CN107238436A - Ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication - Google Patents
Ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/2823—Imaging spectrometer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/2803—Investigating the spectrum using photoelectric array detector
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Abstract
Ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication, it is related to the spectral imaging technology field of AEROSPACE APPLICATION, solve the volume and weight that existing spectrum imaging system adds system using pendulum mirror, and obtain image discontinuously and influenceed by incident light energy, the time of integration, spectral resolution and beam splitter transmitance, the problem of signal to noise ratio is by larger restriction.The present invention organically combines ultra-high speed electronic multiplication and imaging spectral, builds the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication, cancels the use of pendulum mirror；By setting up the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system signal to noise ratio model based on electron multiplication；According to incident spectral energy scope, the amplitude of electron multiplication device output signal, maximum input signal amplitude, the quantization digit of video processor etc., set optimal analog gain, electron multiplication gain to improve the signal to noise ratio of spectral signal, overcome the contradiction between electron multiplication gain and electron multiplication additive noise figure.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the spectral imaging technology field of AEROSPACE APPLICATION, and in particular to a kind of ultraphotic spectrum based on electron multiplication
Imaging system.
Background technology
Because the information of scenery pixel is divided into tens or even up to a hundred spectrum channels by imaging spectrometer, so that burnt flat
The energy that each pixel of area array detector is received is greatly lowered, and directly results in signal to noise ratio degradation, in high spatial point
Imaging spectrometer signal to noise ratio can not often meet practical application request under conditions of resolution (being better than 30m).Imaging spectrometer is over the ground
During Area Objects push-scanning image, because vehicle flight speeds are very high, on detector each pixel receive ground target radiation when
Between (time of integration) it is very short, when ground target is dark, the signal to noise ratio of detector will be very low.For example, in orbit altitude H=
During 400km, flying speed V=6.878km/s, during ground pixel resolving power δ=10m, detector each pixel time of integration is only
There is 1.45ms, detector frame frequency will be up to 687.8fps.According to signal to noise ratio equation, higher signal to noise ratio is obtained, in system
In the case that optical parametric and detector are all determined, only realized by increasing the time of integration.In imaging spectrometer telescope
It is to increase one of effective ways of the time of integration, the high-resolution imaging spectrum in the U.S. that front end, which sets scanning mirror to carry out motion compensation,
Instrument (HIRIS), the imaging spectrometer such as coastal ocean imaging spectrometer (COIS) employs this method increase time of integration to carry
High s/n ratio.
Hyper spectral Imaging frame rate under high spatial resolution is high, signal to noise ratio is low, now to use pendulum mirror reduction application more
Ask, add volume and weight, obtain image discontinuously, and moving component reduces space flight reliability.Spectrum imaging system
Signal noise ratio (snr) of image of the application effect highly dependent upon acquisition.But under low light conditions, ultraphotic is composed particularly under high spatial resolution
Imaging field, is influenceed, the noise of instrument by incident light energy, the time of integration, spectral resolution and beam splitter transmitance
Than by larger restriction.Because light spectrum image-forming contains spatially and spectrally two dimensions of information, it is impossible to solve luminous energy using TDI patterns
Measure weak problem.
The content of the invention
The present invention adds the volume and weight of system using pendulum mirror to solve existing spectrum imaging system, and obtains image
It is discontinuous and influenceed by incident light energy, the time of integration, spectral resolution and beam splitter transmitance, signal to noise ratio by
The problem of larger restriction, there is provided a kind of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication.
Ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication, including optical system, EMCCD sensors, preamplifier, Video processing
Device and data processor, ground scenery light is through air and optical system imaging on different pixels on EMCCD sensors, institute
State the spectral image information that EMCCD sensors obtain each point on optical system slit, spectral image information through video processor and
Digital spectrum view data is exported after data processor processes；The signal to noise ratio model of the super spectrum imaging system is set, according to defeated
The spectral energy size entered, selects corresponding electron multiplication gain, is specially：
According to the equivalent output voltage V of quantized value correspondenceo, obtain the variance of overall noise；The superposition of overall noise follows independent mistake
Poor composition principle, the variance of the overall noise is expressed as with following formula：
In formula, F is the additional noise factor that process of electron multiplication is produced, and G is the gain that process of electron multiplication is produced, kopFor
The multiplication factor of preamplifier, kagcFor the imaging gain of video processor, σsFor graupel grain noise variance, σdFor dark current noise side
Difference, σCICFor clock Inductive noise variance, σsmearThe noise variance caused by smear, σreTo read noise variance, σquaFor amount
Change noise variance, σtransferThe noise side of generation is influenceed by power supply and drive signal in whole transfer process for photogenerated charge
Difference；
According to overall noise formula of variance, the imaging signal to noise ratio of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system electron multiplication gain is obtained, following formula is used
It is expressed as：
Enter line translation to above formula, obtain equation below：
In formula, g is the imaging gain of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system, VSTo be equivalent after being changed by photogenerated charge through charge voltage
Output voltage.
Beneficial effects of the present invention：
Ultra-optical spectrum imaging system of the present invention is used in the AEROSPACE APPLICATION of high spatial and spectral resolution, cancels pendulum
The use of mirror, reduces volume and weight, obtains image continuously, and movement-less part improves the reliability of AEROSPACE APPLICATION；
The present invention is according to the spectral energy scope, the amplitude of electron multiplication device output signal, video processor of incidence
Maximum input signal amplitude, quantization digit etc., obtain the optimum signal-noise ratio of spectral signal, overcome electron multiplication gain and electronics times
Increase the contradiction between additive noise figure.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the theory diagram of the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system of the present invention based on electron multiplication；
Fig. 2 is the signal to noise ratio illustraton of model of the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system of the present invention based on electron multiplication, wherein Fig. 2 a
The model schematic for being 1 for electron multiplication gain, Fig. 2 b are the model schematic that electron multiplication gain is more than 1.
Embodiment
Embodiment one, with reference to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrate present embodiment, the Hyper spectral Imaging system based on electron multiplication
System, including optical system, EMCCD sensors, preamplifier, video processor and data processor, ground scenery light is through air
Then through optical system imaging on different pixels on EMCCD sensors.The light of each point on slit is obtained on EMCCD sensors
Spectrum information, it is parallel with entrance slit length direction it is one-dimensional be space dimension, it is vertical with slit length direction it is one-dimensional tieed up for spectrum,
Then EMCCD pixel of not going together corresponds to the spectral information of different spectral coverage, and through power supply and driving, ground scenery is in EMCCD sensors
On spectral image information digital spectrum picture number is exported after opto-electronic conversion, preamplifier, video processor and data processor
According to.
Illustrate present embodiment with reference to Fig. 2, the signal to noise ratio model of the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication is：VSTable
Show by photogenerated charge changed through charge voltage after equivalent output voltage, nS、nd、nCIC、nsmear、nreAnd ntransferRepresent respectively
Graupel grain noise variance square, dark current noise variance square, clock Inductive noise variance square, make an uproar caused by smear
Sound variance square, read noise variance quadratic sum photogenerated charge in whole transfer process by shadows such as power supply and drive signals
Ring square of the noise variance produced.
VccdRepresent the output voltage of the EMCCD in CCD spectrum imaging systems, kopFor the multiplication factor of preamplifier, kagcFor
The imaging gain of video processor, G is the gain that process of electron multiplication is produced, and F is the additional noise that process of electron multiplication is produced
The factor.
nquaRepresent square of quantizing noise.VoFor the equivalent output voltage of quantized value correspondence, calculated by formula (1), formula (1)
In when electron multiplication gain is 1, then G is 1；Formula (1), which is set up, need to meet GVsEquivalent full trap electronics less than or equal to EMCCD holds
Amount, and GkagckopVsLess than or equal to the range ability V of analog-digital converterad。
Vo=GkagckopVs (1)
The superposition of various noises follows independent error composition principle, and its population variance is calculated by formula (2), when electron multiplication increases
Then G and F are 1 when benefit is 1.
In formula, σsFor graupel grain noise variance, σdFor dark current noise variance, σCICFor clock Inductive noise variance, σsmearFor
Noise variance caused by smear, σreTo read noise variance, σquaFor quantizing noise variance, σtransferIt is photogenerated charge whole
The noise variance of generation is influenceed in individual transfer process by power supply and drive signal；Then it is imaged signal-to-noise ratio computation expression formula such as following formula：
G is the imaging gain of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system：
G=kagckop (4)
Then imaging signal-to-noise ratio computation formula (3) is transformed to：
In present embodiment, the imaging gain g of the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication and modulus quantization digit
Setting principle is：For analog-digital converter, it should be ensured that the full scale of input signal is used, it is ensured that the peak signal of CCD inputs
Can close to analog-to-digital conversion device maximum range, then imaging gain g：
Analog-digital converter in ultra-optical spectrum imaging system inside video processor completes the analog-to-digital conversion to vision signal,
Quantizing noise is inevitably introduced in analog-digital conversion process.Inside the video processor used in Hyper spectral Imaging circuit
Analog-digital converter belongs to 1/2 eccentrically arranged type and quantifies analog-to-digital conversion, employs uniform quantization mode, so vision signal quantizing noise takes
From being uniformly distributed, mean square deviation is：In formula：VadFor the quantization range of AD converter, N is AD converter quantization digit.Quantization digit
More high then quantizing noise is smaller, more can truly reflect the signal to noise ratio of imaging circuit output signal, is conducive to improving imaging noise
Than.
σqua=g σre (8)
(8) are substituted into (7) to obtain：
In present embodiment, the electron multiplication gain setting principle of the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication is：When input
When spectral signal energy is sufficiently strong, σsMuch larger than other signals, setting
It is approximately using the signal to noise ratio of electron multiplication gain thenWhen the signal to noise ratio without using electron multiplication gain is approximatelyMake
Electron multiplication gain G=1.Due to the factor F of the additional noise factor of electron multiplication gain influence, when the spectral signal of input
When energy is sufficiently strong, signal to noise ratio can be made to drop to close to 1/F times using electron multiplication gain function.
When the spectral signal energy of input is weak enough, σsMuch smaller than noise is read, setMade an uproar due to reading
Sound is noise principal element, then is approximately using the signal to noise ratio of electron multiplication gainWithout using the letter of electron multiplication gain
Make an uproar than being approximatelyMake electron multiplication gain G>10, due to the use of electron multiplication gain, when the spectral signal energy of input
When sufficiently low, using electron multiplication gain function signal to noise ratio can be made to bring up to close to G times.
, can basis for the analysis under the strong and weak two states of above-mentioned input spectrum signal energy in present embodiment
The spectral energy size of input, selects suitable electron multiplication gain, to reach the optimum signal-noise ratio of input spectrum signal.
In present embodiment, EMCCD uses the device KAE02150 of on semi companies, can be for often capable spectral signal
Selection multiplication amplification or not；Preamplifier selects the LMH6715 using NI companies；Video processor is using ADI companies
AD9979；Data processor uses the FPGA6vlx550tff1760 of Xilinx companies；Optical system uses the color based on slit
Dissipate beam splitting system.
Claims (4)
1. the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system based on electron multiplication, including optical system, EMCCD sensors, preamplifier, video processor
And data processor, ground scenery light is described through air and optical system imaging on different pixels on EMCCD sensors
EMCCD sensors obtain the spectral image information of each point on optical system slit, and spectral image information is through video processor sum
Digital spectrum view data is exported after being handled according to processor；It is characterized in that, the signal to noise ratio model of the super spectrum imaging system is set,
According to the spectral energy size of input, corresponding electron multiplication gain is selected, is specially：
According to the equivalent output voltage V of quantized value correspondenceo, obtain the variance of overall noise；The superposition of overall noise follows independent error synthesis
Principle, the variance of the overall noise is expressed as with following formula：
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In formula, F is the additional noise factor that process of electron multiplication is produced, and G is the gain that process of electron multiplication is produced, kopTo put in advance
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For clock Inductive noise variance, σsmearThe noise variance caused by smear, σreTo read noise variance, σquaFor quantizing noise
Variance, σtransferThe noise variance of generation is influenceed by power supply and drive signal in whole transfer process for photogenerated charge；
According to overall noise formula of variance, the imaging signal to noise ratio of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system electron multiplication gain is obtained, is represented with following formula
For：
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In formula, g is the imaging gain of ultra-optical spectrum imaging system, VSFor the equivalent output after being changed by photogenerated charge through charge voltage
Voltage.
2. the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system according to claim 1 based on electron multiplication, it is characterised in that the quantized value pair
Answer equivalent output voltage VoIt is formulated as：Vo=GkagckopVs, when electron multiplication gain G is more than 1, then require GVsLess than etc.
In EMCCD equivalent full trap electron capacitance, and GkagckopVsLess than or equal to the range ability V of analog-digital converterad。
3. the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system according to claim 1 based on electron multiplication, it is characterised in that the ultraphotic is composed into
As the imaging gain setting principle of system is：
In formula：VadFor the quantization range of analog-digital converter, N is analog-digital converter quantization digit；
The vision signal quantizing noise is obeyed and is uniformly distributed, then modulus quantization digit is defined asVision signal
Quantizing noise formula of variance σqua=g σre, then modulus quantization digit N be transformed to：
4. the ultra-optical spectrum imaging system according to claim 1 based on electron multiplication, it is characterised in that electron multiplication gain
Setting principle is：
When the spectral signal energy of input is strong, settingThen make
Signal to noise ratio with electron multiplication gain is approximatelySignal to noise ratio without using electron multiplication gain is approximatelyMake electronics times
Increase gain G=1；
When the spectral signal energy of input is weak, settingIt is approximately using the signal to noise ratio of electron multiplication gain then
Signal to noise ratio without using electron multiplication gain is approximatelyMake electron multiplication gain G>10.
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| CN109708756A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-05-03 | 南京邮电大学 | Imaging spectrometer and high spatial resolution spectrum imaging method based on diffraction effect |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109708756A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2019-05-03 | 南京邮电大学 | Imaging spectrometer and high spatial resolution spectrum imaging method based on diffraction effect |
| CN109708756B (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2022-02-08 | 南京邮电大学 | Imaging spectrometer based on diffraction effect and high spatial resolution spectral imaging method |
| CN109660722A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-19 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Electron multiplication imaging system with variable pixel gain |
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