CN106824082B - A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method - Google Patents
A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106824082B CN106824082B CN201710128828.9A CN201710128828A CN106824082B CN 106824082 B CN106824082 B CN 106824082B CN 201710128828 A CN201710128828 A CN 201710128828A CN 106824082 B CN106824082 B CN 106824082B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- fluidized bed
- sulphur
- fly ash
- circulating fluidized
- bed combustion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- PXJJSXABGXMUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur dichloride Chemical compound ClSSCl PXJJSXABGXMUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- MAHNFPMIPQKPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur Chemical compound S=S MAHNFPMIPQKPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 27
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000003500 flue dust Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 29
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 26
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 4
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003963 dichloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000018875 hypoxemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000028571 Occupational disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011953 bioanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 haydite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Fe] FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 206010035653 pneumoconiosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
- B01D2257/708—Volatile organic compounds V.O.C.'s
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
- B01J2220/4875—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being a waste, residue or of undefined composition
- B01J2220/4887—Residues, wastes, e.g. garbage, municipal or industrial sludges, compost, animal manure; fly-ashes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to volatile organic compound from waste gas Treatment process fields, more particularly to a kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method, it is characterized in that: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 5~10 parts of sulphur, 1~1.5 part of disulphur dichloride, component matches activated granulation according to parts by weight and prepares, high-value-use boiler exhaust gas and its such as flue dust that discharges pollutants reach the purpose of providing a kind of cheap VOCs adsorbent and energy-saving and emission-reduction, resource circulation utilization to prepare VOCs adsorbent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to volatile organic compound from waste gas Treatment process fields, and in particular to a kind of volatile organic compound
Object exhaust gas hypersober preparation method.
Background technique
The gaseous pollutant of industrial discharge is the main source of air environmental pollution object, and wherein volatile organic compounds is useless
Gas (VOCs) is the gaseous pollutant all to environment with serious harm effect, while being also to influence operator in workplace
Health occupational source, it derives from the chemical work such as paint, coating, coating, lubricating oil, rubber extensively
Industry.Since it acts on the considerable damage of human body and natural environment, country has put into effect relevant laws and regulations and it is administered and is discharged
Carry out strict control.The currently used processing method of VOCs treatment technology has combustion method, chemical oxidization method, chemical absorbing
Method, absorption method, bioanalysis etc..Wherein absorption method is a kind of common organic waste-gas purification effective ways, is to utilize various solids
The method that adsorbent (such as active carbon, activated carbon fibre, molecular sieve) carries out adsorption cleaning to the pollutant in discharge exhaust gas.It inhales
Attached method equipment is simple, applied widely, purification efficiency is high, is a kind of traditional waste gas pollution control and treatment technology, and most widely used at present
Treatment process.The superiority and inferiority of adsorption cleaning performance depends mainly on the performance of adsorbent, and domestic adsorbent at present is usually particle
Active carbon and activated carbon fibre become solid waste after adsorbing organic exhaust gas due to adsorbent, such as use elution method or heating
Method again row activation can generate new pollutant, the method usually disposed according to the concerned countries specification of solid waste at
It sets, therefore the higher operating costs of adsorbent.And circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust is most common discarded during boiler for producing
Object, the aerial dust of loss pollute the environment, how to turn waste into wealth and high-value-use such as to prepare volatility organic
Compound exhaust air hypersober is always that the art engineers and technicians want the problem of being resolved.Chinese invention patent
(Patent No. 201410075863.5, patent name are a kind of organic exhaust gas adsorption cleanser and preparation method thereof) discloses one
Kind organic exhaust gas adsorption cleanser and preparation method thereof, is characterized in: including following raw materials in terms of mass parts: zeolite 85-
95 parts, 5-10 parts of copper oxide, 5-10 parts of FeOCl.The present invention also provides a kind of preparations of organic exhaust gas adsorption cleanser
Method.Organic exhaust gas adsorption cleanser provided by the invention, carrier zeolite thermal stability is good, adsorption capacity is strong, copper oxide and oxygen
Base iron chloride decomposition catalytic activity is high, the service life is long, the preparation method of organic exhaust gas adsorption cleanser provided by the invention, technique letter
It is single, at low cost.(Patent No. 201310387366.4, patent name are a kind of low-concentration organic exhaust gas to Chinese invention patent
Modified activated carbon absorbent and preparation method thereof) disclose the modified activated carbon absorbent and its system of a kind of low-concentration organic exhaust gas
Preparation Method, it is characterized in that: being made from the following raw materials in parts by weight: active carbon 100-120, cerium oxide 2~3, ammonium persulfate 1-2,
Diatomite 70-80, lignin 3-4, attapulgite modified 8-10, appropriate amount of water.Present invention uses the oxygen such as cerium oxide, ammonium persulfate
Agent, can quick oxygenolysis organic matter；Diatomite is also used, dust particles can be effectively adsorbed；The present invention by doing by spraying
Dry, obtained particle is tiny, and fluffy, gap is big, and adsorption effect is good, is suitble to the purification of low-concentration organic exhaust gas, and simple process,
It is suitble to industrialized production.(Patent No. 201310278422.0, patent name are a kind of recirculating fluidized bed pot to Chinese invention patent
The processing method of converter fly ash) a kind of processing method of circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust is disclosed, it is characterized in that: the processing method is
Circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust is first subjected to the modified adjustment in surface using regulator before friction electrical selection, feeds friction to improve
The effect sorted in electrification sorting machine, charcoal uncombusted in circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust is separated with flying dust, is contained
The low flying dust of charcoal amount and the high rich charcoal product of carbon content；Surface before the circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust friction electrical selection is modified
Method of adjustment is: in the various mode transmission process of circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust or in the tankages such as storehouse, will adjust
Agent sufficiently contacts mixing online with flying dust progress with liquid or steam state, makes flying dust that the modified adjustment in surface occur.Height after sorting contains
Charcoal amount richness charcoal product can directly return to fluidized-bed combustion boiler burning while reduce circulating ratio or be used to prepare the production of the charcoals such as active carbon
Product are used as conventional fuel, and the low carbon content flying dust after sorting is used as the raw materials such as cement, concrete, brick, haydite, filler.
Conventional example one is sent into Muffle furnace and is calcined using zeolite and activator (catalyst) copper oxide, FeOCl
Process prepare organic waste-gas adsorbant, be to recycle oxidation using the strong feature of zeolite large specific surface area adsorption capacity
Copper, FeOCl activation are to enhance adsorption capacity, and usual Muffle furnace is used for experimental analysis, and method description is also experimentation,
That is there are also a distances from industrialization for the technology；Conventional example two is modified work using active carbon as raw material, to it
Change processing, final step is to be sent into calcining furnace to calcine and grind, similar to carry out active carbon activation process twice: first living to raw material
Active carbon is made in change, then adsorbent is made to active carbon activation, and relatively general active carbon, the process is more complicated, and twice
Heating consumes energy higher, the also high simultaneously many of cost；The processing method of three circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust of conventional example refers to
Surface is carried out to circulating fluidized bed boiler flying dust for the mixture of water or water and surfactant by adjusting agent to be modified, and becomes water
The raw materials such as mud, concrete, brick, haydite, filler so use and just sacrifice its biggish specific surface area and good adsorption activity
Technical characteristic and high-value-use be volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober value.If can make ciculation fluidized
Bed boiler fly ash waste high-value-use is beneficial to us and realizes the purpose of resource-effective protection environment.
Summary of the invention
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas activated adoption
Agent preparation method, the volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober be beneficial to we realize reduce cost, it is resource-effective,
Protect the purpose of environment.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas
Hypersober preparation method, it is characterized in that:
Step 1, sulphur are heated to 460~480 DEG C, form overheat sulphur steam, overheat sulphur steam with 2~3m/s stream
Speed enters interior activation granulation tower and -20~-15 DEG C of disulphur dichlorides and conveys the recirculating fluidized bed waste heat pot to come up from tower bottom
Rapid cooling is to 90 DEG C of sulphur glue formed below, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets, recirculating fluidized bed combustion after the mixing of furnace emission
Coal burning boiler flying dust is delivered in activation granulation tower through screw conveyor, and said components meet: circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash
100 parts, the proportion of 5~10 parts of sulphur, 1~1.5 part of disulphur dichloride, component is according to parts by weight.
Inventors have found that the circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash after dry collector traps enter bulk cement storage tank and every
Exhausted air, 38 μm~58 μm of partial size, specific surface area is up to 90~170m2/ g, main component Al2O3、SiO2With uncombusted C, have
Good active main component SiO2Content is about 45~55%, Al2O3Content is about 35~38%, uncombusted C content is about 3
~5%, as impurity component Si in coal after circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler furnace high temperature, formed under the lower situation of oxygen amount
SiO2Aerosol, carried under one's arms by the lower flue gas of oxygen amount, hit broken, aggregation is cooling, deduster trapping, into the storage of isolation air
Ash can, similarly Al2O3With uncombusted C and SiO2Equally there is biggish specific surface area and good activity, absorption volatility has
Machine compound exhaust air (VOCs) can be suitble to although ability is weaker compared with active carbon by surface active, increase dosage, design
Processing unit is resolved.
Inventors have found that sulphur is rapidly cooled to 90 DEG C of temperature after being heated to its boiling temperature overheat sulphur steam formed above
Degree is following can be made sulphur glue, be granulated offer bonding agent to circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, while its is larger for sulphur glue
Specific surface area and good activity be also volatile organic compound from waste gas (VOCs) adsorbent, sulphur glue is also referred to as insoluble
Sulphur is easily converted into sulphur powder, and a small amount of disulphur dichloride, which is added, can prevent its conversion, while disulphur dichloride is to prepare sulphur glue
Coolant simultaneously can to circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash carry out surface grafting activation.Overheat sulphur steam flow rate is to influence
The preparation of sulphur glue, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are granulated activation, activation is granulated the key parameter of column efficiency, and the present invention is preferred
Overheat sulphur steam flow rate is 2~3m/s.
Step 2, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are arranged in recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler
It puts and is sufficiently mixed under the purging of tail gas and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets bonding
Circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash forms the particle constantly grown up, while sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets package follow
Ring fluidized bed coal-burning boiler flying dust carries out surface active to it, and above-mentioned particle diameter is grown up to after 5~7mm, and gravity, which is greater than, to follow
The suspending power of ring fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission falls into activation granulation tower after losing kinetic energy with tower wall friction and mutually collision
Bottom centre's material blanking tube send to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
Inventors have found that recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission oxygen amount is generally 5%-9%, temperature is 30~35 DEG C,
It is to prepare preferably cooling sulphur glue, mixing, protection, be granulated, conveying, separation process medium, because sulphur is inflammable and explosive,
The probability fired in the environment of hypoxemia is extremely low.With disulphur dichloride collectively as cooling medium, make to overheat sulphur steam
After be rapidly cooled to 90 DEG C of temperature sulphur glue formed below, disulphur dichloride droplet package circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash pair
It carries out surface grafting activation, to improve purifying VOCs ability.Adsorbent is filled in as dumped packing when usually used
In VOCs processing unit, particle diameter, which is designed as 5~7mm, can reduce windage, energy saving, while VOCs can also be effectively ensured
The purification efficiency of device.The diameter refers to aerodynamic diameter.
Compared with the existing technology, the present invention, which at least contains, has the advantage that first, and it is living to prepare volatile organic compound from waste gas
Property adsorbent main material using circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash be during boiler for producing the most common pollutant and
Waste, loss is larger to the harm of operator in workplace, be easy to cause the occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis, is that China's emphasis is anti-
The occupational controlled.The aerial dust of loss simultaneously pollutes surrounding air and soil, mainly adopts at present
It is handled with the methods of landfill, not only contaminated soil, but also waste of resource and manpower.And the present invention is then turned waste into wealth, and is used for
Volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober is prepared, can not only reduce environmental pollution, greatly reduce use cost；The
Two, since circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash fineness reaches 38 μm~58 μm, specific surface area is up to 90~170m2/ g, it is more existing
The various acticarbon specific surface areas of technology are up to 500~3000m2/ g performance indicator has gap, and the VOCs that reach same is net
Rate, concentration of emission index, usage amount of the present invention is higher, but adsorption capacity is bigger, the period of replacement is longer, and cost is remote
Far below acticarbon, cost is only 1/10~1/20 or so, can provide a kind of cheap VOCs adsorbent；Third,
Recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission prepares volatile organic compound from waste gas as a kind of technical process medium completion and lives
The operational process of craft of cooling needed for property adsorbent, protection, mixing, separation, activation, granulation, conveying, is optimal technique
Process medium is substantially turned waste into wealth, high-value-use boiler exhaust gas；4th, it is main as needed for production process
Material and technical process medium are circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash and boiler exhaust gas, are substantially exactly the discharge for reducing pollutant
With turn waste into wealth, high-value-use boiler emission pollutant flue dust etc., on the one hand reduce the heavy burdens for environment treating facility, another party
Face also achievees the purpose that energy-saving and emission-reduction, resource circulation utilization；5th, recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission oxygen amount is extremely low,
It is extremely low that the probability that sulphur fires occurs in the environment of hypoxemia, is conducive to safety in production, while being situated between as the technical cooling of sulphur glue
Matter be it is highly desirable, played function of the sulphur glue as bonding agent and activating agent；6th, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride shape
Surface active is carried out to it at droplet package circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, it is stronger to be formed on its surface adsorption capacity
The grafting of VOCs activity, to improve the purifying VOCs ability of adsorbent, disulphur dichloride facile hydrolysis is seldom not engaged in reaction
Disulphur dichloride enters qualified discharge after the processing of boiler matching environment treating facility caustic wash desulfuration spray column, can utilize existing ring
Protect treatment facility, it is not necessary to separately investment construction.
Specific embodiment
Below with reference to embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Since the circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler design of each manufacturer is not quite similar, Fujian day is selected to contain the limited public affairs of chemical industry
Circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash is taken charge of as the main material for preparing volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober, Al2O3
Content is about 35~38%, SiO2Content is about 45~50%, and C content is about 3~5%, recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission
Exhaust temperature is 30~35 DEG C, oxygen amount 5-6%, and sulphur and disulphur dichloride are then market purchase.
Embodiment 1
A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method is present embodiments provided, each component is by weight
Divide meter: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 5 parts of sulphur, 1 part of disulphur dichloride, sulphur is heated to 460~480 DEG C,
Overheat sulphur steam is formed, overheat sulphur steam enters in activation granulation tower with 2~3m/s flow velocity and -20~-15 DEG C of dichlorides
Rapid cooling is to 90 DEG C or less shapes after two sulphur and the recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission mixing to come up from tower bottom conveying
At sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash is delivered to activation through screw conveyor and is granulated
In tower, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are blown recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission
It sweeps down and is sufficiently mixed and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets are bonded recirculating fluidized bed
Coal-burning boiler flying dust forms the particle constantly grown up, while the package recirculating fluidized bed combustion of sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets
Coal burning boiler flying dust carries out surface active to it, and above-mentioned particle diameter is grown up to after 5~7mm, and gravity is greater than more than recirculating fluidized bed
The suspending power of heat boiler emission loses with tower wall friction and mutually collision and falls into activation granulation tower bottom centre after kinetic energy and fall
Expects pipe is sent to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
Embodiment 2
A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method is present embodiments provided, each component is by weight
Divide meter: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 10 parts of sulphur, 1 part of disulphur dichloride, sulphur is heated to 460~480 DEG C,
Overheat sulphur steam is formed, overheat sulphur steam enters in activation granulation tower with 2~3m/s flow velocity and -20~-15 DEG C of dichlorides
Rapid cooling is to 90 DEG C or less shapes after two sulphur and the recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission mixing to come up from tower bottom conveying
At sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash is delivered to activation through screw conveyor and is granulated
In tower, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are blown recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission
It sweeps down and is sufficiently mixed and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets are bonded recirculating fluidized bed
Coal-burning boiler flying dust forms the particle constantly grown up, while the package recirculating fluidized bed combustion of sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets
Coal burning boiler flying dust carries out surface active to it, and above-mentioned particle diameter is grown up to after 5~7mm, and gravity is greater than more than recirculating fluidized bed
The suspending power of heat boiler emission loses with tower wall friction and mutually collision and falls into activation granulation tower bottom centre after kinetic energy and fall
Expects pipe is sent to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
Embodiment 3
A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method is present embodiments provided, each component is by weight
Divide meter: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 5 parts of sulphur, 1.5 parts of disulphur dichloride, sulphur is heated to 460~480
DEG C, overheat sulphur steam is formed, overheat sulphur steam enters in activation granulation tower with 2~3m/s flow velocity and -20~-15 DEG C of dichloros
Rapid cooling is to 90 DEG C or less after changing two sulphur and the recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission mixing to come up from tower bottom conveying
Sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets are formed, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash is delivered to activation through screw conveyor and makes
In grain tower, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are in recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission
It is sufficiently mixed under purging and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets bonding are ciculation fluidized
Bed coal-burning boiler flying dust forms the particle constantly grown up, while sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets wrap up recirculating fluidized bed
Coal-burning boiler flying dust carries out surface active to it, and above-mentioned particle diameter is grown up to after 5~7mm, and gravity is greater than recirculating fluidized bed
The suspending power of waste heat boiler emission falls into activation granulation tower bottom centre after losing kinetic energy with tower wall friction and mutually collision
Material blanking tube send to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
Embodiment 4
A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method is present embodiments provided, each component is by weight
Divide meter: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 10 parts of sulphur, 1.5 parts of disulphur dichloride, sulphur is heated to 460~480
DEG C, overheat sulphur steam is formed, overheat sulphur steam enters in activation granulation tower with 2~3m/s flow velocity and -20~-15 DEG C of dichloros
Rapid cooling is to 90 DEG C or less after changing two sulphur and the recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission mixing to come up from tower bottom conveying
Sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets are formed, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash is delivered to activation through screw conveyor and makes
In grain tower, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are in recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission
It is sufficiently mixed under purging and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets bonding are ciculation fluidized
Bed coal-burning boiler flying dust forms the particle constantly grown up, while sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets wrap up recirculating fluidized bed
Coal-burning boiler flying dust carries out surface active to it, and above-mentioned particle diameter is grown up to after 5~7mm, and gravity is greater than recirculating fluidized bed
The suspending power of waste heat boiler emission falls into activation granulation tower bottom centre after losing kinetic energy with tower wall friction and mutually collision
Material blanking tube send to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
Comparative example 1
A kind of modified activated carbon absorbent and preparation method thereof for low-concentration organic exhaust gas that this comparative example provides, feature
It is: is made from the following raw materials in parts by weight: active carbon 100-120, cerium oxide 2~3, ammonium persulfate 1-2, diatomite 70-80, wood
Diatomite is sent into calcining furnace and is calcined 3-4 hours at 840-880 DEG C by quality 3-4, attapulgite modified 8-10, appropriate amount of water,
It takes out, is added in suitable quantity of water, is heated in 80-90 DEG C together with activated carbon oxidation cerium, lignin, grinding 40-60 minutes, then
Ammonium persulfate is added to stir 1-2 hours, continues to grind, obtains 200-300 mesh slurry, is spray-dried, is mixed with attapulgite modified
It closes uniformly, is sent into heat-treatment furnace, is handled 3-4 hours at 350-380 DEG C, take out.
By " waste gas in fixed source Specifications of Monitoring Technology " (HJ/T 397-2007), " stationary source exhaust gas volatility is organic
Measurement solid phase adsorption-thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrography of object " (HJ 734-2014) method detects Fujian Jin work machine respectively
The dosage of tool Co., Ltd loading machine Painting Shop exhaust tube pollutant VOCs, embodiment 1-4 and the VOCs adsorbent of comparative example 1
It is by weight 3:1, acquired results are shown in table 1.
Table 1: the performance test results of embodiment 1-4 and the VOCs adsorbent of comparative example 1.
As shown in Table 1, with comparative example 1(VOCs adsorbent in the prior art) compared with, a kind of volatility of the invention has
Machine compound exhaust air hypersober preparation method is to VOCs purifying rate all in 90% or more, quite with comparative example 1, adsorption capacity
Greatly, the period replaced is long, and according to measuring and calculating, cost is only 1/10~1/20 or so of comparative example 1.
According to the disclosure and teachings of the above specification, those skilled in the art in the invention can also be to above-mentioned embodiment party
Formula is changed and is modified.Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, to of the invention
Some modifications and changes should also be as falling into the scope of the claims of the present invention.In addition, although being used in this specification
Some specific terms, these terms are merely for convenience of description, does not limit the present invention in any way.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method, it is characterized in that: step 1, sulphur is heated to
460~480 DEG C, form overheat sulphur steam, overheat sulphur steam entered in activation granulation tower with -20 with 2~3m/s flow velocity~-
15 DEG C of disulphur dichlorides and from tower bottom conveying come up recirculating fluidized bed waste heat boiler emission mixing after rapid cooling to
90 DEG C of sulphur glue formed below, disulphur dichloride misty liquid droplets, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are conveyed through screw conveyor
To activation granulation tower, said components meet: 100 parts of circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash, 5~10 parts of sulphur, dichloride two
The proportion that 1~1.5 part of sulphur, according to parts by weight, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash traps laggard component through dry collector
Enter bulk cement storage tank and completely cuts off air；Step 2, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride, circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash are ciculation fluidized
It is sufficiently mixed and rises in activation granulation tower inside spin, sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride under the purging of bed waste heat boiler emission
Misty liquid droplets bonding circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash forms the particle constantly grown up, while sulphur glue, disulphur dichloride mist
Shape drop package circulating fluidized bed combustion coal boiler fly ash carries out surface active to it, and particle gravity is greater than recirculating fluidized bed waste heat pot
The suspending power of furnace emission falls into activation granulation tower bottom centre blanking after losing kinetic energy with tower wall friction and mutually collision
Pipe send to tower external seal and preservation is vacuum-packed.
2. a kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The absorbent particles aerodynamic diameter is designed as 5~7mm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710128828.9A CN106824082B (en) | 2017-03-06 | 2017-03-06 | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710128828.9A CN106824082B (en) | 2017-03-06 | 2017-03-06 | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106824082A CN106824082A (en) | 2017-06-13 |
| CN106824082B true CN106824082B (en) | 2019-05-03 |
Family
ID=59138137
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710128828.9A Active CN106824082B (en) | 2017-03-06 | 2017-03-06 | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN106824082B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113577986A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2021-11-02 | 王友善 | Industrial waste gas treatment method and equipment |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20030096713A1 (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 2003-05-22 | Eric R. Schnur | Lubricating compositions with improved oxidation resistance containing a dispersant and an antioxidant |
| CN100590105C (en) * | 2009-03-19 | 2010-02-17 | 江苏钟腾化工有限公司 | Method for preparing p-chlorotoluene and o-chlorotoluene by toluene chlorination |
-
2017
- 2017-03-06 CN CN201710128828.9A patent/CN106824082B/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106824082A (en) | 2017-06-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103432887A (en) | Waste incineration flue gas purifying system and process | |
| CN103252212A (en) | Biomass carbon-based flue gas demercuration adsorbent and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103212288A (en) | Method for removing acrylonitrile waste gas | |
| CN105984871A (en) | Method for preparing modified activated carbon from coffee residues | |
| CN105195092A (en) | Sludge-based charcoal and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104436994B (en) | A kind of demercuration method and preparation method of marine alga Jiao clashing into tower based on marine alga Jiao | |
| CN106824082B (en) | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober preparation method | |
| CN101024161B (en) | Absorbent for removing a little amount of harm contaminant from combustion smoke and preparing method | |
| CN106241823B (en) | A kind of application method of atlapulgite preparation device special | |
| CN114044515A (en) | Preparation method of desulfurization and denitrification activated carbon | |
| CN106732380B (en) | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober | |
| CN106475108A (en) | A kind of multiple-effect denitrating catalyst and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103877929B (en) | Absorption NO xadsorbent and preparation method | |
| CN203400632U (en) | Flue gas purification device | |
| CN105688800A (en) | MnO2/flyash-attapulgite catalyst/adsorbent and method thereof for removing elemental mercury in smoke | |
| CN105148873A (en) | Dust-removing and smoke-removing adsorbent | |
| CN106824144A (en) | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober prepares special activation granulation tower | |
| CN107875668A (en) | A kind of cryogenic condensation separation method of C2 C5 alkene tail gas | |
| CN104436995B (en) | A kind of method based on Sargassum Jiao's desulfurization denitration demercuration and the preparation method of Sargassum Jiao | |
| CN107487977A (en) | A kind of preparation method of adsorbent of flue gas desulfurization | |
| CN106582499B (en) | A kind of application method preparing volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober process unit | |
| CN209155523U (en) | A kind of dry desulfurization device | |
| CN106582588B (en) | A kind of volatile organic compound from waste gas hypersober prepares the application method of dedicated activation granulation tower | |
| CN206701032U (en) | Industrial organic exhaust gas processing unit | |
| CN104941581A (en) | Preparation method of waste gas treatment material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| CB02 | Change of applicant information |
Address after: 362000 the 2 floor of 32 new gate Street and 1916 Creative Industrial Park, Licheng District, Quanzhou, Fujian, China, 1916 Applicant after: Yang Song Address before: 362000 No. 135 Cui Hu Road, Hu tou Town, Anxi County, Fujian, Quanzhou, Fujian Applicant before: Yang Song |
|
| CB02 | Change of applicant information | ||
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right |
Effective date of registration: 20190327 Address after: 719000 18 Floor, Block B, Rongzhi Building, Yulin Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shaanxi Province Applicant after: YULIN ZHONGKE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD. Address before: 362000 the 2 floor of 32 new gate Street and 1916 Creative Industrial Park, Licheng District, Quanzhou, Fujian, China, 1916 Applicant before: Yang Song |
|
| TA01 | Transfer of patent application right | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CP03 | Change of name, title or address |
Address after: 719000 room 1802, 18 / F, block B, Rongzhi building, Jianye Avenue, high tech Industrial Park, Yulin, Shaanxi Patentee after: Yulin Zhongke Environmental Protection Technology Group Co.,Ltd. Address before: 719000 18 Floor, Block B, Rongzhi Building, Yulin Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shaanxi Province Patentee before: YULIN ZHONGKE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD. |
|
| CP03 | Change of name, title or address |