CN107169590B - Urban morphological analysis and control method based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a city morphology analysis and control method based on three elements of a plane pattern and fractal calculation, which comprises the steps of obtaining research city map data, dividing a plurality of typical research areas, decomposing the three elements of the plane pattern, respectively carrying out fractal calculation to obtain fractal values, obtaining a histogram of the three element fractal values of the plane pattern of different research sub-areas, summarizing and summarizing the fractal characteristics of the three elements of the plane pattern of the research areas, proposing optimization suggestions, and reasonably controlling the plane pattern of a city in city planning design and management. The invention combines a three-element framework of the plane pattern with a fractal calculation method, and reasonably masters the plane pattern of the city through the quantitative data of fractal dimension values; meanwhile, the traditional urban morphology research method is combined with new technical means such as GIS and the like, the operation process is simplified, the workload is reduced, the research efficiency is improved, and the calculation result is efficient and accurate.

Description

Analysis and control method of urban form based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of urban planning and urban management, and particularly relates to an urban form analysis and control method based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation.

Background technique

The study of urban morphology originated from western human geography. By observing and studying the organic growth mechanism of the city, the morphological method is used to analyze the social and material environment of the city. a holistic view of urban form”. Its development process from the initial study of only the town plan as the subject, went through the renewal of urban morphology theory before and after World War II, and finally developed into different morphological schools. Early studies on urban floor plan patterns were limited to considering only streets or street spaces, the internal structure of blocks was usually ignored, and the diverse phenomena that were masked in the process of urban expansion were ignored. Therefore, the Yingde School (Conzen School) took the three elements of street, land plot and building base plane pattern as the key research objects and firstly applied it to the case study of Annick in Northumberland, England. Its material carrier has been completely preserved, and a comprehensive theoretical framework has been established for the composition of the urban layout. This framework applies not only to the small town of Annick, but also to urban centers throughout Europe, and Conzen's theory of floorplans continues to develop and improve.

At present, urban morphology mostly studies the social, economic and cultural factors of the city from the perspective of historical geography, which is ultimately reflected in the morphological changes of the various elements of the city. However, urban form research always stays at the qualitative research level, the degree of integration of urban socio-economic and cultural activities and quantitative characteristics is insufficient, and the urban form characteristics and evolution lack accurate quantitative data support. In addition, the use of large-scale maps to analyze and study the elements of the plane pattern is somewhat cumbersome, abstract, and the amount of engineering is huge, and it is difficult to intuitively describe the subtle changes in urban form from the map. Quantitative analysis of the plane pattern. In recent years, quantitative analysis methods of urban morphological characteristics have emerged with the development of information technology. Some scholars have used the Conzen plane pattern analysis method combined with space syntax, MXI, etc. to finely compare the urban morphological characteristics of different areas in old and new urban areas.

Fractal computing is used as a quantitative method to describe the growth and self-similarity and self-organization characteristics of cities. It has been applied to the study of urban form in the 1990s. However, it is too abstract and mechanical to simply use this method to analyze urban form. .

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, and propose an urban form analysis and control method based on the three elements of the plane pattern and fractal calculation, which combines the framework of the three elements of the plane pattern with the fractal calculation method, and uses the quantitative data of fractal dimension value. Reasonable control of the urban layout.

The technical scheme adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is:

An urban form analysis and control method based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation, including:

1) Obtain map data representing the three elements of the plane pattern of the study area; the three elements of the plane pattern include streets, plots and building bases; the map data are CAD drawings or GIS drawings;

2) According to the morphological characteristics of the three elements of the plane pattern in the map data, several sub-research areas are divided;

3) Respectively extract the street, plot and building base plane basemap elements of the study area in the map data, and import the line element file into the ArcGIS platform;

4) Use the vector grid method in fractal calculation to calculate the fractal dimension values of the three elements in the study area; including:

4.1) Select a rectangular area to cover a sub-research area, and gradually divide it into 4 ⁿ equal parts, and its side length is divided into 2 ⁿ equal parts;

4.2) In the ArcGIS platform, the divided n size grids are superimposed with the street element base map respectively, and the number of non-empty grids corresponding to different size grids N(r) is obtained by summarizing, where r represents the equal division of the grid side length. Multiples; take the natural logarithm of the data of r and N(r); import the obtained ln(r) and lnN(r) values into the graphical analysis software, make a linear regression diagram, and obtain the linear regression formula and correlation coefficient R ² ; test the correlation coefficient, the slope K of the linear regression equation is the fractal dimension value of the street element in the sub-study area;

4.3) In the ArcGIS platform, the divided n size grids are superimposed with the base map of the plot elements respectively, and the calculation process of step 4.2) is repeated to calculate the fractal dimension value of the plot elements in the sub-study area;

4.4) In the ArcGIS platform, the divided n size grids are superimposed with the base map of the building base respectively, and the calculation process of step 4.2) is repeated to calculate the fractal dimension value of the building base elements in the sub-study area;

4.5) Select other sub-research areas and repeat steps 4.1) to 4.4) to obtain the fractal dimension values of the three elements of all sub-research areas;

5) Import the calculated three-element fractal dimension value list data into Excel to generate a D-column distribution map of the fractal dimension value of each element in different sub-study areas; and calculate the street elements, plot elements, building bases in different sub-study areas respectively The average fractal dimension value of each element is used to organize and intuitively compare and analyze multiple sets of data according to the histogram;

6) Give a reasonable explanation to the digital information reflected in the columnar distribution map in combination with the historical data information of the study area; summarize the fractal characteristics of the three elements of the study area plane pattern, and put forward optimization suggestions, which can be used in urban planning, design and management. Reasonable management and control of urban layout.

As a preference, the n is set to 9, that is, the rectangle is divided to the 9th level at most, forming 9 groups of grids with different scales.

As a preferred option, the graphical analysis software includes Excel or SPSS.

The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) By decomposing the three elements of the urban plane pattern and calculating their fractal dimension values respectively, the quantitative index of the urban form is obtained, and the index is used for the control of the urban plane pattern in urban planning, design and management; , by calculating the fractal dimension value of this method, it can also be used to compare the urban form of different cities or different regions of the same city;

(2) The three elements of the plane pattern provide a qualitative analysis framework for the data differences obtained by fractal calculation, clearly identify the morphological differences and quantitative characteristics of the three elements of the plane pattern in the historical evolution process, and accurately and intuitively describe the urban form. characteristics and evolution process;

(3) Combine traditional urban morphology research methods with new technologies such as GIS, simplify the operation process, reduce the workload, improve the research efficiency, and the calculation results are efficient and accurate.

The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but an urban form analysis and control method based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the main flow chart of the inventive method;

2 is a city zoning diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;

3 is a three-element base map of a sub-research area plane pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 is the vector grid method calculation flow chart of the embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a grid division of street elements in a sub-research area by vector grid method according to an embodiment of the present invention;

6 is a fractal diagram of road network coverage in a sub-research area according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is the grid division of a sub-research area plot element vector grid method according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a fractal diagram of plot coverage of a sub-research area according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 9 is a sub-research area building base element vector grid method grid division according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a fractal dimension diagram of building base coverage in a sub-research area according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a histogram of calculation results of fractal dimension values in each area of a city according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed ways

Referring to FIG. 1, an urban form analysis and control method based on three elements of plane pattern and fractal calculation of the present invention includes the following steps:

1) Select the research city map data

Including the collection and study of urban map data, the map data can be CAD maps or GIS maps to ensure that the map data can accurately and meticulously represent the three elements of the plane pattern. Specifically, the urban plan pattern refers to the spatial distribution of all artificial features in the built-up area of the city, including three definite plane pattern element complexes: streets and their layout in the street system; plots and their agglomeration in blocks and the base plane of the building (house); that is, the three elements of the floor plan include streets, plots and building bases.

2) Divide multiple typical research areas

Combined with the morphological characteristics of the three elements of the plane pattern in the map and the historical data of the study area, several typical sub-study areas are divided for morphological comparison between different sub-study areas or different cities. Referring to FIG. 2 , the embodiment of the present invention is described by taking the Macau Peninsula as an example, and the entire city is divided into 11 typical sub-research areas.

3) Extract the street, plot and building base plane basemap elements of the study area in the map data, and import them into the ArcGIS platform as line element files. The basemap of each element will be used for the subsequent vector grid method overlay calculation. Referring to Figure 3, here we take the Inner Port Area A of the Macau Peninsula as an example.

4) Using the vector grid method in fractal calculation, the fractal dimension values of the three elements in the study area were calculated respectively.

The vector grid method is used to superimpose and analyze grids and urban built-up areas in ArcGIS. The secondary development language design algorithm is used to calculate the number of superimposed grids, that is, the number of non-empty grids. The obtained data is then output to SPSS (or Excel) for graphical analysis, and the fractal dimension D is calculated. Because the urban built-up area and grid used for overlay analysis are in vector format, it is called the vector grid method.

Fractal refers to a geometry or evolving shape that has an irregular, broken shape, and at the same time its components are similar to the whole in some way, and whose dimensions do not have to be integers.

Specifically, the specific steps of the vector grid method calculation are shown in FIG. 4 .

First, a rectangular area is selected to cover a sub-research area, and it is gradually divided into 4 ⁿ equal parts, correspondingly, the side length is divided into 2 ⁿ equal parts. In order to ensure the accuracy of the fractal dimension value, n=9 is generally taken, that is, the rectangle is divided into the ninth level at most, forming nine groups of grids of different scales.

As shown in Figure 5, the nine size grids divided on the ArcGIS platform will be superimposed with the street element basemap respectively, and the number of non-empty grids corresponding to different size grids will be summarized, namely r and N in Table 1. (r). Then, take the natural logarithm of the data of r and N(r) in Table 1 to obtain the values in Table 1. Import the values of ln(r) and lnN(r) into Excel or SPSS, draw a linear regression graph, and obtain the linear regression formula and correlation coefficient R ² . Checking the correlation coefficient, the slope K of the linear regression equation is the fractal dimension value D of the street element in this case study area, as shown in Figure 6.

In the above table, r represents the equal multiple of the grid side length, and N(r) represents the number of non-empty grids corresponding to the grid size. In Figure 6, regression line: Y=-1.6045X+0.5807; linear correlation coefficient: R ² =0.9933; street element fractal dimension value: D _street = 1.6045.

Table 1 Fractal dimension analysis data table of street elements in Inner Harbor Area A

According to the above method, the plot elements and the base map of the building base elements in the Inner Harbor Area A of the Macao Peninsula were selected in turn for calculation, and the fractal dimension value D of the _plot elements was obtained (see Figures 7-8, and Table 2) and buildings. The base element fractal dimension value D _building (see Figures 9-10, and Table 3).

Table 2 Fractal dimension analysis data table of plot elements in Inner Harbor Area A

In Fig. 8, regression line: Y=-1.7195X+0.1872; linear correlation coefficient: R ² =0.9982; fractal dimension value of plot element: D _plot = 1.7195.

Table 3 Fractal dimension analysis data table of building base elements in Inner Harbor Area A

In Fig. 10, regression line: Y=-1.6262X+0.5354; linear correlation coefficient: R ² =0.993; fractal dimension value of building base element: D _building =1.6262.

After obtaining the fractal dimension values of the three elements in Inner Harbor Area A, select other sub-regions of the Macau Peninsula to repeat the above superposition calculation process, and obtain the fractal dimension value D of each element in each study area, as shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Statistical table of calculation results of fractal dimension values in various regions of the Macao Peninsula

5) Referring to Figure 11, import the calculated three-element fractal dimension value list data into Excel, and generate a D column distribution map of fractal dimension values of each element in different study areas, in which the average value does not include Xincheng District A, and calculate separately The average fractal dimension values of street elements, plot elements, and building base elements in different regions are obtained, and multiple sets of data are organized and intuitively compared and analyzed according to the columnar distribution map.

6) Combined with the historical data of the study area and other information, give a reasonable explanation to the digital information reflected in the columnar distribution map, and summarize the fractal dimension characteristics of the three elements of the study area plane pattern, and put forward optimization suggestions. Reasonable management and control of urban layout.

The invention makes up for the deficiency of abstract fractal calculation, selects the three elements of plane pattern in Kangzen's urban morphology theory as the basic framework, decomposes each element of plane pattern and performs fractal calculation separately to obtain fractal dimension values, and based on historical maps, etc. The data provide a reasonable evolution basis for the quantitative data obtained, revealing the numerical relationship hidden behind the complex material form, the research results are more accurate and convincing, and the obtained fractal dimension value can also be used in different cities, or the same city. Comparison of urban form between different regions. At the same time, the traditional urban morphology research methods are combined with new technologies such as GIS to simplify the operation process, reduce the workload, improve the research efficiency, and the calculation results are efficient and accurate.

The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Inside.

Claims (3)

1. A city morphology analysis control method based on three elements of a plane pattern and fractal calculation is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) obtaining map data expressing three elements of a planar pattern of a research area; the three elements of the planar layout comprise streets, plots and building bases; the map data is a CAD graph or a GIS graph;

2) dividing a plurality of sub-research areas by combining morphological characteristics of three elements of the plane pattern in the map data;

3) respectively extracting street, plot and building base plane base map elements of a research area in the map data, and importing the elements into an ArcGIS platform by using a line element file;

4) respectively calculating fractal dimension values of three elements in a research area by using a vector grid method in fractal calculation; the method comprises the following steps:

4.1) selecting a rectangular area to cover a sub-study area, and gradually dividing the area into 4ⁿIs divided into 2 on a sideⁿAn aliquot of (d);

4.2) overlapping the divided n size grids with the street element base map in the ArcGIS platform respectively, and summarizing to obtain the number N (r) of non-empty grids corresponding to the grids with different sizes, wherein r represents the equal division multiple of the side length of the grids; taking natural logarithm of the data of r and N (r); introducing the obtained values of ln (R) and lnN (R) into the graph analysis software, making a linear regression graph, and solving a linear regression formula and a correlation coefficient R²(ii) a Phase of examinationThe correlation coefficient, namely the slope K of the linear regression equation is the dimension value of the street element in the sub-research area;

4.3) overlapping the divided n size grids with the plot element base map in the ArcGIS platform respectively, and repeating the calculation process of the step 4.2) to calculate the plot element dimension values in the sub-research area;

4.4) overlapping the divided n size grids with the base map of the building base in the ArcGIS platform respectively, and repeating the calculation process of the step 4.2) to calculate the dimension values of the building base elements in the sub-research area;

4.5) selecting other sub-research areas, repeating the steps from 4.1) to 4.4), and counting to obtain fractal dimension values of three elements of all the sub-research areas;

5) importing the calculated three-element fractal dimension value list data into Excel to generate a columnar distribution diagram of the fractal dimension values D of each element in different sub-research areas; respectively calculating the average fractal dimension values of street elements, plot elements and building base elements of different sub-research areas, and sorting and visually comparing and analyzing a plurality of groups of data according to the columnar distribution map;

6) reasonable explanation is given to the digital information reflected by the columnar distribution diagram by combining the historical data information of the research area; and (3) summarizing and summarizing the fractal dimensional characteristics of three elements of the plane pattern of the research area, proposing an optimization suggestion, and reasonably managing and controlling the plane pattern of the city in the planning design and management of the city.

2. The city morphology analysis and control method based on three elements of a planar pattern and fractal calculation is characterized in that n is set to 9, namely, the rectangle is divided into 9 th level at most to form 9 groups of grids with different scales.

3. The city morphology analysis management and control method based on three elements of planar patterns and fractal calculation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the graph analysis software comprises Excel or SPSS.

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