CN106944052A - Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物及其制备方法。本发明解决了现有光催化剂光谱响应范围窄、光催化抑菌效果差等问题。Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物,由金红石TiO2、赤铜矿Cu2+1O和Cu2Cl(OH)3组成异质结结构的纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒的粒径为80‑2000nm,所述三元复合物中钛原子与铜原子的摩尔比为65~1:1,优选65~2:1。该复合物作为光催化剂,用于抑制细菌或降解有机物,光催化适用的波长优选为300‑1200nm。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生化技术领域,尤其是涉及Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物及其制备方法。
背景技术
自20世纪英国科学家弗莱明、弗洛里和钱恩因发现抗生素-青霉素及其临床效用而共同获得诺贝尔奖以来,抗生素在控制人类感染性疾病方面发挥了巨大作用。到目前为止抗生素的种类繁多,数量巨大。据统计,全世界每年抗生素的消费量可达10-20万吨,而我国是抗生素的生产和消费大国。比如我国青霉素产量几乎占世界的70%,使用和销售量排在前15位的药品,其中有10种是抗生素。科技是把双刃剑,抗生素的发明应用是医药领域最伟大的成就之一,但细菌耐药现象也成为不可忽视的事实。尽管目前抗生素的检出浓度很低,但是因其会干扰生物体内的正常代谢及生长,对生物产生毒性效应,造成生物畸变或突变,同时会诱发大量抗药菌株和抗药基因的产生,更为严重的是持久存在的抗性基因可通过基因水平转移等机制在不同菌群间进行增殖和传播。随着医药、畜牧业和水产养殖业中长期大量的使用抗生素、甚至滥用,造成了环境中抗生素污染的加重,与之伴随的则是抗性细菌和抗性基因的产生、传播和扩散。2011年由携带抗性基因的O104:H4血清型肠出血性大肠杆菌引发的“毒黄瓜”事件,短期内蔓延到包括德国在内的9个国家,33人死亡,超过3,000人受感染。我国耐药菌引起的医院感染人数已占住院感染总人数的30%左右,已成为世界上细菌耐药性最严重的国家之一。抗生素滥用已经成为不争的事实,在抗生素污染不断蔓延的条件下,会有一些新的抗性基因整合到这些移动的遗传元件上,形成连锁效应,从而加速了多重抗性菌株的形成和蔓延,给致病菌感染性疾病的医治带来了极大的挑战,引发的生态环境和人类生命健康问题是不可估量的。每年就美国国内来说,由耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染病而死亡的人数就远远超过艾滋病、帕金森症以及杀人犯的总数。加紧研究消除环境中的抗生素抗性菌的处理方法成为当务之急。目前抗生素、抗性细菌的消除方法有厌氧/好氧污泥消化处理,人工湿地、消毒处理、膜处理、高级氧化技术和光协同双氧水方法等。
但以上这些传统方法存在能耗高、耗时、规模小、普适性差、抗性基因的水平转移风险高等缺点。因此,寻找新材料和新技术广泛消除抗性细菌十分紧迫。与此同时,随着不可再生的传统能源的枯竭,“节能减排”是我国当前经济社会发展中,造福子孙后代的“重大工程”,同时也是科学研究需要解决的关键科学问题。如何高效利用新型清洁能源并应用于解决这一新型环境污染(抗性细菌)问题是目前的当务之急。
光催化氧化技术因其可利用可再生的太阳能激发半导体,产生光生电子和空穴对去氧化/还原有机物到H2O、CO2、无机离子,达到完全矿化的目的,同时具有能耗低、操作简单,常温常压下即可反应且避免二次污染的特点,而备受广泛关注。因此,近年来光催化消除细菌成为光催化技术的一个重要应用。
在众多的光催化剂中,TiO2无毒、光催化活性高、稳定性好以及抗氧化能力强等优点而备受青睐。TiO2紫外光协同催化可以有效地通过DNA和细胞膜破坏微生物和细菌芽孢达到消灭的目的。比如江苏大学把P25的复合物应用到光催化杀菌的实验中,研究发现P25的复合物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌均有较好的杀菌效果。然而遗憾的是带隙较大的TiO2只能被紫外光激发,且光生电子-空穴对的复合率高。一般解决这一缺点通常采用和其它的金属或金属氧化物复合(比如金、银、铜和Ag3PO4/石墨烯等),来有效抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合率,拓宽催化的光谱响应范围到可见光区,更有效地使用可再生、无污染和廉价的太阳能。但以上方法并不能获得较好的综合效果,尤其抑菌效果并不理想。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的在于提供Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物,所述的三元复合物解决了现有光催化剂光谱响应范围窄、光催化抑菌效果差等问题。
本发明的第二目的在于提供上述Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物的制备方法,所述的制备方法路线简单、操作条件温和,生产效率高。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了以下技术方案:
Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物,由金红石TiO2、赤铜矿Cu2+1O和Cu2Cl(OH)3组成异质结结构的纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒的粒径为80-2000nm,所述三元复合物中钛原子与铜原子的摩尔比为65~1:1,优选65~2:1。
现有技术的光催化复合物多局限于二元复合物,虽然相比单一的二氧化钛,光谱范围更广,但提高空间有限,而且光催化效果并没有显著提高。
基于此,本发明研究了金红石TiO2纳米颗粒、赤铜矿Cu2+1O纳米颗粒和Cu2Cl(OH)3纳米颗粒组成的三元复合物,该复合物具有异质结结构,是由上述三个不同晶体按照一定的晶格大小和间距组成,在光催化反应中能有效抑制光生电子和空穴复合,显著提高量子效率,从而提高催化效果,同时三种晶体互相补充,拓展了光谱响应范围,在紫外、可见光和红外区域都具有一定的光催化特性,尤其是紫外、可见光下的催化活性高。
其中,Cu2O作为一种p型半导体,禁带宽度仅为2.0eV,而将Cu2O与TiO2复合并构成异质结,可有效拓展TiO2对可见光的响应并同时分离载流子,提高催化性能,但并不能显著提高催化性能,在此基础上再引入Cu2Cl(OH)3可以很好地解决该问题。
本发明还提供了上述Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物的制备方法,该方法将二氧化钛的制备过程与Cu2+1O、Cu2Cl(OH)3晶体的形成过程融合在一起,不仅获得了满足结构要求的晶体,而且简化了路线,具体为:
将四氯化钛水解生成的胶体与铜混合,并在100-180℃下反应12-36h,之后过滤收集滤质;
将所述滤质干燥,即得产物。
本发明所述的胶体主要指胶体混合物,即四氯化钛经过水解后不经任何除杂等处理。
以上方法中水解的条件、晶体生成的温度、干燥条件对最终产物的晶体结构均有重要影响,为此可采用以下优化条件:
优选地,所述干燥的方法为在55-65℃下干燥11-13h,优选在60-65℃下干燥11-12h。
通常要求下,干燥温度可以为55℃、57℃、59℃、60℃、63℃、65℃等,优选60℃、63℃、65℃。
优选地,在所述干燥之前,还对所述滤质进行洗涤:用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤多次。
本发明对于两种洗涤剂的使用顺序没有严格要求。
优选地,所述胶体与铜混合反应的温度为160-180℃。
通常要求下,胶体混合物与铜反应的温度为100℃、120℃、140℃、160℃、170℃、180℃等,优选160℃、170℃、180℃等。
优选地,所述胶体与铜混合反应的为24-36h。
优选地,所述水解的方法为:在通入液氮的条件下,向四氯化钛中边滴加去离子水边摇动。
优选地,在所述水解时,所述液氮、所述四氯化钛和去离子水的体积比为80-120:10:1-30。
三种原料的比例可采用80:10:1,100:10:1,120:10:1,80:10:5,80:10:10,80:10:15,80:10:20,80:10:25,80:10:30,优选100:10:1,100:10:10,100:10:20,100:10:30。
更优选地,所述液氮、所述四氯化钛和去离子水的体积比为100-120:10:1-30。
优选地,在滴加完所述去离子水之后还包括:静置使反应物恢复至室温,以改善二氧化钛的晶型。
本发明所述的Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物的应用,主要作为光催化剂,用于抑制细菌或降解有机物,光催化适用的波长优选为300-1200nm,更优选400nm-700nm。
本发明所述的Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物尤其适用于大肠杆菌的抑制。
综上,与现有技术相比,本发明达到了以下技术效果:
(1)光催化的光谱响应范围更广。
(2)催化效果提高:相同条件下的光催化反应,本发明的抑菌圈更大。
(3)催化剂的制备方法简单、条件温和,成本低。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明具体实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对具体实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施方式,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例1至6提供的三元复合物的XRD图谱;
图2为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的SEM图;
图3为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的TEM图;
图4为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的TEM图;
图5为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的TEM图;
图6为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的FTIR光谱图;
图7为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的固体紫外漫反射图谱;
图8为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的抑菌圈图;
图9为本发明实施例5提供的三元复合物的另一抑菌圈图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例,仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限制本发明的范围。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
以下所有实施例的复合物均为金红石TiO2颗粒、赤铜矿Cu2+1O颗粒和Cu2Cl(OH)3颗粒组成的纳米异质结结构,复合物纳米颗粒的粒径为80-100nm,所述三元复合物中钛原子与铜原子的摩尔比为65~1:1。
同时,所有实施例的制备方法均为水热合成法,一步合成目标复合物。
实施例1
在100mL烧杯中加入适量的液氮,后逐滴加入10mL四氯化钛,再滴加10mL去离子水,不断摇动烧杯得一黄色的胶体,静置胶体,待温度上升至室温后,将胶体转移至装有0.09g铜片的100mL反应釜中,加热到160℃,并保持24h后取出、减压抽过滤、去离子水和无水乙醇交替洗涤、60℃烘箱中干燥12h,即得目标物。
对目标物表征,并检测其抑菌效果。
实施例2至7
与实施例1的区别仅在于加入的铜的量不同,分别为1.19g,2.38g,2.59g,3g,4g,6g,其余步骤相同。
实施例8
在100mL烧杯中加入适量的液氮,后逐滴加入10mL四氯化钛,再滴加10mL去离子水,不断摇动烧杯得一黄色的胶体,静置胶体,待温度上升至室温后,将胶体转移至装有3g铜片的100mL反应釜中,加热到100℃,并保持36h后取出、减压抽过滤、去离子水和无水乙醇交替洗涤、60℃烘箱中干燥12h,即得目标物。
对目标物表征,并检测其抑菌效果。
实施例9
在100mL烧杯中加入适量的液氮,后逐滴加入10mL四氯化钛,再滴加10mL去离子水,不断摇动烧杯得一黄色的胶体,静置胶体,待温度上升至室温后,将胶体转移至装有3g铜片的100mL反应釜中,加热到180℃,并保持12h后取出、减压抽过滤、去离子水和无水乙醇交替洗涤、60℃烘箱中干燥12h,即得目标物。
对目标物表征,并检测其抑菌效果。
实施例10
在100mL烧杯中加入适量的液氮,后逐滴加入10mL四氯化钛,再滴加30mL去离子水,不断摇动烧杯得一黄色的胶体,静置胶体,待温度上升至室温后,将胶体转移至装有3g铜片的100mL反应釜中,加热到160℃,并保持24h后取出、减压抽过滤、去离子水和无水乙醇交替洗涤、65℃烘箱中干燥12h,即得目标物。
对目标物表征,并检测其抑菌效果。
实施例11
在100mL烧杯中加入适量的液氮,后逐滴加入10mL四氯化钛,再滴加1mL去离子水,不断摇动烧杯得一黄色的胶体,静置胶体,待温度上升至室温后,将胶体转移至装有3g铜片的100mL反应釜中,加热到160℃,并保持24h后取出、减压抽过滤、去离子水和无水乙醇交替洗涤、55℃烘箱中干燥10h,即得目标物。
对目标物表征,并检测其抑菌效果。
结果:
经表征,所有实施例的XRD图谱中显示的特征峰均相同,均有Cu2+1O、Cu2Cl(OH)3和TiO2的特征峰,均显示由Cu2+1O、Cu2Cl(OH)3和TiO2三种晶体组成。并且结果显示,增加Cu的量时,赤铜矿Cu2Cl(OH)3晶体2θ=16.190°晶面的衍射峰强度逐渐增强,同时Cu2+1O晶体在2θ=29.554°和61.344°对应的晶面的衍射峰强度整体也在逐渐增强。图1仅列举了实施例1-6的XRD图谱。
SEM和TEM图显示,所有实施例的纳米颗粒的两个不同晶面头碰头或尾对尾的接触在一起,形成了异质结,提供了电子转移的便利。
图2列举了实施例5的SEM图,图3至5列举了实施例5的TEM图。图2的SEM图中可看出制备的催化剂为许多纳米颗粒在纳米带表面的结构。图3的TEM图中可清晰的看出纳米颗粒大小约为100nm,纳米带宽为80nm左右。图4、5明显的出现了一个界面,界面两端出现了两个不同的晶格间距。经过测定发现图4一个晶格间距为0.249nm,这对应着TiO2晶体的(101)晶面,而另一个晶格间距为0.274nm,对应着Cu2Cl(OH)3晶体的(013)晶面。图5一个晶格间距为0.325nm,这对应着TiO2晶体的(110)晶面。而另一个晶格间距为0.302nm,对应着Cu2+1O晶体的(110)晶面。
所有实施例的FTIR光谱图显示,在3447cm-1、3356cm-1、3317cm-1、1620cm-1、986cm-1、629cm-1处均有特征峰。由于3447cm-1、3356cm-1、3317cm-1、1620cm-1分别对应的是表面吸附的羟基峰、Cu2Cl(OH)3中O-H和表面吸附的水中的O-H峰。在986cm-1范围间出现的特征峰对应的是Cu2+1O中Cu-O的振动特征峰。629cm-1处的特征峰对应的是TiO2中Ti-O的振动峰。这一结论更进一步说明本发明的三元复合物中含有TiO2、Cu2+1O和Cu2Cl(OH)3三相。图6列举了实施例5的FTIR光谱图。
所有实施例在紫外和可见区固体紫外漫反射图谱显示,在紫外区和可见光区均对光有吸收,但在紫外区的吸收明显低于可见光区。图7列举了实施例5的固体紫外漫反射图谱,图谱说明本发明的催化剂在可见光区有很好的光催化活性。
抑菌效果:
将上述实施例的产品称取0.001g加入到已经培养好的抗性大肠杆菌培养基中,相同催化条件(30℃恒温水浴,300W氙灯下,λ>420nm,培养皿离氙灯距离30cm)下,实施例5的抑菌圈最大。并且随着光照时间的增加,抗性大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径也随之增大。当可见光照射时间为10min左右时达到最大,再增加光照时间抑菌圈直径将减小后稳定。随着催化剂用量的增加,抗性大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径逐渐增大,但是当其用量超过0.0150g时后反而略有下降,最佳用量为0.0150g,抑菌圈直径高达到36mm。
经统计,催化剂用量为0.001g,光照时间为10min,所有实施例的抑菌圈直径可以达到29mm以上,而P25的抑菌圈直径为零。
最后应说明的是:以上各实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述各实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的范围。
Claims (10)
1.Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物,其特征在于,由金红石TiO2、赤铜矿Cu2+1O和Cu2Cl(OH)2组成异质结结构的纳米颗粒,所述三元复合物的粒径为80-2000nm,所述三元复合物中钛原子与铜原子的摩尔比为65~1:1,优选65~2:1。
2.权利要求1所述的Cu2+1O/Cu2Cl(OH)3/TiO2三元复合物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下列步骤:
将四氯化钛水解生成的胶体与铜混合,并在100-180℃反应12-36h,之后过滤收集滤质;
将所述滤质干燥,即得产物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述干燥的方法为在55-65℃下干燥11-13h,优选在60-65℃下干燥11-12h。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述干燥之前,还对所述滤质进行洗涤:用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述胶体与铜混合反应的温度为160-180℃。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述胶体与铜混合反应的时间为24-36h。
7.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水解的方法为:在通入液氮的条件下,向四氯化钛中边滴加去离子水边摇动。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述水解时,所述液氮、所述四氯化钛和去离子水的体积比为80-120:10:1-30。
9.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述水解时,所述液氮、所述四氯化钛和去离子水的体积比为100-120:10:1-30。
10.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在滴加完所述去离子水之后还包括:静置使反应物恢复至室温。
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CN113383793A (zh) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-09-14 | 曲靖师范学院 | Cu/TiO2/硅藻泥复合抗菌材料、制备方法及其应用 |
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