CN107037087B - Sensor and method for measuring water flow aeration concentration - Google Patents
Sensor and method for measuring water flow aeration concentration Download PDFInfo
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- CN107037087B CN107037087B CN201710316569.2A CN201710316569A CN107037087B CN 107037087 B CN107037087 B CN 107037087B CN 201710316569 A CN201710316569 A CN 201710316569A CN 107037087 B CN107037087 B CN 107037087B
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- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
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- G01N27/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a liquid
- G01N27/08—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a liquid which is flowing continuously
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Abstract
The invention relates to a sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration. The sensor comprises a body (1), wherein a central electrode (2) and a circular ring-shaped electrode (3) with a central axis coincident with the central electrode (2) are arranged in the body (1), and the central electrode (2) and the circular ring-shaped electrode (3) are respectively connected with a corresponding outgoing line (4). The sensor is convenient to install, and the installation direction does not need to be considered during installation; the measurement area has stronger representativeness, small measurement error and high reaction sensitivity, and is beneficial to obtaining more accurate measurement results.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of hydroelectric engineering survey design, and particularly relates to a sensor and a measuring method for measuring water flow aeration concentration.
Background
For water conservancy and hydropower engineering water outlet structures, a discharge chute is a channel for restricting and guiding water flow, when the flow velocity of the water flow in the discharge chute is high, cavitation erosion damage is easy to occur on the concrete surface of the water outlet structure, and the common solution is to arrange a bottom aeration facility and a side wall aeration facility in the discharge chute, and force high-speed water flow to be aerated by utilizing the action of the aeration facility so as to achieve the purpose of reducing and avoiding cavitation erosion damage. The water flow aeration concentration is an important index for measuring the effectiveness of aeration facilities. According to the working principle of the conductivity measuring instrument, the conductivity of the clean water and the conductivity of the aerated water flow can be measured, then the water resistance and the aerated resistance are calculated, and further the aerated concentration of the water flow is calculated.
The method has the advantages that the amplitude of China is very broad, the electrolyte content in the river water body of each region is different, the conductivity difference of water flow is very large, and the sensitivity of a conductivity sensor is very high. The main factors influencing the sensitivity of the sensor are the area of the pole pieces or the linear length of the adjacent edges of the two pole pieces, and the larger the area or the longer the linear length is, the higher the sensitivity of the sensor is. Currently, sensors for measuring the aeration concentration of water flow are composed of two parallel electrode plates, the plane of the electrode plate is upward, as shown in fig. 1. Under the condition that the peripheral size of the sensor is fixed, the linear length of the rectangular electrode plate is difficult to effectively increase, and the sensitivity is difficult to improve; the rectangular pole piece sensor has strong directivity, the long edge direction of the pole piece is parallel to the water flow direction when the sensor is installed, for the same measuring point, the water flow direction is not completely the same due to different hydraulic conditions, and the rectangular pole piece sensor cannot adapt to the change of the water flow direction; the measuring region of the sensor is a region surrounded by outer envelope lines of the two electrode slices, the region is long and narrow, and the representativeness is weak.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration, which is convenient to use and high in measurement precision, so that the measurement error is reduced; the invention also aims to provide a method for measuring the water flow aeration concentration by using the sensor.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a sensor for measuring water flow aeration concentration comprises a body and is characterized in that a central electrode and a circular ring-shaped electrode are arranged in the body, the circular ring-shaped electrode is arranged around the central electrode, the central axis of the circular ring-shaped electrode is coincident with the central axis of the central electrode, and the central electrode and the circular ring-shaped electrode are respectively connected with a corresponding outgoing line.
The central electrode is a circular electrode plate or a cylindrical electrode.
The circular electrode is a circular electrode slice or a circular tube-shaped electrode.
The upper ends of the central electrode and the circular ring-shaped electrode are flush with the upper surface of the body.
The central electrode and the circular ring-shaped electrode are both made of graphite.
The Shore hardness of the graphite is not less than 60.
The diameter of the central electrode is 20-30 mm; the inner diameter of the annular electrode is 40-50 mm, and the outer diameter of the annular electrode is 40-60 mm.
The body is cylindrical, and the diameter of body is 50 ~ 70mm, and length is 50 ~ 100 mm.
The body is made of an insulating material, and the insulating material is one or more of epoxy resin, polyester, polyurethane and organic silicon resin.
A method for measuring the aeration concentration by using the sensor comprises the following steps:
(1) establishing a corresponding relation by adopting the method 1 or the method 2:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively measuring the conductivity of the same solution with the same conductivity by using the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and the calibrated conductivity sensor, and establishing a corresponding relation between a sensor measuring value for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and a calibrated conductivity sensor measuring value;
the method 2 comprises the following steps: measuring the conductivity of the standard solution by using the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration, and establishing a corresponding relation between a sensor measuring value for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and the conductivity of the standard solution;
(2) measuring the conductivity value of the water flow to be measured by using a sensor for measuring the aeration concentration of the water flow, and then correcting the measured value according to the corresponding relation obtained in the step to obtain the conductivity correction value Kc of the water flow; measuring the conductivity value of the clean water by using sensors of the same type, and then correcting the measured value according to the corresponding relation obtained in the step to obtain the conductivity correction value K of the clean water0；
(3) And calculating to obtain the aeration concentration C of the water flow.
The formula for calculating the aeration concentration C of the water flow in the step is as follows:
under the condition that the peripheral size of the sensor is fixed, the perimeter of the central electrode and the distance between the two electrodes are adjusted, so that the conductivity measurement value is improved, the zero resistance is reduced, and the sensitivity of the sensor is improved.
The invention has the innovation that the electrode with the circular or ring-shaped cross section is adopted, so that the electrode can adapt to any different water flow directions, and the field installation is more convenient; the measuring area of the sensor is an area surrounded by the excircle of the circular electrode, and compared with a long and narrow area of a rectangular electrode, the measuring area is wider, the representativeness is stronger, and random measuring errors can be reduced; under the condition of a certain peripheral size of the sensor, the invention can increase the perimeter of the central electrode to the maximum extent, thereby increasing the effective linear length of the adjacent edges of the two pole pieces, reducing the zero resistance and improving the sensitivity of the sensor.
The sensor body can be directly embedded in concrete, and can be installed at one time without later assembly; the periphery of the sensor body is small in size and forms a whole with concrete, so that the sensor body cannot become a cavitation source and has no adverse effect on a water outlet structure; in addition, the central electrode and the annular electrode are adopted, the central electrode is preferably a circular electrode plate or a cylindrical electrode, the water flow direction can be adapted to any different water flow directions, and meanwhile, the field installation of the sensor is not limited by the direction, so that the water flow direction detection device is more convenient; the measuring area of the sensor is an area surrounded by the excircle of the circular electrode, and compared with a long and narrow area of a rectangular electrode, the measuring area is wider, the representativeness is stronger, and random measuring errors can be reduced; under the condition that the peripheral size of the sensor body is fixed, the invention can furthest increase the perimeter of the central electrode, thereby increasing the effective linear length of the adjacent edges of the two pole pieces, reducing the zero resistance and improving the sensitivity of the sensor.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the installation is convenient, and the installation direction does not need to be considered during the installation through the use of the circular ring-shaped electrode and the central electrode;
(2) the measuring precision is high, the response to the change of the water flow conductivity is more sensitive, and more accurate measuring results can be obtained;
(3) the sensor body has small peripheral size and is integrated with concrete, so that the sensor body cannot become a cavitation source and cannot bring adverse effects to a water outlet structure.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art sensor;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a sensor according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a sensor of embodiment 1 of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the measurement values of the sensor and the conventional sensor in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the measurement values of the sensor and the conventional sensor in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of a sensor according to embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a longitudinal sectional view of a sensor of embodiment 3 of the present invention.
The electrode comprises a body 1, a central electrode 2, a circular electrode 3, a lead-out wire 4 and a screw hole 5.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. For convenience of description, the words "upper", "lower", "left" and "right" in the following description are used only to indicate the correspondence between the upper, lower, left and right directions of the drawings themselves, and do not limit the structure.
Example 1
A sensor for measuring water flow aeration concentration is shown in figures 3 to 4 and comprises a central electrode 2, a circular ring-shaped electrode 3, a lead-out wire 4 and a body 1, wherein the diameter of the central electrode 2 is 30mm, the diameter of the inner circle of the circular ring-shaped electrode 3 is 40mm, the diameter of the outer circle of the circular ring-shaped electrode 3 is 50mm, and the circular ring-shaped electrode is made of stainless steel materials; the outgoing line 4 is respectively connected with the bottoms of the central electrode 2 and the annular electrode 3; the central electrode 2 and the annular electrode 3 are arranged in the body 1, the upper surfaces of the central electrode and the annular electrode are flush with the body 1, and the central axes of the central electrode and the annular electrode are superposed; the body 1 is made by insulating PVC grey plastic board, and the diameter is 96mm, and thickness is 14mm, and it has screw hole 5 to be used for fixed sensor to open on the panel. The embodiment can be used for hydraulic prototype observation. Table 1 shows conductivity values of the conventional rectangular electrode plate sensor for hydraulic prototype observation and the solutions with different electrolyte contents in example 1, and a comparative relationship between the sensor measurement value of this example and the prototype rectangular electrode plate sensor is obtained by linear fitting, as shown in fig. 5, the measurement value of example 1 is 1.388 times that of the conventional sensor. Therefore, compared with the traditional sensor, the change of the conductivity measurement value of the embodiment is more sensitive, so that the sensor of the embodiment can sense the more subtle change of the conductivity of the aerated water flow, and the aeration concentration of the aerated water flow can be measured more accurately.
TABLE 1 comparison of conductivity measurements of conventional rectangular pole piece sensors with those of example 1
Example 2
This embodiment was made of a printed circuit board, with the diameter of the center electrode 2 set to 20mm, the inner circle diameter of the ring-shaped electrode 3 set to 24mm, and the outer circle diameter set to 30mm, while keeping the same as embodiment 1. The embodiment can be used for a hydraulic model test. Table 2 shows the comparison measurement value between the conventional rectangular pole piece sensor used for the hydraulics model test and the embodiment 2, and the comparison measurement relationship between the sensor measurement value of the present embodiment and the model rectangular pole piece sensor is obtained by linear fitting, as shown in fig. 6, the measurement value of the embodiment 2 is 1.661 times that of the conventional sensor, and as a result, compared with the conventional sensor, the change of the conductivity measurement value of the present embodiment is more sensitive, so that the sensor of the present embodiment can sense the more subtle change of the conductivity of the aerated water flow, and thus the aeration concentration of the aerated water flow can be measured more accurately.
TABLE 2 comparison of conductivity measurements of conventional rectangular pole piece sensor and example 2
Example 3
The sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration of the embodiment is shown in fig. 7 and 8, and comprises a sensor body 1, a central electrode 2, a circular electrode 3 and a lead-out wire 4; the sensor body 1 is a cylinder, has the diameter of 60mm and the height of 60mm, and is made of an insulating material; the central electrode 2 is a cylindrical electrode with the diameter of 30 mm; the inner circle diameter of the circular ring-shaped electrode 3 is 40mm, the outer circle diameter is 50mm, the height of the electrode is 30mm, the central electrode 2 and the circular ring-shaped electrode 3 are both made of graphite materials with Shore Hardness (HSD) of 60, and the central axes of the two are overlapped; the lead-out wires 4 are respectively connected with the bottoms of the central electrode 2 and the circular ring-shaped electrode 3. When the sensor is used, the sensor is embedded in a measuring area, and the upper surface of the sensor is flush with a measured surface.
The foregoing examples are set forth to illustrate the present invention more clearly and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims to which the invention pertains, as modified in all equivalent forms, by those skilled in the art after reading the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration is used for measuring the water flow aeration concentration of an outlet structure and comprises a body (1) and is characterized in that a central electrode (2) and a circular ring-shaped electrode (3) are arranged in the body (1), the circular ring-shaped electrode (3) is arranged around the central electrode (2), the central axis of the circular ring-shaped electrode coincides with the central axis of the central electrode (2), and the central electrode (2) and the circular ring-shaped electrode (3) are respectively connected with a corresponding outgoing line (4); the central electrode (2) and the annular electrode (3) are both made of graphite, the Shore hardness of the graphite is not less than 60, and the body (1) is made of an insulating material; the upper ends of the central electrode (2) and the circular ring-shaped electrode (3) are flush with the upper surface of the body (1).
2. The sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration according to claim 1, wherein the central electrode (2) is a circular electrode sheet or a cylindrical electrode.
3. The sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration according to claim 1, wherein the circular ring-shaped electrode (3) is a circular ring electrode sheet or a circular tube-shaped electrode.
4. A sensor for measuring the water current aeration concentration according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the diameter of the central electrode (2) is 20 to 30 mm; the inner diameter of the annular electrode (3) is 40-50 mm, and the outer diameter is 40-60 mm.
5. The sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the body (1) is cylindrical, and the diameter of the body (1) is 50-70 mm and the length of the body is 50-100 mm.
6. The sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the insulating material is one or more of epoxy resin, polyester, polyurethane and organic silicon resin.
7. A method of measuring an aeration concentration using a sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:
(1) establishing a corresponding relation by adopting the method 1 or the method 2:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively measuring the conductivity of the same solution with the same conductivity by using the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and the calibrated conductivity sensor as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6, and establishing a corresponding relation between a measured value of the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and a measured value of the calibrated conductivity sensor;
the method 2 comprises the following steps: measuring the conductivity of a standard solution by using the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration according to any one of claims 1 to 6, and establishing a corresponding relation between a measured value of the sensor for measuring the water flow aeration concentration and the conductivity of the standard solution;
(2) measuring the conductivity value of the water flow to be measured by using a sensor for measuring the aeration concentration of the water flow, and then correcting the measured value according to the corresponding relation obtained in the step (1) to obtain the conductivity correction value K of the water flowc(ii) a Measuring the conductivity value of the clean water by using sensors of the same type, and then correcting the measured value according to the corresponding relation obtained in the step (1) to obtain the conductivity correction value K of the clean water0；
(3) And calculating to obtain the aeration concentration C of the water flow.
8. The method of measuring an aeration concentration according to claim 7, wherein the formula for calculating the aeration concentration C of the water flow in the step (3) is:
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| CN107421846B (en) * | 2017-09-21 | 2023-03-14 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Negative pressure type aeration concentration instrument and operation method thereof |
| CN107664657B (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-03-12 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | A kind of water power leads aeration measurement method |
| CN107478686B (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2019-06-25 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | A kind of water power leads aeration measuring instrument |
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