CN107218190A - A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration - Google Patents
A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107218190A CN107218190A CN201710559730.9A CN201710559730A CN107218190A CN 107218190 A CN107218190 A CN 107218190A CN 201710559730 A CN201710559730 A CN 201710559730A CN 107218190 A CN107218190 A CN 107218190A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder
- plunger shaft
- cavity
- gas
- cold water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B25/00—Multi-stage pumps
- F04B25/005—Multi-stage pumps with two cylinders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
- F04B39/0027—Pulsation and noise damping means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
- F04B39/06—Cooling; Heating; Prevention of freezing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
- F04B39/06—Cooling; Heating; Prevention of freezing
- F04B39/064—Cooling by a cooling jacket in the pump casing
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compressor (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration, the cylinder is interior provided with plunger shaft, and has and the sealed top surface of cylinder head phase and the sealed bottom surface of crankcase phase.Cold water cavity and some radiating tubes are provided between the outer wall of the cylinder and the cavity wall of plunger shaft.Cold water cavity ring plunger shaft is set.Radiating tube is vertically-mounted, and passes through cold water cavity.Radiating tube top is located at cylinder top surface.Plunger shaft is vertically arranged, and upper and lower opening.The inwall of plunger shaft is provided with the small interior tapering of the big lower openings of upper opening so that plunger shaft is divided into compression chamber and directed cavity.Wherein compression chamber is located on directed cavity, and has a diameter larger than the diameter of directed cavity.Lateral gas port is provided with the interior tapering of plunger shaft.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cylinder of air compressor, more particularly to piston type air compressor.
Background technology
Piston type air compressor is moved back and forth in cylinder by crankshaft-link rod band piston and realizes that air compresses.Typically
Piston type air compressor in, when piston is close to axis, cylinder is from ambient inlet air；When piston is away from Crankshaft
The air in cylinder is compressed during the heart.Compressed when one major issue of this air compressor is cylinder air-breathing with air
When, piston stress differs greatly, and causes vibration larger.And this air compressor is due to its own characteristic, it usually needs point
Level compression.Implements spatial scalable compression can reduce delivery temperature, save work done during compression, improve volumetric efficiency, increase compressed gas capacity.This
Outside, in marine air compressor, it can accomplish more because ship space is limited, therefore for the volume requirement of air compressor
It is compact.
The content of the invention
Problem to be solved by this invention：
1st, during cylinder air-breathing and when air compresses, piston stress differs greatly, and causes vibration very big.
2nd, the volume of air compressor is compacter.
To solve the above problems, the scheme that the present invention is used is as follows：
Plunger shaft is provided with a kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration, the cylinder, and is had and cylinder head phase
Sealed top surface and crankcase mutually sealed bottom surface；Cold water cavity is provided between the outer wall of the cylinder and the cavity wall of plunger shaft and some
Radiating tube；Cold water cavity ring plunger shaft is set；Radiating tube is vertically-mounted, and passes through cold water cavity；Radiating tube top is located at cylinder top surface.
Further, plunger shaft is vertically arranged, and upper and lower opening；The inwall of plunger shaft is provided with the big lower openings of upper opening
Small interior tapering so that plunger shaft is divided into compression chamber and directed cavity；Wherein compression chamber is located on directed cavity, and its is straight
Footpath is more than the diameter of directed cavity；Lateral gas port is provided with the interior tapering of plunger shaft.
The two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim, it is characterised in that plunger shaft
Top open part is provided with the first air valve chamber；The second air valve chamber is provided with outside lateral gas port；First air valve chamber and the second air valve
Chamber is used to install combination valve.
Further, it is provided with hub cavity outside the second air valve chamber；Hub cavity front openings, side is provided with interior gas outlet；
Gas off-take is provided with cylinder outer wall；Gas off-take is located at outside cold water cavity；Gas outlet in one end connection of gas off-take, the other end connects
Connect outer gas outlet；Gas off-take is angularly disposed, and one end of gas outlet is higher than the one end for connecting outer gas outlet in gas off-take connection.
Further, it is provided with cylinder circuit on the cylinder bottom surface；Cylinder circuit is set around plunger shaft bottom opening；Radiating
The bottom end opening of pipe is arranged in cylinder circuit, and the thus gentle cylinder ring road of connection radiating tube.
Further, cylinder is laterally provided with transition air flue；Transition air flue is angularly disposed on cylinder, and bottom connects cylinder ring
Road, and be arranged at cylinder lateral gas port is installed on the side；The top of transition air flue is provided with lateral transition opening；Transition is opened
Mouth is located at the underface of hub cavity front openings.
Further, it is provided with flight in radiating tube.
Further, the delivery port of connection cold water cavity is provided with the cylinder top surface.
Further, the cold water cavity of cylinder is provided with the outer wall of radiating tube side and offers opening of external wall.
Further, the plunger shaft of cylinder, cold water cavity, lateral gas port, hub cavity, the first air valve chamber, the second air valve chamber, outlet
The structure that road, interior gas outlet, outer gas outlet, cylinder circuit and transition air flue are constituted is by being integrally cast.
The technique effect of the present invention is as follows：
1st, cylinder two-stage design so that piston is during reciprocating motion, stress relative equilibrium so as to reduce vibration, and is saved
Save work done during compression.
2nd, the part of compressed air cooling is directly integrated in cylinder, and the pipeline connected between two stages of compression chamber is also collected
Into into cylinder, so that air compressor need not install extra cooling body, so that less overall volume.
3rd, because pipeline is integrated in cylinder and cylinder head, it is to avoid external pipe is connected in a jumble, therefore the sky of the present invention
Air compressor is installed and is easily serviced.
4th, many settings of radiating tube, cylinder circuit, the design of transition air flue large space so that cylinder has pooling feature.
5th, cold water cavity ring plunger shaft is designed so that cold water cavity can be cooled down to plunger shaft.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of sectional elevation of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation that the center line that the embodiment of the present invention is laterally open carries out sectional horizontal.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further details below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration, for air compressor, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, be in
Tetragonal structure, centre is provided with the plunger shaft 11 of up/down perforation, top be provided with cylinder head mutually sealed top surface, bottom is set
It is equipped with and the sealed bottom surface of crankcase phase.Plunger shaft 11 is used to dispose piston.That is, the cylinder top surface is sealed with cylinder head
Afterwards, after bottom surface and crankcase seals, and installed in plunger shaft 11 after piston, piston is connected with the bent axle in crankcase by connecting rod
An air compressor is constituted after connecing.
The up/down perforation of plunger shaft 11 means that plunger shaft 11 is vertically arranged, and upper and lower opening.The open top of plunger shaft 11
Place is provided with the first air valve chamber 114.First air valve chamber 114 is used to install combination valve.The bottom opening 115 of plunger shaft 11 is used for
Piston in plunger shaft 11 connects connecting rod and can penetrate in the casing of crankcase and connect the bent axle in crankcase.
The inwall of plunger shaft 11 is provided with the small interior tapering 113 of the big lower openings of upper opening so that plunger shaft 11 is divided
It is cut into compression chamber 111 and directed cavity 112.Compression chamber 111 and directed cavity 112 are cylindrical structural, and interior tapering 113 is taper knot
Structure, wherein compression chamber 111 are located on directed cavity 112, and have a diameter larger than the diameter of directed cavity 112.The side in interior tapering 113
While being provided with connection plunger shaft 11 and outside lateral openings 116.Thus, after piston is arranged in plunger shaft 11, two are formed
Level compression chamber：First compression chamber and the second compression chamber.First compression chamber is located between piston-top surface and the open top of plunger shaft 11,
And air inlet and outlet are realized by open top.First compression chamber is realized by the combination valve installed on the first air valve chamber 114
Air inlet and the control of outlet.It is close that second compression chamber is located at the lower section of part and directed cavity and piston in compression chamber 111 by piston
Envelope is formed.Second compression chamber realizes air inlet and outlet by lateral openings 116.The second gas is provided with outside lateral openings 116
Valve pocket 161.Second air valve chamber 161 is used to install combination valve.That is, the second compression chamber passes through in the second air valve chamber 161
The combination valve of installation realizes air inlet and the control of outlet.The combination gas installed in first air valve chamber 114 and the second air valve chamber 161
Valve is made up of two check valves, and two check valves are respectively used to air inlet control and outlet control.Piston in plunger shaft 11
During rising, the first compression chamber compressed air, the second compression chamber air-breathing；When piston declines, the first compression chamber air-breathing, the second compression
Chamber compressed air.
The second air valve chamber 161 is externally provided with hub cavity 16.The front openings of hub cavity 16, side is provided with interior gas outlet 162.
Oblique gas off-take 15 is provided with the outer wall of cylinder.Gas off-take 15 is located at outside cold water cavity 12.One end connection of gas off-take 15
Interior gas outlet 162, the other end connects outer gas outlet 151.The oblique of gas off-take 15 refers to that gas off-take 15 connects interior gas outlet 162
One end of the outer gas outlet 151 of a little higher than connection in one end, two ends difference in height is no more than 2 centimetres.
Between the outer wall of cylinder and the cavity wall of piston chamber 11, cold water cavity 12 and some radiating tubes 13 are provided with.It is cold
Water cavity 12 is surrounded on outside plunger shaft 11, in Fig. 1, and 12_a, 12_b and 12_c are a part for cold water cavity 12, is interconnected.
Radiating tube 13 is vertically installed between the outer wall of cylinder and piston chamber 11, and its top is arranged on cylinder top surface, its bottom
End is arranged on cylinder bottom surface and connects cylinder circuit 14, and it is middle through the first cold water cavity 12.Use is provided with radiating tube 13
In the flight 131 of enhancing radiating effect.Cylinder circuit 14 is arranged at cylinder bottom surface, and is open towards crankcase 3.Cylinder is lateral
It is provided with transition air flue 141.Transition air flue 141 is angularly disposed in cylinder, and bottom connects cylinder circuit 14, and is arranged at cylinder
Lateral gas port 116 is installed on the side.It is, transition air flue 141 is set in the same direction with lateral gas port 116.Transition air flue 141
Top be provided with lateral transition opening 142.Transition opening 142 is located under the front openings of hub cavity 16.Thus, transition opening
142 can seal and connect by laterally covering with the front openings of hub cavity 16.
Further, the cold water cavity 12 of cylinder, which is provided with the outer wall of the side of radiating tube 13, is further opened with opening of external wall 122, outside
The radiating tube 13 that wall opening 122 is used in cold water cavity 12 is repaired.During work, opening of external wall 122 is by cover plate for sealing.
Further, cylinder top surface is provided with the delivery port 121 connected with cold water cavity 12.
The installation of the present embodiment cylinder and operation principle are as follows：After cylinder head and cylinder top surface are sealed, pass through cylinder head
Interior air flue, the top connection of radiating tube 13 is arranged on the gas outlet of the combination valve in the first air valve chamber 114.Installed in first
Air intake duct in the air inlet connection cylinder head of combination valve in air valve chamber 114.Thus, when piston declines, outside air
First compression chamber is inhaled into by the air inlet of the combined air valve of the air intake duct of cylinder head, when piston rises, air compression, pressure
Air flue in the gas outlet and cylinder head of the combined air valve of air after contracting, which enters, carries out cooling in radiating tube 13, after cooling
Compressed air through the air flue in cylinder circuit 14, transition air flue 141 and lateral lid, then by the second air valve chamber after hub cavity 16
The air inlet for the combination valve installed in 161 enters the second compression chamber, then when piston declines again, in the second compression chamber
Air is by the second second compression, and air after the second second compression is from combination gas of the lateral openings 116 through being installed in the second air valve chamber 161
The interior gas outlet 162 through the side of hub cavity 16 enters gas off-take 15 again for the gas outlet of valve, is finally realized out by outer gas outlet 151
Gas.That is, the present embodiment air cylinder structure is a kind of cylinder of single cylinder single-piston two-stage air compression, two-stage air compressed gas
Cylinder is cascaded by the pipeline and air flue built in casing, and the cascade pipeline between the compression of two-stage air passes through radiating tube 13
Carry out cooling.And because piston type pneumatic compression is a kind of outlet of pulsed, it is therefore desirable to which buffering slows down pulse.This
In embodiment, radiating tube 13 is designed to air flue cushioning effect using many, and cylinder circuit 14, transition air flue 141 have
There is larger space equally being capable of air flue cushioning effect.That is, the cylinder of the present embodiment comes with compressed air pooling feature.
In addition, in the cylinder of the present embodiment, the part in addition to radiating tube 13 is by being integrally cast.Specifically,
The plunger shaft 11 of cylinder, cold water cavity 12, lateral gas port 116, hub cavity 16, the first air valve chamber 114, the second air valve chamber 161, outlet
The structure that road 15, interior gas outlet 162, outer gas outlet 151, cylinder circuit 14 and transition air flue 141 are constituted is by monoblock cast
Form.
In addition, the delivery port 121 of the cold water cavity 12 of cylinder is opened in cylinder top surface, thus, cooling water can flow into cylinder
In lid, the air flue in cylinder head is cooled down.
Claims (10)
1. being provided with plunger shaft (11) in a kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration, the cylinder, and have and gas
Cylinder cap mutually sealed top surface and crankcase mutually sealed bottom surface；Characterized in that, the chamber of the outer wall and plunger shaft (11) of the cylinder
Cold water cavity (12) and some radiating tubes (13) are provided between wall；Cold water cavity (12) ring plunger shaft (11) is set；Radiating tube (13) is erected
It is straight to install, and pass through cold water cavity (12)；Radiating tube (13) top is located at cylinder top surface.
2. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that plunger shaft (11)
It is vertically arranged, and upper and lower opening；The inwall of plunger shaft (11) is provided with the small interior tapering (113) of the big lower openings of upper opening,
So that plunger shaft (11) is divided into compression chamber (111) and directed cavity (112)；Wherein compression chamber (111) is located at directed cavity (112)
On, and have a diameter larger than the diameter of directed cavity (112)；Interior tapering (113) place of plunger shaft (11) is provided with lateral gas port
(116)。
3. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that plunger shaft (11)
Top open part be provided with the first air valve chamber (114)；The second air valve chamber (161) is provided with outside lateral gas port (116)；First
Air valve chamber (114) and the second air valve chamber (161) are used to install combination valve.
4. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that the second air valve chamber
(161) hub cavity (16) is provided with outside；Hub cavity (16) front openings, side is provided with interior gas outlet (162)；Cylinder outer wall
Inside it is provided with gas off-take (15)；Gas off-take (15) is located at outside cold water cavity (12)；Gas outlet in one end connection of gas off-take (15)
(162), the other end connects outer gas outlet (151)；Gas off-take (15) is angularly disposed, gas outlet (162) in gas off-take (15) connection
One end higher than the one end for connecting outer gas outlet (151).
5. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that the cylinder bottom surface
On be provided with cylinder circuit (14)；Cylinder circuit (14) is set around plunger shaft (11) bottom opening；The bottom of radiating tube (13)
Opening is arranged in cylinder circuit (14), and thus connects radiating tube (13) gentle cylinder ring road (14).
6. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that cylinder (1) side
To being provided with transition air flue (141)；Transition air flue (141) is angularly disposed, and on cylinder (1), bottom connects cylinder circuit (14),
And be arranged at cylinder (1) lateral gas port (116) is installed on the side；The top of transition air flue (141) is provided with lateral transition
It is open (142)；Transition opening (142) is located at the underface of hub cavity (16) front openings.
7. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that radiating tube (13)
Inside it is provided with flight (131).
8. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the cylinder top surface
On be provided with connection cold water cavity (12) delivery port (121).
9. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the cold water of cylinder
Chamber (12), which is provided with the outer wall of radiating tube (13) side, offers opening of external wall (122).
10. the two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that the work of cylinder
Fill in chamber (11), cold water cavity (12), lateral gas port (116), hub cavity (16), the first air valve chamber (114), the second air valve chamber (161),
What gas off-take (15), interior gas outlet (162), outer gas outlet (151), cylinder circuit (14) and transition air flue (141) were constituted
Structure is by being integrally cast.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710559730.9A CN107218190B (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | Two-stage air compression cylinder with integrated box body cooling |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710559730.9A CN107218190B (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | Two-stage air compression cylinder with integrated box body cooling |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107218190A true CN107218190A (en) | 2017-09-29 |
| CN107218190B CN107218190B (en) | 2020-03-27 |
Family
ID=59952764
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710559730.9A Active CN107218190B (en) | 2017-07-11 | 2017-07-11 | Two-stage air compression cylinder with integrated box body cooling |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN107218190B (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5716197A (en) * | 1994-04-01 | 1998-02-10 | Paul; Marius A. | High pressure compressor with internal, inter-stage cooled compression having multiple inlets |
| CN203584717U (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2014-05-07 | 克诺尔制动系统（大连）有限公司 | Automobile energy-saving high-efficiency water-cooled air compressor |
| CN105888877A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2016-08-24 | 杨永顺 | Independent sinking and floating engine |
| CN207018155U (en) * | 2017-07-11 | 2018-02-16 | 江苏恒达动力科技发展股份有限公司 | A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration |
-
2017
- 2017-07-11 CN CN201710559730.9A patent/CN107218190B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5716197A (en) * | 1994-04-01 | 1998-02-10 | Paul; Marius A. | High pressure compressor with internal, inter-stage cooled compression having multiple inlets |
| CN203584717U (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2014-05-07 | 克诺尔制动系统（大连）有限公司 | Automobile energy-saving high-efficiency water-cooled air compressor |
| CN105888877A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2016-08-24 | 杨永顺 | Independent sinking and floating engine |
| CN207018155U (en) * | 2017-07-11 | 2018-02-16 | 江苏恒达动力科技发展股份有限公司 | A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN107218190B (en) | 2020-03-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103790798B (en) | A kind of high-pressure pump | |
| CN104728079B (en) | Compressor and its vent silencer | |
| CN107228061A (en) | A kind of air compressor of body cooling integration | |
| CN207018155U (en) | A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration | |
| CN107218190A (en) | A kind of two-stage air compression cylinder of casing cooling integration | |
| CN207261192U (en) | A kind of single cylinder single-piston two-stage air compressor | |
| CN207261191U (en) | A kind of air compressor of body cooling integration | |
| US2812893A (en) | Combined air exhauster and compressor | |
| CN207018173U (en) | A kind of cylinder head with water cooling compressed air | |
| CN102454741A (en) | Energy-collecting absorber | |
| US4281972A (en) | Apparatus for controlling the performance of a motor compressor | |
| CN207018174U (en) | A kind of crankcase with compressed air buffering | |
| CN208330653U (en) | The totally-enclosed single cylinder piston refrigeration compressor of second vapor injection | |
| CN107228064A (en) | A kind of cylinder head with water cooling compressed air | |
| CN107237731A (en) | A kind of single cylinder single-piston two-stage air compressor | |
| CN206206126U (en) | Freezer compressor suction and discharge pipe assembly structure | |
| CN207261199U (en) | A kind of piston for the compression of two-stage air | |
| CN202391684U (en) | Connection structure for crank case for refrigeration compressor and internal air exhaust pipe | |
| CN102918271A (en) | A hermetic compressor | |
| CN102292547A (en) | Hermetic compressor | |
| CN208089488U (en) | A kind of Piston Air Compressor | |
| CN107218204A (en) | A kind of crankcase buffered with compressed air | |
| CN106089633A (en) | A kind of all-sealed efficient mini compressor | |
| CN105114289A (en) | Multi-discharge-pressure reciprocating compressor | |
| CN108266381A (en) | Novel hand platform fire pump |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |