CN107129939A - Produce the microorganism of chitosan catabolic enzyme and utilize its plant culture composition and cultural method - Google Patents
Produce the microorganism of chitosan catabolic enzyme and utilize its plant culture composition and cultural method Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the microorganism of production chitosan catabolic enzyme and using its plant culture composition and cultural method, especially, as based on colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：KACC91963P) and love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers：KACC91964P there is provided following method for romaine lettuce cultural method)：Microbial ratio is decomposed with conventional chitosan, it can be decomposed at faster speed, in the case where being applied to romaine lettuce cultivation by the chitosan fermentate using this microorganism, not only promote the fertility of romaine lettuce, and increase feature (polyphenol, flavonoids and electron supplying capacity) content.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to colloid class gemma of the decomposition with outstanding effect that chitosan is compared with conventional microbial
Bacillus (Paenibacillus mucilaginosus C23) (deposit number：KACC91963P beautiful woman's class gemma bar), is liked
Bacterium (Bacillus ehimensis C25) (deposit number：KACC91964P microorganism) and the plant cultivation using it
Training composition and cultural method, are to increase polyphenol, Flavonoid Content and supplied for electronic energy compared with existing traditional cultivation
The romaine lettuce cultural method of power.
Background technology
Due to the flourishing caused environmental change of industry, it is difficult to be managed the original crops of nature, for speed
Effect uses many agricultural chemicals, so that because indifference sterilizing power and harmful bacteria together also eliminate beneficial bacterium.
Also, agricultural chemicals sterilizing power disappear time point on, microorganism restarts to be bred, and with it is beneficial
Microbial ratio, pathogenic microbes are largely first bred, because above-mentioned pathogenic microbes also have to agricultural chemicals
Patience, in the case where reusing agricultural chemicals, result in the need for handling the vicious circle more measured with high concentration.
Thus, it is well known that organic matter is decomposed in soil, and the gesture of the beneficial bacterium of antagonism is played to pathogen
Power gradually weakens, so as to occur salt accumulation, residues of pesticides, pesticide poisoning of peasant etc..
Recently, due to growth in the living standard, modern is paid attention to environment-friendly products with health, work etc. of finding pleasure in, and then, more
The feature agricultural product of health are pointed in concern, and these products are attracted attention.
Thus, in order to produce environment-friendly products, low agricultural chemicals, without agricultural chemicals and the environmentally friendly expedient of tillage indispensable element is turned into, still,
In fact, maintaining the level with commodity to be cultivated in the production without using the agricultural product of agricultural chemicals, fertilizer etc.
It is hardly possible.
Therefore, the link produced as environmentally friendly agricultural product, the research to the environmentally friendly expedient of tillage using microorganism is actively entered
OK, so as to, have listed multiple-microorganism and the product related to microorganism, but major part is served as reasons with many documents together
Effective microbe (EM bacterium, Effective Microorganisms) form that multiple-microorganism is mixed and prepared, not
Regular checking is obtained, so that in practice, it may be difficult to the product of remarkable efficacy can be expected by finding.
Also, in the case of feature agricultural product, when artificially applying active ingredient or cultivation, with soil treatment
Perfusion etc. method produced, but production do not obtain to validity it is clearly verifying, as it is functional act on not
Significant multiple products, cause the mistrustful situation of consumer many.
Prior art literature
Patent document
Patent document 1：Korean Patent Laid-Open 10-2011-0091346
The content of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide microorganism and the functional plants cultivation composition using it and cultivation side
Method, mentioned microorganism decomposes microbial ratio with conventional chitosan, and chitosan capacity of decomposition is outstanding, promotes plant life
It is long, increase plant, the especially polyphenol of romaine lettuce, Flavonoid Content, and increase electron supplying capacity (EDA).
In order to reach above-mentioned purpose, it is a feature of the present invention that providing the colloid class gemma bar of production chitosan catabolic enzyme
Bacterium C23 (deposit numbers：KACC91963P) and love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers：KACC91964P).
Also, it is another feature that, utilize above-mentioned colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：
KACC91963P) or love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers：KACC91964P chitosan) is decomposed, and
Romaine lettuce will be topdressed by the chitosan fermentate of microorganism decomposition, to cultivate the romaine lettuce cultural method of romaine lettuce.
In the above, colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers can be used in chitosan catabolic enzyme：
KACC91963P beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers), are liked：KACC91964P one kind in), additionally it is possible to
With 10-90：90-10 weight is used than mixing this bacterial strain.
In the present invention constituted in the above-described manner, colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers are utilized：
KACC91963P beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers), are liked：KACC91964P) microorganism gives birth to romaine lettuce
Promote and the effect of increasing income improves 116.4%, and have no fertilizer damage.
Also, when using mentioned microorganism, in without treatment group and control group, since after harvest the 0th day,
The tendency that polyphenol content is reduced romaine lettuce in polyphenol content, but the present invention was presented after 7 days is reduced, so that
Have the advantages that to include polyphenol component for a long time.
Also, when using mentioned microorganism, in the case of without treatment group, the total content of flavonoids was opened from the 0th day
Beginning gradually decreases, but in control group and microbiological treatment group, the total content of flavonoids be presented on increase in the 7th day and from
Start reduced tendency within 14th day, its content has the advantages that to be presented high in microbiological treatment group.
Also, when using mentioned microorganism, in the case of without treatment group, the degree of electron supplying capacity is from the 0th
Its beginning is drastically reduced, but in control group and microbiological treatment group, the degree of electron supplying capacity is presented on increasing in the 7th day
Plus and since the 14th day reduction tendency, its content has the advantages that to be presented high in microbiological treatment group.
Also, it is yellow to fertility promotion, polyphenol and class in the case where using the multiple-microorganism of present invention cultivation romaine lettuce
Ketone content increases and electron supplying capacity increase is effective.
The present invention, which is disclosed, utilizes mentioned microorganism colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：KACC91963P)、
Like beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers：KACC91964P plant fertility, increase polyphenol, flavonoids) are promoted
Content, and increase the romaine lettuce cultivation of electron supplying capacity, but a kind of plant is not limited to, it is applicable to various plants group.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the photo of the microorganism of separated production chitosan catabolic enzyme (Chitosanase).
Fig. 2 is based on love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 (deposit numbers：KACC91964P) the 16S ribose of microorganism
The result figure of the homology of body DNA (16S rDNA).
Fig. 3 is based on colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：KACC91963P) the 16S ribose of microorganism
The result figure of the homology of body DNA.
Fig. 4 is colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：) and love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 KACC91963P
(deposit number：KACC91964P the strain growth and chitosan of mixed microorganism) decompose the figure of Enzyme activities
Table.
Fig. 5 is the photo of the romaine lettuce extract solution by planting time extracted using ethanol.
Fig. 6 is the photo of the romaine lettuce extract solution by fertilizer extracted using ethanol.
Fig. 7 is the chart photo of the polyphenol total content of romaine lettuce extract solution.
Fig. 8 is the figure of the total content for the flavonoids for representing romaine lettuce extract solution.
Fig. 9 is the figure for the electron supplying capacity for representing romaine lettuce extract solution.
Embodiment
Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated referring to the drawings.
The microorganism of embodiment 1. it is selected
Prepare colloid chitosan (colloidal chitosan)
Colloid chitosan is prepared as follows：400mL distilled water is added in 10g chitosan, and is stirred
After mixing, addition 100mL 1M acetic acid (acetic acid) again wherein, and after stirring one night, utilize
Filter paper is filtered, and using 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) make filtered fluid neutralize after, in 6000rpm
Under the conditions of, centrifuge 20 minutes, only to collect sediment, washed 3 times using distilled water, and it is slow in sodium acetate
Suspended in fliud flushing (sodium actetate buffer) (pH5.5) in the way of as 1%.
The separation of bacterial strain
Fig. 1 is bacterial strain C23, C25 of the separated production chitosan catabolic enzyme of the present invention photo.
In order to separate chitosan catabolic enzyme productivity ratio microorganism, in the 1g of QingBei, Korea area collection soil, add
Plus 9mL sterile purified water, and be sufficiently mixed to have prepared Soil Slurry.At nutrient agar (Nutrient agar)
0.1mL dilution is smeared in solid medium, and after culture one night at a temperature of 37 DEG C, has been separated by meat
The different bacterial strain of the form observed is observed, above-mentioned dilution is prepared from as follows：Steamed in 0.9mL sterilizing
0.1mL Soil Slurry is put into distilled water, and carries out serial dilution.In order to confirm chitosan catabolic enzyme productivity ratio,
For separated multiple bacterial strains, comprising 0.1% colloid chitosan chitosan catabolic enzyme nutritional need (CMA,
Chitosanase minimal agar) in culture medium, after streak inoculation, at a temperature of 37 DEG C, cultivate 3 days, and
Confirm to give birth to the transparent ring that periphery is generated in bacterial strain.
As a result, 26 bacterial strains are may separate out in the regional cultivated land soil of QingBei, Korea, using these as object,
Chitosan catabolic enzyme productivity ratio is confirmed in CDA culture mediums, finally, can be confirmed in bacterial strain C23 and bacterial strain C25
Transparent ring is generated on culture medium periphery.
The identification of separated bacterial strain
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is homologous for the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids based on C23 microorganisms and C25 microorganisms
Property result correlation figure.
In order to identify chitosan catabolic enzyme productivity ratio microorganism, carry out after Gram's staining, observe on microscope
The form of bacterium.Also, for the molecular biology identification based on 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids, gather a platinum
Bacterial strain in the nutrient broth (Nutreint broth) after culture one night, purified genes group DNA
(genomic DNA), and utilize primer (primer) 8F (5 ' GT TGA TCC CTC AG) and primer 1492R
(5 ' CC TTG TTA CGA CTT) carries out polymerase chain to the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids for selecting bacterial strain
React after (PCR) amplification, commission (strain) Solgent (Taejon, Korea) analyzes the polymerase chain reaction through amplification
Answer the base sequence of product, and enter with the base sequence that logs in American National Biotechnology Information center (NCBI)
Row compares, and to carry out the network analysis of multiple bacterial strains, and compares homology finally to be identified.
According to the qualification result of the microorganism based on 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids, C23 to 97% colloid class
Homology is presented in bacillus, and homology is presented to 99% love beautiful woman series bacillus in C25, so as to be respectively designated as
Colloid series bacillus C23, love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25.
Produce the soil fitness experiment of the microorganism of chitosan catabolic enzyme
Fig. 4 is colloid series bacillus C23 (deposit numbers：) and love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 KACC91963P
(deposit number：KACC91964P the strain growth and chitosan of mixed microorganism) decompose the figure of Enzyme activities
Table.Above-mentioned microorganism is inoculated in 100ml nutrient broth (Nutrient broth) using platinum loop, and 37
One night is cultivated at a temperature of DEG C, to prepare pre-culture solution, and so that pre-culture solution turns into 10% (v/v) mode in 1L
Nutrient broth in cultivated to prepare.In order to prepare the microorganism of the powder form for soil treatment, using mixed
Conjunction machine is with 100：5 mass ratio is sufficiently mixed after the cereal sterilized and microbial culture medium, at a temperature of 37 DEG C,
Culture is dried after 10 days, to make evaporation of residual moisture.
In order to which whether the microorganism for testing the production chitosan catabolic enzyme for being inoculated in cereal adapts to carefully in soil, with
9：1 in the basin (pot) after the sterilized bed soil of mixing and microorganism, under 28 DEG C of constant temperatures, keeping 1 to
14 days, and compare the microbe quantity in soil and chitosan decomposition enzymatic activity.
First, determine chitosan using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and decompose enzymatic activity.That is, 5mL's
Addition 3g in the colloids chiton (pH5.5, sodium acetate buffer (sodium actetate buffer)) of enzyme 0.1%
Soil and mixing after, reaction 60 minutes in 37 DEG C of the shaking water baths (shaking water bath).
Afterwards, same amount of soil is added in control group, 5mL edlefsen's reagent is added, and in boiling water
After weight soup 10 minutes, cooled down immediately in cold water, and under the conditions of 3000rpm, reaction solution is centrifuged 20
Minute only reclaims supernatant, so as to determine absorbance under the conditions of 540nm.Under the conditions of fixed, by
The enzyme amount (unit/g) for generating 1 μm of ole of segmentation Glucosamine (glucosamine) defines chitosan decomposition
Unit of enzyme activity (U).Microbe quantity is determined as follows：1g soil is gathered, and utilizes sterile purified water
After 10 times of dilution, dilution is smeared in nutrient agar (Nutrient agar), and one is cultivated at a temperature of 37 DEG C
After place, the bacterium colony generated is counted.
In soil, the fertility of microorganism was sharply increased at the 3rd day, so that log6.46CFU/g is presented, the 7th
It was respectively log6.66CFU/g, log6.60CFU/g with the 14th day, big change was not presented, so as to confirm
Chitosan catabolic enzyme be perched must well in soil.
Chitosan decomposes enzymatic activity untill microbial strains are given birth to increased 3rd day without big change, but 7 days it
Afterwards, activity is greatly increased, so that peak was presented with 158.73 μM of unit/g at the 14th day.Generally, microorganism
The productivity ratio of enzyme is at the speed of growth of the microorganism by the breeding time regulation withholding period time point similar with apoptosis speed
It is upper to turn into highest.It can confirm in this experiment as follows：The fertility of chitosan catabolic enzyme enzymatic activity in soil in microorganism
On the stabilisation time point of cluster as defined in being maintained in soil, enzymatic activity can be presented in soil.
The effect test analysis that embodiment 2. is tested by crop growth-fertility promotes
Experimental method
Romaine lettuce in this experiment use without treatment group, control group (known microorganism formulation on the market),
(mass ratio is 1 to C23 and C25 mixed processings group：1) under the conditions of totally three kinds, the romaine lettuce cultivated in basin,
Change to have investigated fertilizer damage and crop etc..
Now, in above-mentioned C23 and C25 mixed processings group, two kinds of microorganisms are diluted 300 times to be filled with water
Note and foliage dressing, and used instead of existing water.
Fertility promotes experimental result
According to the investigation result given birth to romaine lettuce, as shown in table 1, in without treatment group and control group, leaf length is rendered as
11.6cm, but in contrast to this, in treatment group, a length of 12.4cm of leaf presents high, also, in treatment group
In, compared with without treatment group and control group, leaf width is 5.4cm, that is, presents high.In without treatment group or control group,
The number of sheets is 8.8 to 9.0 pieces, but in treatment group, the number of sheets is 9.5 pieces, that is, presents high, without treatment group or right
According in group, leaf weight is that 21.6 to 22.6g, but in recommended amounts treatment group, leaf weight is 23.4g, that is, presenting to compare
It is high.
Compared with without treatment group, control group, in treatment group, leaf length, leaf width, the number of sheets and leaf weight all present high,
So as to show more than 115.5 to 116.4% enhancement effects.
Table 1
The total content for effect test analysis-polyphenol that embodiment 3. is tested by crop growth
Extraction conditions
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 is to press planting time, the romaine lettuce extract solution photo by treatment group using what ethanol was extracted.With as follows
Mode has prepared romaine lettuce extract solution：The romaine lettuce of 1g cultivation is gathered, the ethanol with the 80% of 50ml is mixed,
And under the conditions of normal temperature (25), place 24 hours after extracting, to be centrifuged to reclaim supernatant.
The total content analysis method of polyphenol
The total content of polyphenol is determined as follows：According to Folin-ciocal methods, in the analysis sample for the 1ml being ready for,
Add with the 1ml of 1/10 dilution Folin-ciocalteu reagent (sigma chemistry Co., Ltd of the U.S. (Sigma
Chemical Co., St.Louis, MO, USA) solution, and at ambient temperature, after placing 5 minutes, addition
4ml 75% Na2CO3Solution reacts 1 hour to add, and utilizes ELIASA (Microplate reader)
(Infinite M200PRO, Austrian Supreme Being agrees (Tecan) company, Groedig Salzburg, Austria) is in 756nm
Under the conditions of determine absorbance.From the standard formulated using tannic acid (tannic acid) (sigma chemistry Co., Ltd)
The total content of polyphenolic substance has been quantified in curve.
The total content analysis result of polyphenol
Fig. 7 is the chart of the polyphenol total content of romaine lettuce extract solution.Polyphenol has been quantified using tannic acid as index substance
Total content, finally, as shown in Fig. 7 and table 2, in without treatment group and control group, in the total content of the 0th day polyphenol
For 7.00mg/g, process over time is gradually decreased, in the case for the treatment of group, is presented many since the 7th day
The tendency of the total content reduction of phenol.As seen from the table without treatment group compared with treatment group and control group, the total content of polyphenol
The tendency of reduction presents soon.It can confirm as follows：The romaine lettuce cultivated in treatment group compared with other two test groups,
Total composition of polyphenol can be included for a long time.
Table 2
The total content for effect test analysis-flavonoids that embodiment 4. is tested by crop growth
Extraction conditions
It is same as Example 3
The assay method of the total content of flavonoids
The total content of flavonoids is determined as follows：According to AlCl3Analysis sample of the method in the 1ml being ready for
150 μ l of middle addition 5% NaNO2Solution, and after reacting 5 minutes at ambient temperature, 300 μ l of addition
10% AlCl3Solution, and add reaction 5 minutes.In order to terminate reaction, add 1ml 1M NaOH it
Afterwards, absorbance is determined under the conditions of 510nm using ELIASA (Di Ken companies).From utilization catechin (catechin)
The knot for the total content for carrying out quantitatively showing flavonoid substances in the standard curve that (sigma chemistry Co., Ltd) formulates
Really.
The measurement result of the total content of flavonoids
Fig. 8 is the total content correlation graph of the flavonoids of romaine lettuce extract solution.By the use of the catechin as index substance to class
The total content of flavones is quantified, finally, as shown in Fig. 8 and table 3, can be confirmed as follows：In treatment group and control group
In, it is presented on the total content increase of the 7th day flavonoids and in the tendency of reduction in the 14th day, did not almost have at the 30th day
Change, in the case of without treatment group, is presented the tendency that the total content of process flavonoids over time is gradually decreased.
Thus, it can confirm to include total composition of flavonoids in treatment group for a long time in the romaine lettuce cultivated, and be analyzed with total polyphenols
As a result it is identical.
Table 3
The measure for effect test analysis-electron supplying capacity that embodiment 5. is tested by crop growth
Extraction conditions
It is same as Example 4
The assay method of electron supplying capacity
Electron supplying capacity (Electron donating ability, EDA) according to 1,1- diphenyl -2- picryls hydrazine (DPPH,
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, adds 1,1- diphenyl -2- bitter in 0.5ml analysis sample
Base hydrazine (Japan and Guang Chun medicines company (Wako), Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan)) solution 5ml, in room temperature bar
Under part, after reacting 15 minutes, absorbance is determined under the conditions of 517nm using ELIASA (Di Ken companies).
Determined absorbance is calculated using following equation, to illustrate electron supplying capacity.
Electron supplying capacity (%)=[absorbance of no added group of absorbance/sample of 1-sample addition group]
The measurement result of electron supplying capacity
Fig. 9 is the electron supplying capacity correlation graph of romaine lettuce extract solution.As shown in Fig. 9 and table 4, it can confirm as follows：Just
For electron supplying capacity degree using 1,1- diphenyl -2- picryl hydrazine methods, under 20mg/ml concentration, power supply
Sub- ability is 65.66%, in the case for the treatment of group and control group, is presented on electron supplying capacity increase by 70% in the 7th day
Left and right, and in the tendency of reduction in the 14th day, in without treatment group, process over time is presented what is gradually decreased
Tendency.Also, it can confirm as follows：In without treatment group, process over time, the reduction of electron supplying capacity is presented
Significantly, on the contrary, in treatment group and control group, it is presented on the tendency of drastically reduction in the 30th day.It is total with polyphenol
Content, the total content result of flavonoids are identical, and electron supplying capacity can also confirm as follows：The romaine lettuce cultivated in treatment group
Antioxidation activity degree it is high, according to above-mentioned experimental result, can confirm that romaine lettuce cultivates the 30th day with treatment conditions independently,
Physiological activator is all reduced.
Table 4
More than, preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative, but is not limited merely to above-described embodiment, in this hair
Deformation implementation can be diversely carried out in described scope in the claimed scope of bright invention, and clear and definite this belongs to this hair
Bright invention is claimed in scope.
Deposit number
Preservation office name：The agriculture genetic resources center of state-run Academy of Agricultural Sciences of South Korea
Deposit number：KACC91964P
Preservation date：On 08 06th, 2014
Preservation office name：The agriculture genetic resources center of state-run Academy of Agricultural Sciences of South Korea
Deposit number：KACC91963P
Preservation date：On 08 06th, 2014
Claims (9)
1. a kind of colloid series bacillus C23, its deposit number is KACC91963P, it is characterised in that generation
Chitosan catabolic enzyme.
2. one kind love beautiful woman series bacillus C25, its deposit number is KACC91964P, it is characterised in that generation
Chitosan catabolic enzyme.
3. a kind of plant culture composition, it is characterised in that the colloid series bacillus C23 comprising claim 1
Or its culture or love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 of claim 2 or its culture.
4. a kind of plant culture composition, it is characterised in that the colloid series bacillus C23 comprising claim 1
Chitosan analyte or claim 2 love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 chitosan analyte.
5. a kind of plant cultivation method, it is characterised in that fertilising is KACC91963P using deposit number in plant
Colloid series bacillus C23 or deposit number for KACC91964P love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 chitosan
Analyte is cultivated.
6. plant cultivation method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that be using deposit number
KACC91963P colloid series bacillus C23 or deposit number is KACC91964P love beautiful woman's series bacillus
One kind in C25, or, the use of weight ratio is 10-90：90-10 deposit number is KACC91963P glue
The mixture for love beautiful woman's series bacillus C25 that matter series bacillus C23 and deposit number are KACC91964P.
7. a kind of romaine lettuce, it is characterised in that be prepared from using the chitosan analyte of claim 4, and can
Polyphenol component is included for a long time.
8. a kind of romaine lettuce, it is characterised in that be prepared from, and increased using the chitosan analyte of claim 4
Flavonoid Content.
9. a kind of romaine lettuce, it is characterised in that be prepared from, and increased using the chitosan analyte of claim 4
Electron supplying capacity.
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