CN107064476A - Highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device and method based on pavement monitoring - Google Patents
Highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device and method based on pavement monitoring Download PDFInfo
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- CN107064476A CN107064476A CN201710421625.9A CN201710421625A CN107064476A CN 107064476 A CN107064476 A CN 107064476A CN 201710421625 A CN201710421625 A CN 201710421625A CN 107064476 A CN107064476 A CN 107064476A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/42—Road-making materials
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device and reverse calculation algorithmses based on pavement monitoring.It meets bitumen layer modulus real-time evaluation requirement of the highway/Airport Asphalt is not parking/under the conditions of suspending.In the pitch of bituminous paving, transverse strain sensor, longitudinal strain sensor, vertical strain transducer, earth pressure gauge, temperature sensor, shaft position sensor are buried in bottom to its needs layer by layer；Monitoring Data is acquired by fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator, and obtains vehicle/aircraft loads key message, such as travel speed, shaft position, stress/strain response, pavement temperature, the input for inverse；Finally by double-deck Layered elastic system analytic method, regard pavement structure bitumen layer as entirety, the following structure of bitumen layer is considered as semi-infinite body, iterate calculating bitumen layer modulus, so as to realize highway/Airport Asphalt bitumen layer modular inverse calculation and assessment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device monitored based on stress and strain of road surface and instead
Calculation method.
Background technology
The true internal operating condition for grasping pavement structure is particularly important, and road structural system is used as an outside knot
Structure thing, not only construction itself is complicated, and Material property differences are various, and by external environment and the repeated action of load, inside it
Working condition be inevitably affected, so as to be embodied in the reduction of macroscopical performance；Wherein bitumen layer modulus is exactly
The important parameter of one reflection Pavement Condition, it is developed with bituminous paving fatigue and rut very big association, therefore, in good time
The modulus for assessing the road bituminous layers under natural environment and vehicle/Aircraft Loads is grasped, contributes to face knot of engaging in this profession in time
The assessment of " health status " of structure, thus in time, rationally, optimization face structure maintenance decision-making of engaging in this profession.
Conventional Pavement Elastic Modulus method of testing, such as loading plate method, FWD (FWD) are to stop traffic
Under the premise of, road pavement surface is loaded, and tests road surface deflection, and with each pavement layer modulus of inverse, but road surface deflection reflects
Road surface comprehensive load capacity, and the Material property differences of road surface sandwich construction can not be embodied, thus each pavement layer modulus in road surface without
Method passes through deflection data inverse and iteration convergence, the pavement structure performance monitoring based on information fusion and fiber grating sensing technology
Technology can be grasped inside pavement structure by the letter such as the stress under the repeated action of external environment and load, strain, temperature in real time
Breath, and by the theoretical iteration convergence bitumen layer modulus of double-deck Layered elastic system, new method is provided for Backcalculation of Pavement Layer Moduli.
The content of the invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of above-mentioned prior art is present, and then provide one kind to be not required to stop, stop
Boat, can embody the Material property differences of road surface sandwich construction, so that road surface structare layer modulus in asphalt pavement internal monitoring
Pass through ess-strain Monitoring Data inverse and the asphalt pavement modular inverse calculation device and reverse calculation algorithmses of iteration convergence.
The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions：
A kind of highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device based on pavement monitoring, it include transverse strain sensor,
Longitudinal strain sensor, vertical strain transducer, earth pressure gauge, temperature sensor, shaft position sensor, fiber grating demodulation
Instrument, server and double-deck Layered elastic system analytical Calculation device；It is the transverse strain sensor, longitudinal strain sensor, perpendicular
It is fiber Bragg grating sensor to strain transducer, earth pressure gauge, temperature sensor and shaft position sensor；The horizontal stroke
To strain transducer, longitudinal strain sensor, vertical strain transducer, earth pressure gauge, temperature sensor and shaft position sensor
It is installed in pavement asphalt bottom layer by layer；Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator, server are arranged in the computer room of safety zone；Double-deck laminated resilient
System analytical Calculation device is equipped with server.
Described transverse strain sensor vertical is embedded in bitumen layer bottom in vehicle/aircraft travel direction, and for not
The region of vehicle loading is distributed in vehicle spindle-type, is distributed in for different type wheel components apart from road center line (between main landing gear
Away from+wheelspan)/2 at；Each transverse strain sensor is used to measure the transverse strain of asphalt pavement；The transverse strain sensing
The transverse strain signal output part of device is connected with the transverse strain signal input part of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator respectively；Described transverse direction
Strain transducer sets at least two.By the peak value of response time difference of two transverse strain sensors and longitudinal direction embedded spacing,
It can determine that travel speed.
Described longitudinal strain sensor parallel is embedded in bitumen layer bottom in vehicle/aircraft travel direction, and for not
With vehicle spindle-type be distributed in vehicle loading region, for different type of machines wheel component be distributed in apart from road center line (main landing gear spacing+
Wheelspan)/2 at；Strain transducer is used to measure the longitudinal strain of asphalt pavement longitudinally in each；The longitudinal strain sensor
Longitudinal strain signal output part is connected with the longitudinal strain signal input part of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator respectively；Described longitudinal strain
Sensor sets at least two., can be true by the peak value of response time difference of two longitudinal strain sensors and longitudinal direction embedded spacing
Determine travel speed.
Described vertical strain transducer is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in vehicle loading for different vehicle spindle-type
Region, be distributed in for different type of machines wheel component at road center line (main landing gear spacing+wheelspan)/2；Each vertical strain is passed
Sensor is used to measure the vertical strain of bituminous paving；The vertical strain signal output end of the vertical strain transducer respectively with
The vertical strain signal input connection of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator；Described vertical strain transducer sets at least two.Pass through
The peak value of response time difference of two vertical strain transducers and longitudinal direction embedded spacing, it may be determined that travel speed.
Described earth pressure gauge is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in the area that vehicle is loaded for different vehicle spindle-type
Domain, is distributed at road center line (main landing gear spacing+wheelspan)/2 for different type of machines wheel component；Each earth pressure gauge is used to
The vertical stress that measurement bitumen layer bottom is subject to；The soil pressure signal output part and the soil of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator of the earth pressure gauge
Press signal input part connection；Described earth pressure gauge is at least provided with two.Pass through the peak value of response time difference of two earth pressure gauges
With the embedded spacing in longitudinal direction, it may be determined that travel speed.
Described temperature sensor is embedded in bitumen layer bottom close to the position of curb parallel to aircraft travel direction；Each
Temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of bitumen layer；The temperature signal output end and fiber grating demodulation of the temperature sensor
The temperature signal input connection of instrument；The temperature sensor sets at least two.
Described shaft position sensor includes longitudinal strain sensor, is embedded in the bottom of bitumen layer, and parallel to vehicle/
Aircraft travel direction.The frequent region of vehicle, transducer transversely spacing X are distributed in for shaft position sensor described in highway pavement
M, totally 5, the maximum point of strain transducer is the active position of a wheel, and its accuracy of identification is X m, for measuring vehicle
Loading position；It is the skew road face center line successively that longitudinally spaced 0.5m is laid for shaft position sensor described in airfield pavement
Longitudinal strain sensor, offset is spaced X cm from -2X m~4X m, and the maximum point of strain transducer is the one of nose-gear
The active position of individual nosewheel, its accuracy of identification is X m, the loading position for survey aircraft；X is by travelling for transducer transversely spacing
Vehicle or aircraft wheel packet size are determined, typically take 0.2m.The load location information output end and optical fiber of the shaft position sensor
The load location information input connection of grating demodulation instrument.
Described server is connected by netting twine with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator, during Monitoring Data is stored in hard disk.
A kind of reverse calculation algorithmses of the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device based on pavement monitoring, pavement structure is dripped
Cyan layer regards entirety as, and the following structure of bitumen layer is considered as semi-infinite body, and bitumen layer bottom is understood according to double-deck Layered elastic system theory
Stress is only related to double-decker modular ratio, and pitch bottom strain is only related to double-decker modular ratio and bitumen layer modulus, therefore
, can iteration receipts by the vertical stress of monitoring with inputting the vertical stress calculated according to parameters such as travel speed, shaft position, temperature
Hold back double-decker modular ratio, then the strain by monitoring and answering for being calculated according to the input of the parameters such as travel speed, shaft position, temperature
Become, can iteration convergence bitumen layer modulus.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：By using technical scheme
(1) realize highway/Airport Asphalt to monitor in real time for a long time, be following highway/Airport Asphalt structure letter
Breath monitoring probing direction；
(2) the dynamic response state under vehicle/Aircraft Loads can be monitored inside actual highway/Airport Asphalt,
Analyze the working mechanism of highway/Airport Asphalt；
(3) provide it is not parking/suspend under the conditions of inverse is carried out to highway/Airport Asphalt bitumen layer modulus with commenting
The method estimated, reduces the operation cost of highway/Airport Asphalt, improves utilization ratio.
(4) basis measures Airport Asphalt dynamic response real data and bitumen layer modular inverse calculation result can be to road face not
The performance (rut, fatigue life, crack) come is estimated.It is the maintenance dimension of highway/Airport Asphalt based on estimation results
Offer technical support is provided.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is structural schematic block diagram of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the theoretical inverse calculation flow chart of the double-deck Layered elastic system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the installation position floor map of each sensor of highway pavement in embodiment.
Fig. 4 is the installation position floor map of each sensor of airfield pavement in embodiment.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is described in further detail：The present embodiment using technical solution of the present invention as
Under the premise of implemented, give detailed embodiment, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiments.
Illustrate present embodiment, a kind of highway airport pitch based on pavement monitoring with reference to Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4
Road face modular inverse calculation device, including transverse strain sensor 1, longitudinal strain sensor 2, vertical strain transducer 3, earth pressure gauge
4th, temperature sensor 5, shaft position sensor 6, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7, server 8 and double-deck Layered elastic system analytical Calculation
Device 9；The transverse strain sensor 1, longitudinal strain sensor 2, vertical strain transducer 3, earth pressure gauge 4, TEMP
Device 5 and shaft position sensor 6 are fiber Bragg grating sensor；The transverse strain sensor 1, longitudinal strain sensor
2nd, vertical strain transducer 3, earth pressure gauge 4, temperature sensor 5 and shaft position sensor 6 are respectively positioned on pavement asphalt bottom layer by layer；Light
Fine grating demodulation instrument 7, server 8 are located in the computer room of safety zone；Double-deck Layered elastic system analytical Calculation device 9 and server
It is equipped with.
Transverse strain sensor 1 is each perpendicular to vehicle/aircraft travel direction and is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and for different cars
Spindle-type is distributed in the region that vehicle is often loaded, for different type of machines wheel component be distributed in apart from road center line (main landing gear spacing+
Wheelspan)/2 at；Each transverse strain sensor 1 is used to measure the transverse strain of asphalt pavement；The transverse strain sensor 1
Transverse strain signal output part be connected respectively with the transverse strain signal input part of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7；Described transverse direction
Strain transducer 1 sets at least two, by the peak value of response time difference of two transverse strain sensors and longitudinal direction embedded spacing,
It can determine that travel speed.
Longitudinal strain sensor 2 is embedded in bitumen layer bottom each parallel to vehicle/aircraft travel direction, and for different cars
Spindle-type is distributed in the region that vehicle is often loaded, for different type of machines wheel component be distributed in apart from road center line (main landing gear spacing+
Wheelspan)/2 at；Strain transducer 2 is used to measure the longitudinal strain of asphalt pavement longitudinally in each；The longitudinal strain sensor 2
Longitudinal strain signal output part be connected respectively with the longitudinal strain signal input part of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7；Described longitudinal direction
Strain transducer sets at least two, by the peak value of response time difference of two longitudinal strain sensors and longitudinal direction embedded spacing,
It can determine that travel speed.
Vertical strain transducer 5 is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in vehicle for different vehicle spindle-type and often adds
The region of load, is distributed at road center line (main landing gear spacing+wheelspan)/2 for different type of machines wheel component；Each vertical strain
Sensor 5 is used to measure the vertical strain of bituminous paving；The vertical strain signal output end of the vertical strain transducer 5 point
It is not connected with the vertical strain signal input of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7；Vertical strain transducer sets at least two, passes through two
The peak value of response time difference of individual vertical strain transducer and longitudinal direction embedded spacing, it may be determined that travel speed.
Earth pressure gauge 4 is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in the area that vehicle is often loaded for different vehicle spindle-type
Domain, is distributed at road center line (main landing gear spacing+wheelspan)/2 for different type of machines wheel component；Each earth pressure gauge 4 is used
The vertical stress being subject in measurement bitumen layer bottom；The soil pressure signal output part of the earth pressure gauge 4 and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7
Soil pressure signal input part connection；Described earth pressure gauge 4 sets at least two, during by the peak value of response of two earth pressure gauges
Between the poor and embedded spacing in longitudinal direction, it may be determined that travel speed.
Temperature sensor 3 is embedded in bitumen layer bottom close to the position of curb each parallel to aircraft travel direction；Each temperature
Degree sensor 3 is used to measure the temperature of bitumen layer；The temperature signal output end and fiber grating demodulation of the temperature sensor 3
The temperature signal input connection of instrument 7；Described temperature sensor sets at least two.
Shaft position sensor 6 is a series of longitudinal strain sensors, is embedded in the bottom of bitumen layer, and parallel to vehicle/
Aircraft travel direction, the region that vehicle is often loaded, transducer transversely are distributed in for shaft position sensor described in highway pavement 6
Spacing X m, totally 5, the maximum point of strain transducer is the active position of a wheel, and its accuracy of identification is X m, for measuring
The loading position of vehicle；It is the road of the skew successively face that longitudinally spaced 0.5m is laid for shaft position sensor described in airfield pavement 6
The longitudinal strain sensor of center line, offset is spaced X cm from -2X m~4X m, and the maximum point of strain transducer rises to be preceding
Fall the active position of a nosewheel of frame, its accuracy of identification is X m, the loading position for survey aircraft；Between transducer transversely
Determined away from X by driving vehicle or aircraft wheel packet size, typically take 0.2m.The load location information of the shaft position sensor 7 is defeated
Go out end to be connected with the load location information input of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7.
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7 is placed in the computer room of safety zone, and sensor is connected by optical fiber with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator.
Server 8 is connected by netting twine with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7, during Monitoring Data is stored in hard disk.
Double-deck Layered elastic system resolver 9 is installed in server, with extracted in Monitoring Data vertical stress, three
Input, iteration inverse pavement structure bitumen layer modulus, specific reverse calculation algorithmses are used as to strain, travel speed, shaft position, temperature etc.
It is as follows：Due to regarding pavement structure bitumen layer as entirety, the following structure of bitumen layer is considered as semi-infinite body, according to double-deck laminated resilient
System theory understands that bitumen layer bottom stress is only related to double-decker modular ratio, pitch bottom strain and double-decker modular ratio
It is related to bitumen layer modulus, therefore the vertical stress by monitoring is calculated with being inputted according to parameters such as travel speed, shaft position, temperature
Vertical stress, can iteration convergence double-decker modular ratio, then strain by monitoring with according to travel speed, shaft position, temperature
The strain that the input of the parameters such as degree is calculated, can iteration convergence bitumen layer modulus.
Described transverse strain sensor 1, longitudinal strain sensor 2, vertical strain transducer 3, earth pressure gauge 4, temperature
Sensor 5 and shaft position sensor 6 carry out signal transmission by optical fiber and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator 7；Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator
7 carry out signal transmission by netting twine and server 8；Calculated by double-deck Layered elastic system analytical Calculation device 9 in server
Pavement structure bitumen layer modulus.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these embodiments are all based on the present invention
Different implementations under general idea, and protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, it is any to be familiar with the art
Technical staff the invention discloses technical scope in, the change or replacement that can be readily occurred in, should all cover the present invention
Within protection domain.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be defined by the protection domain of claims.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device based on pavement monitoring, it include transverse strain sensor (1),
Longitudinal strain sensor (2), vertical strain transducer (3), earth pressure gauge (4), temperature sensor (5), shaft position sensor
(6), fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7), server (8) and double-deck Layered elastic system analytical Calculation device (9)；Characterized in that,
The transverse strain sensor (1), longitudinal strain sensor (2), vertical strain transducer (3), earth pressure gauge (4), temperature are passed
Sensor (5) and shaft position sensor (6) are fiber Bragg grating sensor；The transverse strain sensor (1), longitudinal direction should
Become sensor (2), vertical strain transducer (3), earth pressure gauge (4), temperature sensor (5) and shaft position sensor (6) to pacify
Mounted in pavement asphalt bottom layer by layer；Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7), server (8) are arranged in the computer room of safety zone；Double-deck stratiform bullet
Property system analytical Calculation device (9) is equipped with server (8).
2. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In, described transverse strain sensor (1) is each perpendicular to vehicle/aircraft travel direction and is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and for not
The region of vehicle loading is distributed in vehicle spindle-type, is distributed in for different type wheel components apart from road center line, i.e. main landing gear
At spacing/2+wheelspan/2 at；Each transverse strain sensor (1) is used to measure the transverse strain of asphalt pavement；The transverse direction
The transverse strain signal input part of the transverse strain signal output part of strain transducer (1) respectively with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7)
Connection；Described transverse strain sensor (1) sets at least two, passes through the peak value of response time of two transverse strain sensors
The embedded spacing in poor and longitudinal direction, it may be determined that travel speed.
3. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In, described longitudinal strain sensor (2) is embedded in bitumen layer bottom each parallel to vehicle/aircraft travel direction, and for not
The region of vehicle loading is distributed in vehicle spindle-type, is distributed in for different type of machines wheel component between road center line, i.e. main landing gear
Away from/2+wheelspan/2 at；Strain transducer (2) is used to measure the longitudinal strain of asphalt pavement longitudinally in each；The longitudinal direction should
Become longitudinal strain signal input part of the longitudinal strain signal output part of sensor (2) respectively with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7) to connect
Connect；Described longitudinal strain sensor (2) sets at least two, passes through the peak value of response time difference of two longitudinal strain sensors
With the embedded spacing in longitudinal direction, it may be determined that travel speed.
4. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In described vertical strain transducer (5) is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in vehicle loading for different vehicle spindle-type
Region, be distributed at road center line, i.e. main landing gear spacing/2 for different type of machines wheel component+wheelspan/2 at；It is each vertical
Strain transducer (5) is used to measure the vertical strain of bituminous paving；The vertical strain signal of the vertical strain transducer (5)
Output end is connected with the vertical strain signal input of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7) respectively；Described vertical strain transducer (5)
At least two are set, passes through the peak value of response time difference of two vertical strain transducers and longitudinal direction embedded spacing, it may be determined that traveling
Speed.
5. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In described earth pressure gauge (4) is embedded in bitumen layer bottom, and is distributed in the area that vehicle is loaded for different vehicle spindle-type
Domain, be distributed at road center line, i.e. main landing gear spacing/2 for different type of machines wheel component+wheelspan/2 at；Each earth pressure gauge
(4) it is used to measure the vertical stress that bitumen layer bottom is subject to；The soil pressure signal output part of the earth pressure gauge (4) and optical fiber light
The soil pressure signal input part connection of grid (FBG) demodulator (7)；Described earth pressure gauge (4) passes through two soil pressures at least provided with two
The peak value of response time difference of meter and longitudinal direction embedded spacing, it may be determined that travel speed.
6. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In described temperature sensor (3) is embedded in bitumen layer bottom close to the position of curb each parallel to aircraft travel direction；Each
Temperature sensor (3) is used to measure the temperature of bitumen layer；The temperature signal output end of the temperature sensor (3) and optical fiber light
The temperature signal input connection of grid (FBG) demodulator (7)；The temperature sensor (3) sets at least two.
7. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In, described shaft position sensor (6) includes longitudinal strain sensor, is embedded in the bottom of bitumen layer, and parallel to vehicle/fly
Machine travel direction, the region of vehicle loading, transducer transversely spacing are distributed in for shaft position sensor described in highway pavement (6)
Xm, totally 5, the maximum point of strain transducer is the active position of a wheel, and its accuracy of identification is Xm, for measuring vehicle
Loading position；It is the Dao Mian of the skew successively centers that longitudinally spaced 0.5m is laid for shaft position sensor described in airfield pavement (6)
The longitudinal strain sensor of line, offset is spaced Xcm from -2Xm~4Xm, and the maximum point of strain transducer is the one of nose-gear
The active position of individual nosewheel, its accuracy of identification is Xm, the loading position for survey aircraft；X is by travelling for transducer transversely spacing
Vehicle or aircraft wheel packet size are determined, typically take 0.2m, the load location information output end and light of the shaft position sensor (7)
The load location information input connection of fine grating demodulation instrument (7).
8. the highway Airport Asphalt modular inverse calculation device according to claim 1 based on pavement monitoring, its feature exists
In described server (8) is connected by netting twine with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demodulator (7), during Monitoring Data is stored in hard disk.
9. a kind of usage right requires the highway Airport Asphalt modulus based on pavement monitoring described in 1~8 any claim
The reverse calculation algorithmses of inverse device, it is characterised in that regard pavement structure bitumen layer as entirety, the following structure of bitumen layer is considered as in midair
Mesosome, bitumen layer bottom stress only, bitumen layer bottom related to double-decker modular ratio is understood according to double-deck Layered elastic system theory
Strain is only related to double-decker modular ratio and bitumen layer modulus, therefore vertical stress by monitoring and according to travel speed, axle
The vertical stress that position, the parameter input of temperature are calculated, can iteration convergence double-decker modular ratio, then strain by monitoring with
The strain calculated is inputted according to parameters such as travel speed, shaft position, temperature, can iteration convergence bitumen layer modulus.
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| CN109357823A (en) * | 2018-08-16 | 2019-02-19 | 山东省交通科学研究院 | A method of actual measurement road surface structare layer axis carries active position, the maximum strain of layer bottom and axis and carries speed |
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