CN107040492A - A kind of novel coded modulation scheme of the LDPC code based on 8 QAM signals - Google Patents
A kind of novel coded modulation scheme of the LDPC code based on 8 QAM signals Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
- H04L27/345—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information
- H04L27/3461—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information in order to transmit a subchannel
- H04L27/3477—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information in order to transmit a subchannel by using the outer points of the constellation or of the constituent two-dimensional constellations
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0057—Block codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0061—Error detection codes
- H04L1/0063—Single parity check
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
- H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code based on 8 QAM signals.In terms of modulation, using novel constellation mapping and partitioning scheme, minimum euclidean distance in planisphere is become big, lift overall performance；In terms of demodulation, the program has lower computation complexity compared with traditional 8 QAM demodulation modes.When calculating the maximum likelihood ratio of each symbol, the amount of addition operations is only the 70% of traditional scheme.The scheme proposed is combined with the QC LDPC codes of different configuration mode and has carried out two groups of experiments.Simulation result shows, is 10 in the bit error rate‑6When, the scheme proposed is able to bring 0.45dB and 0.12dB net coding gain compared with the parallel independent interpretation scheme with close code check in two groups of emulation experiments.Comprehensive analysis understands that the novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code proposed by the invention meets the requirement of high-speed communication system in terms of coding gain and frequency efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of signal processing, it is related to the Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation iterative decoding (BICM- in high-speed communication
ID a kind of) system, and in particular to novel coded modulation scheme design of the LDPC code based on 8-QAM signals.
Background technology
The purpose of communication is come reliable in having the environment of interference and noise using bandwidth as few as possible, power resource
Transmit information.Save Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation iterative demodulation/decoding (Bit- of bandwidth
InterleavedCodedModulationIterativeDemodulation/Decoding, BICM-ID) scheme is following logical
One of key technology in letter system.Combine the BICM-ID technologies being iterated using demodulating information and decoding information mainly to use
To improve the BICM systems of convolution coding in additive white Gaussian noise (AdditiveWhiteGaussianNoise, AWGN) letter
Decoding performance under road.
For BICM-ID systems, the design of mapping mode directly influences " waterfall area " effect in its performance of BER
Should and coding gain.Quadrature amplitude modulation (QuadratureAmplitudeModulation, QAM) is a kind of amplitude and phase
Joint keying, is particularly suitable for the limited occasion of band resource.And have applied to the classical mapping modes of QAM of BICM-ID systems
Gray (Gray) mapping, collection segmentation (Setpartition, SP) mapping and mixing collection segmentation (MixedSetpartition, MSP)
Mapping etc., they are all the optimum mappings obtained under different designs criterion.Each scheme has the advantages that oneself and deficiency, very
Difficulty has one kind to be mapped under any channel or entirely has optimum performance in signal to noise ratio interval.According to recent research both domestic and external,
The design of 8QAM constellation mapping schemes is from rule mapping pattern to irregular pattern transition, binary system ratio in BICM-ID systems
The mapping that spy flows to symbol is also no longer limited to Gray mappings, SP mappings and MSP mappings etc., order of modulation also more and more higher.It is many
Many documents give many constellation mapping design criterias and the QAM mapping schemes designed under criterion, are prelisted as added
The novel mapping scheme of the high-order QAM of code (Precodingmapping).However, mapping scheme needs to use operand very big mostly
Cost function calculated, add system complexity, and pass through computer search and be applied to the high-orders of BICM-ID systems and believe
Number constellation is but because its complexity is high and becomes to be difficult to handle.
In addition, lot of domestic and international document is to influenceing the factor of mapping mode performance to expand research, and summarize iteration increasing
Benefit is that trimscript is accurate really for a selection and design map scheme, and between any two only has the different symbol of a bit
Minimum euclidean distance has important influence to the performance of BER of BICM-ID systems.8-QAM with inside and outside ring structure reflects
Shooting method and coded modulation scheme design can bring system more just because of Euclidean distance larger between its constellation signals point
High net coding gain (NetCodingGain, NCG).
The content of the invention
In view of this, the present invention is based on Euclid distance criterion and combines the European weight (Min-square of least square
Europeanweight, MSEW) a kind of minimum decision region of criterion and bit 8-QAM signals for maximizing criterion LDPC code it is new
Clever coded modulation scheme.Purpose, which is that construction is a kind of, can not only increase the Euclidean distance of constellation signals point, and can bring
The reduction of complexity during demodulation, and then the coding gain of whole system and the mapping method of spectrum efficiency and volume can be directly affected
Code modulation scheme.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides following technical scheme：
A kind of novel coded modulation scheme design of the LDPC code based on 8-QAM signals, including：
First, it is determined that the constellation structures of novelty 8-QAM mapping schemes are distributed for inner ring and outer rings.
Secondly, planisphere partitioning scheme (UP-BP-BP) is combined with novel coding and decoding scheme, in encoding context to c0With
c1c2Different encoding schemes are respectively adopted.Decoded mode is effective combination of two kinds of decoded modes in BCM.For c0And c1c2It
Between judgement belong to MSD, to c1c2Between judgement belong to PDL.
Further, the LLR computation complexities of bit are lower than the complexity of existing design from symbol illustrates originally to set
The superiority of meter scheme.
Finally, the QC-LDPC codes of design and different configuration mode are combined, then carries out performance from bit error rate performance
Simulation analysis.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are：
Strengthen in encoding context to c0Protection, the more excellent pattern of selection performance, such as the pattern of High redundancy.In order to flat
The redundancy for the whole system that weighs, c1c2, can be using the relatively low pattern of another redundancy in same grade.In terms of demodulation,
The system is compared with lower calculating with existing 8-QAM demodulation modes and implements complexity.Calculate the maximum of each symbol
During likelihood ratio, the amount of addition operations is the 70% of existing program.Then by the scheme and the QC-LDPC codes of different configuration mode of proposition
With reference to, the bit error rate be 10-6When, the scheme of proposition is compared with the parallel independent interpretation scheme with close code check, is brought respectively
0.45dB and 0.12dB net coding gain (Net Coding Gain, NCG).
Brief description of the drawings
In order that the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effect are clearer, the present invention provides drawings described below and carried out
Explanation：
Fig. 1 is the Technology Roadmap of the inventive method；
Fig. 2 maps the mapping pattern b) that pattern a) and this patent are proposed for tradition 8-QAM
Fig. 3 is novelty 8-QAM map segments modes；
Fig. 4 is the encoder block diagram of novelty 8-QAM coding and decoding schemes；
Fig. 5 is the decoder block diagram of novelty 8-QAM coding and decoding schemes；
Fig. 6 proposes the amount of calculation b) of decoding scheme pair for the amount of calculation a) of tradition 8-QAM decoding schemes with this patent
Than figure；
Fig. 7 be based on finite field add the QC-LDPC codes of group applied to similar code check 8-QAM traditional schemes, scheme of the invention and
The performance of BER comparison diagram of uncoded 8-QAM schemes；
Fig. 8 be based on finite field add the QC-LDPC codes of group applied to different code check 8-QAM traditional schemes, scheme of the invention and
The performance of BER comparison diagram of uncoded 8-QAM schemes；
Fig. 9 be the QC-LDPC codes based on finite field subgroup applied to similar code check 8-QAM traditional schemes, scheme of the invention and
The performance of BER comparison diagram of uncoded 8-QAM schemes；
Figure 10 be the QC-LDPC codes based on finite field subgroup applied to different code check 8-QAM traditional schemes, scheme of the invention and
The performance of BER comparison diagram of uncoded 8-QAM schemes.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.
1. illustrate with reference to accompanying drawing 2,3, the characteristics of in order to make full use of 8-QAM annular planispheres, as shown in Figure 2,8-QAM
Planisphere has orthogonal phase shift coding (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, QPSK) constellation point of 45 ° of differences by two
It is formed by stacking, and respectively on the different circle of two radiuses.Thus, this patent is proposed in a kind of new mapping relations, these three
Bit is no longer the relation of equality, and 8-QAM planispheres are divided into two rings, and by first bit decision in symbol, it belongs to inner ring
Or outer shroud, as shown in Figure 2.From the point of view of the theory of set-partition, split for the first time, the Euclidean distance of inner ring each point does not occur
Change, but the Euclidean distance between outer shroud is significantly increased, therefore first layer segmentation can be regarded as to nature segmentation
(UngerboeckPartitioning,UP).By taking inner ring as an example, second of segmentation and third time segmentation all do not make Euclidean distance
Become big, packet segmentation (Blockpartitioning, BP) can be regarded as.Therefore, the program is UP-BP-BP partitioning schemes, such as
Shown in Fig. 3.If mapping mode and coded modulation scheme that this patent is proposed are combined, coding and decoding mode can all change therewith.
Generally speaking, the difference of the mapping mode of proposition and traditional approach is exactly to take full advantage of the special constellations of 8-QAM
Graph structure, inner ring and outer rings have been distinguished using first bit so that the minimum euclidean distance that signal constellation (in digital modulation) figure is shown in becomes big.
2. illustrating with reference to accompanying drawing 4,5, three bits in a 8-QAM symbol are no longer the relation of equality, c0Judgement
As a result c is directly affected1And c2, c in other words1And c2To c0Degree of dependence it is very big.If in consideration of it, three bits use it is identical
Coded system, then overall performance will allow of no optimist.It is readily conceivable that due to c0Importance, encoding context strengthen pair
Its protection, the more excellent pattern of selection performance, such as the pattern of High redundancy.In order to balance the redundancy of whole system, c1And c2
, can be using the relatively low pattern of another redundancy in same grade.Using encoder block diagram such as Fig. 4 institutes of not reciprocity protection
Show, dash area is c0Encoder.
Assume initially that coding has been completed, specific decoding flow is as shown in Figure 5.First bit in symbol is calculated first
Posterior probability, judge it for 0 or 1, if 0, then calculate c according to the mapping relations of inner ring1And c2LLR.If 1,
It is then outer shroud.
As can be seen that this kind of decoded mode is effective combination of two kinds of decoded modes in BCM.For c0And c1c2Between
Judgement belongs to MSD, to c1And c2Between judgement belong to PDL.Two ways is combined and farthest make use of planisphere
Feature, the effective compromise for two kinds of decoded mode advantage and disadvantage of having got back.
Generally speaking, traditional scheme is in coding, although be all using No. three encoders but its code selection it is consistent,
And this patent proposes a plan in coding, 3 bits are protected with different patterns.During decoding, traditional scheme is compared using three
The mode of special parallel decoding, and in proposing a plan, the decoding result of first bit is obtained first, judge the constellation point in inner ring
Or outer shroud, is further continued for decoding.This decoded mode, is effective combination of MSD decodings and PDL decodings in BCM.
3. illustrating with reference to accompanying drawing 6, the complexity of two schemes is compared from LLR calculating.In traditional scheme, each
The LLR of bit can be represented with equation below：
S0And S1The set of the point of the bit position bit 0 and 1 given in preferable constellation point is represented respectively.Due to being 8 to enter
System modulation, then have three bits, each than peculiar 0 and 1 two kind of possibility in each symbol.Therefore in traditional scheme, 8-QAM stars
There is (1) set S in 8 points, formula in seat figure0Set S1, it is necessary to 8 when respectively taking four points, therefore often calculating the LLR value of bit
Secondary eComputing, the computing of such a combination is called a computing collection in this patent.In such a fortune
Calculate and concentrate, rough calculating is, it is necessary to 3 sub-additions, 3 multiplication, and 1 power operation.For a symbol of traditional algorithm,
There are three bits, 24 computing collection are needed altogether.In the scheme that this patent is proposed, as shown in fig. 6, for bit c0Operation
Need also exist for carrying out 8 computing collection.As known c0Result after, two bits hereafter are then counted according to QPSK LLR value
Calculate, and for c1And c2, set S0Set S1Each there was only two points, that is to say, that S0∪S1No longer it is 8 points, but 4 points.
Therefore each bit only needs to 4 computing collection.For in proportion, it is the 2/3 of traditional scheme to calculate complicated.Analysis above is only limited
The amount of calculation of one symbol.If analyzing a frame, so that code length is 5000 as an example.Proposing a plan will reduce by 5000 × 8 computing collection,
It is meant that lacked the computing of 40,000 power, 120,000 sub-addition computings, 120,000 multiplyings.The reduction of complexity still very may be used
See.As shown in fig. 6, intuitively providing the addition number of times needed for soft demodulation from Fig. 6.
4. illustrating with reference to accompanying drawing 7,8, this patent combines the scheme of proposition and two groups of QC-LDPC codes, can claim with reference to after
Make LDPC coded modulation schemes.
Code word used is QC-LDPC codes in experiment.Their performance is reduced with the increase of code check.Put down in traditional
In row decoding scheme, three bits are encoded using same pattern.Due to c in proposing a plan1And c2Value and c0Judgement
As a result there are much relations, so this patent uses UEP coded systems, and by c0Bit on position strengthens the protection of coding.For
The code check of balance whole system, c1And c2Use the higher pattern of code check.In order to fully verify the validity proposed a plan.This
Patent has carried out two experiments.In order to comparativity and keep unified, three in same experiment pattern is using same
Make is planted, code length is consistent.For code 1, code check is R1, and the code check of code 2 is R2.Code 3 is R3.The volume proposed for this patent
Code modulation scheme, code 1 is used to protect c by we0, code 3 is for protecting c1And c2.Relation between them is, R1＜ R2＜ R3.This
Individual relation is while the best performance of description code 1, secondly, worst is code 3 to code 2.And R1+2R3=3R2, this relational expression meaning
, the code check of the coded modulation scheme of proposition generally is consistent with using the traditional scheme of code 2.According to this principle, two are carried out
Experiment.
In experiment one, using the QC-LDPC codes for adding group based on finite field.The code length of 3 patterns is consistent, and other specification is such as
Shown in table 1.
QC-LDPC code pattern parameters in the experiment of table 1 one
| Code length N | Information bit K | Code check R (dB) | |
| Code 1 | 5256 | 4679 | 0.890 |
| Code 2 | 5256 | 4823 | 0.918 |
| Code 3 | 5256 | 4859 | 0.924 |
The scheme conjunctive use 1 i.e. QC-LDPC of code (5256,4679) and code 3 proposed is QC-LDPC (5256,4859),
Its code check is respectively 0.89 and 0.924 pattern, and the code check after its synthesis is 0.912, is QC-LDPC (5256,4823) with code 2
Code check 0.918 closely.Therefore performance comparison will be carried out with the traditional scheme individually using code 2 to proposed scheme first
Analysis.
In experiment one, the system frequency efficiency proposed a plan is 2.74bit/symbol, and the bit error rate is 10-6When and do not compile
The 8-QAM systems of code are compared, and bring 4.85dB NCG.As can see from Figure 7, although in low signal-to-noise ratio region, this patent
The performance proposed a plan is weaker, but when EbN0 is more than 7.75dB, the performance proposed a plan starts to be better than traditional scheme, and band
Obvious coding gain is carried out.The bit error rate is 10-6When, this patent traditional scheme close compared with code check that propose a plan is brought
0.12dB NCG.
Moreover, it can will propose a plan and be compared using the traditional scheme of other code check patterns, i.e., by three kinds
Code is all separately employed in traditional scheme.Specific performance performance is as shown in Figure 8.
In experiment one, the code check of three kinds of codes is sufficiently close to, code 1 and the code check of code 3 difference only 3.68%.Therefore emulation is tied
In fruit, three kinds of codes are little in the performance difference of traditional scheme, and performance curve is even overlapping.But still as can be seen that propose a plan
Clear superiority is always maintained in high s/n ratio region.10 are given in table 2-6The performance parameter of each scheme.
Each scheme performance comparision in the experiment of table 2 one
| Coded modulation scheme | Code check | 10-6Net coding gain (dB) |
| Traditional scheme+code 1 | 0.890 | 4.23 |
| Traditional scheme+code 2 | 0.918 | 4.22 |
| Traditional scheme+code 3 | 0.924 | 4.20 |
| This patent proposes a plan | 0.912 | 4.35 |
It is 10 in the bit error rate-6When, 0.12dB NCG can be brought to other three kinds of schemes by proposing a plan.It is worth mentioning
It is that the performance of proposed scheme has been better than the lower traditional scheme of code check.
5. illustrate with reference to accompanying drawing 9,10, in experiment two, using the QC-LDPC codes based on finite field subgroup, and according to GF
(73) subgroup in domain constructs one group of QC-LDPC code.
QC-LDPC code pattern parameters in the experiment of table 3 two
| Code length N | Information bit K | Code check R | |
| Code 1 | 2592 | 2236 | 0.863 |
| Code 2 | 2592 | 2307 | 0.890 |
| Code 3 | 2592 | 2378 | 0.917 |
Equally, analysis has the performance of two schemes of close code check first, i.e. use code 1 i.e. QC-LDPC (2592,
2236) and code 3- is the proposing a plan of QC-LDPC (2592,2378) (code check after comprehensive is 0.881), and it is using code 2
QC-LDPC (2592,2307) traditional scheme.As shown in Figure 9.
The system frequency efficiency of proposed scheme is 2.697bit/ symbols, is 10 in the bit error rate-6When and uncoded 8-
QAM systems are compared, and bring 5.45dBNCG.In low signal-to-noise ratio region, the performance proposed a plan slightly has deficiency, but when EbN0 is super
When crossing 6.8dB, the performance proposed a plan starts to reverse, and shows obvious advantage thereafter.It is 10 in the bit error rate-6
When, the proposed scheme traditional scheme close compared with code check can bring 0.45dB net coding gain.
In addition, in order to fully demonstrate the performance that this patent proposes a plan.These three patterns are all respectively used to traditional scheme
In.
As can see from Figure 10, the coded modulation scheme of proposition brings obvious coding gain.
The bit error rate is provided in table 4 10-6When, the code check of each scheme and its NCG situations brought.
Each scheme performance comparision in the experiment of table 4 two
| Coded modulation scheme | Code check | 10-6Net coding gain |
| Parallel decoding+code 1 | 86.3% | 4.65 |
| Parallel decoding+code 2 | 89.0% | 4.55 |
| Parallel decoding+code 3 | 91.7% | 4.25 |
| Propose a plan | 88.1% | 5.10 |
It is again seen that one and one identical phenomenon of experiment from Figure 10 and in table 4, that is, proposing a plan property of this patent
The close scheme of code check can be not only better than, the lower traditional scheme of code check is even better than in some situations.In addition, code in this experiment
1 and code 3 code check difference it is slightly larger, be 5.89%.Therefore, more net coding gain is brought in this experiment.
Generally speaking QC-LDPC codes used of the two experiments, code length is different, and make is different, performance difference,
Combined with the coded modulation scheme of proposition, can be more excellent than the traditional scheme performance with close code check in bit error rate, very
To the traditional scheme lower better than code check.The broad applicability proposed a plan can be illustrated.And it was found that, when from the code of code word
Rate difference is bigger, and this patent proposed scheme can bring coding gain more.
In summary, the coded modulation scheme that this patent is proposed meets at a high speed in terms of coding gain and frequency efficiency
The requirement of communication system.
Finally illustrate, preferred embodiment above is merely illustrative of the technical solution of the present invention and unrestricted, although logical
Cross above preferred embodiment the present invention is described in detail, it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that can be
Various changes are made to it in form and in details, without departing from claims of the present invention limited range.
Claims (4)
1. one kind based on Euclid distance criterion and combine least square European weight (Min-square European weight,
MSEW) the novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code for the 8-QAM signals that criterion and the minimum decision region of bit maximize criterion.This is new
The structure of clever inner and outer ring can not only increase the Euclidean distance of constellation signals point, and when can bring demodulation complexity drop
It is low, and then the coding gain and spectrum efficiency of whole system can be directly affected.
2. requiring a kind of described novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code based on 8-QAM signals according to right 1, its feature exists
In：The 8-QAM mapping schemes of inside and outside ring structure are that constellation point is divided into inner ring and outer rings, by first bit decision in symbol
It belongs to inner ring or outer shroud, if first bit 1 in symbol, then on outer shroud of the symbol in planisphere, value difference
For 100,101,111,110, conversely, the symbol is in the inner ring in planisphere, value is respectively 000,001,011,010, this
Planting partitioning scheme keeps the Euclidean distance of inner ring each point not change, but the Euclidean distance between outer shroud is significantly increased,
Therefore first layer segmentation can be regarded as nature segmentation (Ungerboeck Partitioning, UP).By taking inner ring as an example, second
Secondary segmentation and third time segmentation all do not make Euclidean distance become big, can regard as packet segmentation (Block partitioning,
BP).Therefore, the program is UP-BP-BP partitioning schemes.
3. according to a kind of described novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code based on 8-QAM signals of the requirement of right 1 or 2, its feature
It is：Three bits in symbol are no longer relations on an equal basis, due to c0Importance, strengthen protection to it in encoding context,
The pattern for selecting performance more excellent, such as the pattern of High redundancy.In order to balance the redundancy of whole system, c1c2In with first-class
Level, can be using the relatively low pattern of another redundancy, and the lifting for overall performance is more optimistic.In decoding, employ
In block coded modulation (Block Coded Modulation, BCM) multilevel decoding (Multistage Decoding, MSD) and
Effective combination of parallel decoding (Parallel Decoding On Levels, PDL).For c0And c1c2Between judgement belong to
MSD is decoded, to c1c2Between judgement belong to the i.e. parallel decoded modes of PDL.Two ways is combined and farthest be make use of
The characteristics of planisphere, the effective compromise for two kinds of decoded mode advantage and disadvantage of having got back.
4. according to a kind of described novel coded modulation scheme of LDPC code based on 8-QAM signals of the requirement of right 1 or 2, its feature
It is：Compare the complexity of two schemes from the calculating of bit log-likelihood ratio (Log-likelihood Ratio, LLR),
The computation complexity of this programme is lower than existing design by nearly 30%.For a symbol of traditional algorithm, have
Three bits, need 24 computing collection altogether；In this programme, for bit c0Operation need also exist for carry out 8 computing collection.
As known c0Result after, two bits hereafter then encode (Quadrature Phase Shift according to orthogonal phase shift
Keying, QPSK) LLR value calculated, and for c1c2, each bit only needs to 4 computing collection.For in proportion, calculate
Complexity is the 2/3 of traditional scheme.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109756275A (en) * | 2017-11-03 | 2019-05-14 | 深圳市中兴微电子技术有限公司 | A kind of demodulation method and demodulating equipment |
| CN113169949A (en) * | 2019-02-11 | 2021-07-23 | 华为技术有限公司 | Symbol constellation of the type used for data transmission |
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| US11658860B2 (en) | 2019-02-11 | 2023-05-23 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Class of symbol constellations for data transmission |
| CN113169949B (en) * | 2019-02-11 | 2023-06-02 | 华为技术有限公司 | Symbol constellation diagram for data transmission |
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