CN107224616B - 一种人工关节制备方法 - Google Patents

一种人工关节制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107224616B
CN107224616B CN201610177148.1A CN201610177148A CN107224616B CN 107224616 B CN107224616 B CN 107224616B CN 201610177148 A CN201610177148 A CN 201610177148A CN 107224616 B CN107224616 B CN 107224616B
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文阳洋
文春景
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种人工关节的制备方法,所述的人工关节由关节柄、关节衬和关节臼组成,关节柄和关节臼由人工仿生骨制成,所述的人工仿生骨制成包括密度较大的中间骨质层、较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜。本发明公开的一种由高分子复合材料和生物陶瓷制作的人工关节,从根本上克服了目前人工关节产品的缺点。

Description

一种人工关节制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及人工关节的制备方法。
背景技术
人们由于严重的骨性关节疾病,如.类风湿性关节炎、股骨头无菌性坏死、创伤性关节炎、某些关节骨折、强直性脊柱炎,先天性发育畸形所致的关节炎或关节疼痛、活动功能障碍、Paget病、以及骨关节的肿瘤等导致关节面骨和软骨破坏的影像学改变、有中度到重度持续性疼痛、经过至少半年的保守治疗功能和疼痛无法改善时,如患者能够积极配合医生治疗,有良好的依从性,且身体条件适合,则可以采取人工关节转换术进行治疗。
人工关节置换术是在关节成形术的基础和理念上发展起来的一门新技术。虽然最早人体应用人工关节是Gluck于1891年首先报告的,但是直到20世纪60年代Charnley通过大量临床实践和基础研究,确立了人工关节假体设计中的低摩擦原理,选择了金属-高密度聚乙烯组合来替代金属-金属组合和现代骨水泥技术,才使得人工关节置换术的临床效果出现较大的进步。20世纪70年代以来,人工关节在基础研究、设计生产和临床应用三方面的发展十分迅速,关节置换手术广泛开展。估计全世界每年约有50余万人因创伤、骨关节炎、肿瘤等而接受人工关节置换术,我国每年有3万至5万人接受人工关节手术。如何提高被置换的人工关节的寿命和对人体的自适应性仍然目前人工关节置换术的主要研究课题,而寻找新的人工关节材料又是该课题的技术关键。
从最近的国际骨科器械展上看,目前国内外所有人工关节产品,几乎都是用金属材料做基体和柄,在节臼头的摩擦面作表面改性处理,然后加一个陶瓷衬垫;或在两摩擦面之间镶以超高摩尔质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)衬。但所有这些人工关节产品都存在如下四个问题:如表1所示
1、随着使用年限的延长,超高摩尔质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)衬磨损产生的磨屑聚积诱发机体细胞产生一系列不良的生物学反应,导致假体周围骨溶解,从而导致人工关节假体固定的松动、失效。
2、与本体骨相连的金属柄,与骨弹性模量之间不匹配.使得载荷不能由种植体很好地传递到相邻骨组织,出现“应力屏蔽”现象,从而导致被植入的人工关节的柄部周围的本体骨出现骨吸收.最终引起种植体松动或断裂。
3、金属柄的疲劳强度远低于自然骨,人工关节的柄部容易由于疲劳断裂而失效。
4、由于关节臼和关节臼头、颈、柄都是金属材料,骨细胞和结缔组织无法在其表面生成,故在其关节部位无法形成关节囊,各关接触面之间则没有滑液,从而构成了无润滑的干摩擦副,加速了关节之间的磨损。
表1:人工关节常用材料
Figure BDA0000950547200000021
Figure BDA0000950547200000031
发明内容
本发明针对上述产品存在的问题,提出一种由高分子复合材料和生物陶瓷制作的人工关节,从根本上克服了上述产品的四大缺点。
本发明的技术方案是:一种人工关节的制备方法,所述的人工关节由关节柄、关节衬和关节臼组成,关节柄和关节臼由人工仿生骨制成,所述的人工仿生骨制成包括密度较大的中间骨质层、较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜;
所述的中间骨质层采用60%-80%的力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的高分子复合材料;10%-30%的非可降解或可部份降解的无机材料和5%-10%的可降解且具有骨细 胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的内层髓质采用25-50%的力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的高分子复合材料;25-50%的非可降解或可部份降解的无机材料和20-30%的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的外层骨膜采用20-50%的力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的高分子复合材料;25-50%的非可降解或可部份降解的无机材料和15-40%的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的关节衬由生物陶瓷组成。
由上述方法制作的关节柄,中间骨质层具有足够的强度可以承载生物体自身重量及运动所带来的外力;而内外层是蜂窝状组织结构,有足够的空隙以利于有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入。随着可降解物的降解和有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入,关节柄和自体骨骼将融为一体。
由于关节柄是由高分子复合材料做成的,其弹性模量与人体骨骼一致或接近,故不会产生“应力屏蔽”现象。
由生物陶瓷做成的关节衬镶嵌在复合材料做成的关节臼上。关节臼可吸收外来冲击力,从而有效保护关节衬在受到外来冲击力时不会碎裂。
由于臼头及其关节柄均是由人工仿生骨制成,故骨细胞和结缔组织可在其表面生成,从而形成关节囊,各关接触面之间会有滑液产生,从而构成了有润滑的摩擦副,可大大减少关节之间的磨损。
进一步的,上述的人工关节的制备方法中:所述的力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度 高的高分子复合材料为聚醚醚酮、液晶高分子聚合物或改性氟塑料。
进一步的,上述的人工关节的制备方法中:所述的力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的高分子复合材料还包括添加碳纤维或玻璃纤维。
进一步的,上述的人工关节的制备方法中:所述的具有骨传导和骨诱导功能的生物陶瓷为羟基磷灰石或磷酸三钙。
进一步的,上述的人工关节的制备方法中:所述的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料为镁或者镁合金。
以下将结合实施例,对本发明进行较为详细的说明。
具体实施方式
实施例1是一种人工髋关节,人工髋关节是由关节柄、关节衬和关节臼组成。其中:
1、关节柄是由一种人工仿生骨做成。
2、关节衬是由生物陶瓷做成。
3、关节臼是由与上述人工仿生骨皮质骨相同的复合材料做成。
人工关节由关节柄、关节衬和关节臼组成,关节柄和关节臼由人工仿生骨制成,人工仿生骨制成包括密度较大的中间骨质层、较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜。
其中,中间骨质层的密度较大,具有足够的强度可以承载生物体自身重量及运动所带来的外力;而内外层则是较疏松的蜂窝状组织结构,有足够的空隙以利于有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入。
密度较大的中间骨质层采用力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的超高性能聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、液晶高分子聚合物(LCP)或改性氟塑料为主要材料,有必要时还可以添加碳纤维(CF)或玻璃纤维(GF)增加其强度;添加适量的具有骨传导和骨诱导功能的生物陶瓷(如羟基磷灰石(HAP或HA)、磷酸三钙(TCP)等),或可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料(如镁及镁合金等),以利于骨质在其中生成。
较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜、干骺端和骺骨是在上述主要材料中,按要求分别中添加足够多的具有骨传导和骨诱导功能的生物陶瓷(如羟基磷灰石(HAP或HA)、磷酸三钙(TCP)等),和可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料(如镁及镁合金等),以形成较大的蜂窝状组织状结构,以便于有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入以重建血运。
由上述方法制作的关节柄,中间骨质层具有足够的强度可以承载生物体自身重量及运动所带来的外力;而内外层是蜂窝状组织结构,有足够的空隙以利于有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入。随着可降解物的降解和有关组织细胞、血管、淋巴管和神经可以长入,关节柄和自体骨骼将融为一体。
由于关节柄是由高分子复合材料做成的,其弹性模量与人体骨骼一致或接近,故不会产生“应力屏蔽”现象。
由生物陶瓷做成的关节衬镶嵌在复合材料做成的关节臼上。关节臼可吸收外来冲击力,从而有效保护关节衬在受到外来冲击力时不会碎裂。
由于臼头及其关节柄均是由人工仿生骨制成,故骨细胞和结缔组织可在其表面生成,从而形成关节囊,各关接触面之间会有滑液产生,从而构成了有润滑的摩擦副,可大大减少关节之间的磨损。
实施例,如表2所示,取表中1至12实例中任一例配方如第1实例中的20%质量百分比的聚醚醚酮,60%的增强纤维,10%的生物陶瓷,剩余的是镁或者镁合金制作人工仿生骨的骨质层,这里根据关节柄的形状生产人工仿生骨的骨质 层,并以此为骨架,在上面涂布较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜。
内层髓质采用表2中第25至36中任一一例的粉末,混合均匀以后,利用溶剂调成糊状骨质层的中间,同样,将表2中的13至24例的配方粉末混合均匀后,同样也可以采用溶剂调成糊状涂到关节柄的形状的人工仿生骨的骨质层上,干燥生成关节。
表2“其它”一栏一般只占总量的5-10%的质量,是指除生物陶瓷和镁及镁合金以外的其它骨传导和骨诱导功能的生物陶瓷和可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料,本领域的技术人员根据医生要求可以配制出符合医生要求的与不同人体个体配合最佳的骨钉。
表2成份列表
Figure BDA0000950547200000071
Figure BDA0000950547200000081

Claims (3)

1.一种人工关节的制备方法,所述的人工关节由关节柄、关节衬和关节臼组成,其特征在于:关节柄和关节臼由人工仿生骨制成,所述的人工仿生骨制成包括密度较大的中间骨质层、较疏松的内层髓质和外层骨膜;
所述的中间骨质层采用60%-80%质量百分比的高分子复合材料;10%-30%质量百分比的生物陶瓷和5%-10%质量百分比的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的内层髓质采用25-50%质量百分比的高分子复合材料;25-50%质量百分比的生物陶瓷和20-30%质量百分比的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的外层骨膜采用20-50%质量百分比的高分子复合材料;25-50%质量百分比的非可降解或可部份降解的无机材料和15-40%质量百分比的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料制备;
所述的关节衬由生物陶瓷组成;
所述的高分子复合材料为力学性能优良、耐化学药品性、耐高温性、耐辐射性、抗水解性、抗蠕变性、耐磨耗性及洁净度高的高分子复合材料;
所述的高分子复合材料为聚醚醚酮、液晶高分子聚合物或改性氟塑料中的一种;
所述的生物陶瓷为羟基磷灰石或磷酸三钙;
所述的可降解且具有骨细胞诱导功能的无机材料为镁或者镁合金。
2.根据权利要求1所述的人工关节的制备方法,其特征在于:在所述的中间骨质层的高分子复合材料中还包括最多占制备中间骨质层材料总质量60%的增强纤维。
3.根据权利要求2所述的人工关节的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的增强纤维为碳纤维或玻璃纤维。
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