.
With the method described above, it is thus possible to reliably stabilize the vehicle electrical system voltage of the vehicle electrical system mentioned above in a simple and cost-effective manner.
The vehicle electrical system voltage is, for example, the output voltage of the dc voltage converter or at the output current terminal of the dc voltage converter.
The reference voltage is, for example, an input voltage of the dc voltage converter or at an input current terminal of the dc voltage converter.
The reference voltage is, for example, the output voltage of an electrical energy source in the vehicle electrical system, which is set up to supply current for the electrical consumer and to which a voltage converter for stabilizing the vehicle electrical system voltage is electrically connected on the voltage input side.
The specified duration is, for example, up to 100 milliseconds, in particular up to 50 milliseconds, in particular up to 10 milliseconds.
For example, the reference voltage at the input current terminal of the dc voltage converter is repeatedly detected during a predefined time duration. Furthermore, the output voltage at the output current terminal of the dc voltage converter is detected repeatedly for a predefined time duration, for example. The dc voltage converter is then regulated during a predetermined period of time, in particular with the following regulation targets: the voltage difference between the reference voltage and the output voltage is reduced to below a predefined voltage threshold of, for example, 1 volt, in particular 0.5 volt, in particular 0.1 volt.
For example, the dc voltage converter is regulated by means of a control signal, in particular a pulse-width-modulated signal, an analog signal or a further comparable control signal, for example from an SPI Interface (Serial Peripheral Interface in english). In this case, a signal parameter of the signal, in particular a duty cycle of the pulse-width-modulated signal or a signal level of the analog signal, is adapted as a function of the voltage difference and the signal is used (with the duty cycle adapted as a function of the voltage difference) to adjust the conversion ratio of the dc voltage converter.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a circuit arrangement for stabilizing an on-board system voltage of an on-board system, in particular of a motor vehicle, during a switch-on phase of an electrical load in the on-board system, in particular of a starter for starting an internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle, is provided.
The circuit arrangement comprises a dc voltage converter for stabilizing the vehicle electrical system voltage and a controllable jumper switch unit, in particular a relay, which is set up to bridge the dc voltage converter by closing at the end of the switch-on phase of the load.
The circuit arrangement further comprises a signal generator for generating a pulse-width-modulated control signal for controlling the direct-current voltage converter. The dc voltage converter is also set up to adjust its conversion ratio after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switch unit in a predetermined time period in dependence on the duty cycle of the pulse-width-modulated control signal to adjust the on-board system voltage to a target for regulation of the reference voltage.
According to a further aspect of the invention, an on-board electrical system, in particular of a motor vehicle, is also provided.
The on-board electrical system comprises at least one electrical consumer, in particular a starter for starting an internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle, and the previously described circuit arrangement, which is electrically connected to the electrical consumer and is designed to stabilize an on-board electrical system voltage of the on-board electrical system during a switch-on phase of the electrical consumer.
The advantageous embodiments of the method described above can be extended to the circuit arrangement or the on-board electrical system mentioned above, if not stated otherwise, and can also be regarded as advantageous embodiments of the circuit arrangement or the on-board electrical system.
Drawings
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are further explained below with reference to the attached drawings. Here:
fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit topology of an on-board electrical system of a motor vehicle having a circuit arrangement according to an embodiment of the invention; and is
Fig. 2 shows the result of a method for stabilizing the vehicle electrical system voltage of the vehicle electrical system shown in fig. 1 by means of a method according to an embodiment of the invention in a schematic signal flow diagram.
Detailed Description
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit topology of an on-board electrical system BN of a motor vehicle.
The onboard power supply system BN comprises an electrical energy store ES, for example a battery, as an electrical energy source for supplying electrical current.
The on-board electrical system BN furthermore comprises sensitive electrical consumers, such as lamps L, which react sensitively to voltage fluctuations of the on-board electrical system voltage Ua of the on-board electrical system BN. The onboard power supply system BN also comprises a high-power consumer, such as an electric machine EM as a starter for starting an internal combustion engine VM of the motor vehicle, which causes voltage fluctuations of the onboard power supply system voltage Ua during operation thereof.
In order to stabilize the on-board system voltage Ua during operation of the high-power consumer, i.e., the electric machine EM, and thus to protect the sensitive consumer, i.e., the lamp L, from interfering voltage fluctuations, the on-board system BN furthermore comprises a dc voltage converter GW which is electrically connected between the electrical energy source ES and the electric machine EM and is designed to stabilize the on-board system voltage Ua during operation of the electric machine EM.
If the electric machine EM is switched off and is therefore electrically decoupled from the vehicle electrical system BN, no voltage stabilization for the vehicle electrical system voltage Ua is required. The dc voltage converter GW may be switched off in this case. The onboard power supply system BN comprises a controllable bridging unit RL, such as a controllable relay or a power semiconductor switch, which is electrically connected between the energy source ES and the electric machine EM and in parallel with the dc voltage converter GW. The across-connection unit RL is set up to cross-connect the dc voltage converter GW in the event that the vehicle electrical system voltage Ua does not have to be stabilized.
The onboard power supply system BN also comprises a signal generator SG, which is connected on the signal output side to the control signal input of the dc voltage converter GW in terms of signal. The signal generator SG is set up to generate a pulse-width-modulated control signal S with which the conversion ratio of the dc voltage converter GW or of the dc voltage converter GW is set.
The onboard power supply system BN also comprises a control device SA, which is connected on the signal output side by a signal output to the signal input of the signal generator SG and to the control signal input of the bridging unit RL. Control device SA is provided for controlling signal generator SG and bridge unit RL.
The onboard power supply system BN also comprises a measuring device MA, which is connected on the signal output side to the signal input of the control device SA in terms of signals. The measuring device MA is set up to measure the input voltage Ue at the input current terminal EA of the dc voltage converter GW and the output voltage Ua at the output current terminal AA of the dc voltage converter GW.
After the circuit topology of the onboard power supply system BN has been described in detail with the aid of fig. 1, the mode of operation of the onboard power supply system BN, in particular of the dc voltage converter GW, is described further with the aid of fig. 2:
in the time period Ta, no high-power consumers, such as the electric machine EM, are switched on in the onboard power supply system BN during this time period, and no voltage stabilization of the onboard power supply system voltage is required. During these periods Ta the bridging unit RL is closed in a manner controlled by the control device SA. Thereby, the dc voltage converter GW is connected across and simultaneously switched off in a manner controlled by the control device SA.
If a high-power consumer, such as the electric machine EM for starting the internal combustion engine VM, is switched into the on-board electrical system BN during the time period Te or for the switching-on period, there is the risk of voltage fluctuations forming the on-board electrical system voltage, which can lead to malfunctions in the case of sensitive consumers, such as the lamp L.
To counteract this, the vehicle electrical system voltage Ua is stabilized during the switch-on phase Te of the electric machine EM by means of the dc voltage converter GW.
For this purpose, control device SA sends a control signal to downstream signal generator SG, which then generates a pulse-width-modulated signal S with which dc voltage converter GW is operated. The dc voltage converter GW is driven by the pulse-width-modulated signal S to convert an input voltage Ue, which is applied to the input current terminal EA and corresponds to an output voltage of the energy store ES, into an output voltage Ua, which forms the vehicle electrical system voltage, on the basis of the conversion ratio and in a manner known to the person skilled in the art. The conversion ratio of the dc voltage converter GW is determined by the duty cycle of the pulse-width-modulated signal S. The duty cycle is in turn adapted by the signal generator SG on the basis of a measurement of the vehicle electrical system voltage, which is detected by the measuring device MA before and during the switch-on phase Te of the electric machine EM on the vehicle electrical system BN.
At the same time, the bridging unit RL is opened in a manner controlled by the control device SA, so that the dc voltage converter GW is not bridged.
If the electric machine EM is switched off again after starting the internal combustion engine VM or after the switch-on phase Te, the bridging unit RL is closed in a controlled manner by the control device SA, so that the dc voltage converter GW is bridged again.
Due to the voltage difference which may still exist between the input voltage Ue and the output voltage Ua and which is applied at the two terminals of the bridging unit RL due to the parallel connection of the bridging unit RL and the dc voltage converter GW, a (large) sudden current is generated during the switching process of the bridging unit RL due to the voltage difference in a short time when the bridging unit RL is opened and/or closed, which current may lead to an operational malfunction, such as a flicker of the lamp L, in the case of a sensitive power consumer.
In order to counteract these events, the dc voltage converter GW is adjusted at the beginning and end of the switch-on phase Te of the electric machine EM, in a predefined time duration Td _ ein, Td _ aus, for example 10 milliseconds, before the closing and/or opening of the bridging unit RL, respectively, with a target for adjusting the output voltage Ua or the vehicle electrical system voltage to the input voltage Ue or the output voltage of the energy store ES.
During the predefined time durations Td _ ein, Td _ aus, the output voltage Ua and the input voltage Ue are repeatedly, in particular continuously, detected by the measuring device MA, and a voltage difference is formed from the measured values of the output voltage Ua and the input voltage Ue detected at the respective same measuring time.
The dc voltage converter GW, or the conversion ratio thereof, is then adjusted on the basis of these voltage differences in order to reduce these voltage differences below a predefined voltage threshold value, for example 0.1 volt.
The output voltage Ua or the vehicle electrical system voltage is thus slowly adapted or adapted to the input voltage Ue or the output voltage of the energy store ES after closing the bridging unit RL during the predefined time durations Td _ ein, Td _ aus. Thus, a sudden current flow in the vehicle electrical system is avoided if the jumper RL is closed after the switch-on phase Te of the electric machine EM or of the high-power consumer.
Claims (9)
1. Method for stabilizing a vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) of a vehicle electrical system (BN) by means of a direct-current voltage converter (GW) during a switch-on phase (Te) of an electrical consumer (EM) in the vehicle electrical system (BN),
-wherein the direct voltage converter (GW) is bridged by closing a controllable jumper switch unit (RL) at the end of a turn-on phase (Te) of the electrical consumer (EM);
-wherein the direct voltage converter (GW) is regulated with a regulation target for adapting the vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) to a reference voltage (Ue) for a predefined time duration (Td _ ein, Td _ aus) directly after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switch unit (RL).
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the onboard electrical system voltage (Ua) is an output voltage of the direct voltage converter (GW).
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reference voltage (Ue) is an input voltage of the direct voltage converter (GW).
4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the reference voltage (Ue) is an output voltage of an electrical Energy Source (ES) in the on-board electrical system (BN) for providing an electrical current for the electrical consumer (EM), the direct voltage converter (GW) being electrically connected to the electrical energy source on the voltage input side.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined duration (Td ei, Td aus) is up to 100 milliseconds.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the following steps:
-repeatedly detecting a reference voltage (Ue) at an input current terminal (EA) of the direct voltage converter (GW) during the predefined duration (Td _ ein, Td _ aus);
-repeatedly detecting the vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) at the output current terminal (EA) of the direct voltage converter (GW) during the predefined duration (Td _ ein, Td _ aus);
-regulating the direct voltage converter (GW) with a regulation target that reduces a voltage difference between the reference voltage (Ue) and the onboard power supply system voltage (Ua) below a predefined voltage threshold.
7. Method according to claim 6, wherein the vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) is regulated by means of a pulse-width-modulated control signal (S), wherein the duty cycle of the signal (S) is varied in dependence on the voltage difference, and the conversion ratio of the direct-current voltage converter (GW) is regulated with the signal (S).
8. Circuit arrangement (SV) for stabilizing an on-board system voltage (Ua) of an electrical load (EM) in an on-board system (BN) of a motor vehicle during a switch-on phase (Te) of the electrical load (EM), comprising:
-a direct voltage converter (GW) for stabilizing the onboard power supply system voltage (Ua);
-a controllable jumper switch unit (RL), which is a relay, which is set up to jumper the dc voltage converter (GW) by closing at the end of a switch-on phase (Te) of the electrical consumer (EM);
-a Signal Generator (SG) for generating a pulse width modulated control signal (S) for controlling the dc voltage converter (GW);
-wherein the direct voltage converter (GW) is furthermore set up for adjusting, in dependence on the duty cycle of the control signal (S), in a predefined time duration (Td _ ein, Td _ aus) directly after the opening and/or closing of the jumper switch unit (RL), an adjustment target for adapting the vehicle electrical system voltage (Ua) to a reference voltage (Ue).
9. On-board electrical system (BN) of a motor vehicle, comprising:
-the electrical consumer (EM) is a starter for starting an internal combustion engine (VM) of the motor vehicle;
-circuit arrangement (SV) according to claim 8, which is electrically connected to the electrical consumer (EM) and is set up for stabilizing an on-board electrical system voltage (Ua) of the on-board electrical system (BN) during a switch-on phase (Te) of the electrical consumer (EM).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102016207132.7A DE102016207132B4 (en) | 2016-04-27 | 2016-04-27 | Method and circuit device for stabilizing an electrical system voltage |
DE102016207132.7 | 2016-04-27 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN107310494A CN107310494A (en) | 2017-11-03 |
CN107310494B true CN107310494B (en) | 2020-10-16 |
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CN201610355972.1A Active CN107310494B (en) | 2016-04-27 | 2016-05-26 | Method and circuit arrangement for stabilizing the voltage of an on-board electrical system |
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CN (1) | CN107310494B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102016207132B4 (en) |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP4209640B2 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2009-01-14 | 新電元工業株式会社 | Boost power supply for engine generator |
DE102004036814B4 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-06-01 | Siemens Ag | Device for supplying a fuel pump of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle with electric current |
DE102007029025A1 (en) | 2007-06-23 | 2008-12-24 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Motor vehicle electrical system |
DE102007037937B4 (en) * | 2007-08-11 | 2024-10-24 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | vehicle electrical system |
DE102008053171A1 (en) | 2008-10-24 | 2010-05-06 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Device for compensating voltage differences, in particular in a motor vehicle |
JP6101439B2 (en) * | 2012-06-19 | 2017-03-22 | ローム株式会社 | Power supply device, and in-vehicle device and vehicle using the same |
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2016
- 2016-04-27 DE DE102016207132.7A patent/DE102016207132B4/en active Active
- 2016-05-26 CN CN201610355972.1A patent/CN107310494B/en active Active
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Publication number | Publication date |
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CN107310494A (en) | 2017-11-03 |
DE102016207132B4 (en) | 2020-06-04 |
DE102016207132A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
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Effective date of registration: 20230118 Address after: Hannover Patentee after: Continental Automotive Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: Hannover Patentee before: CONTINENTAL AUTOMOTIVE GmbH |