CN106770440B - A kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform - Google Patents
A kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform Download PDFInfo
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- CN106770440B CN106770440B CN201611067570.8A CN201611067570A CN106770440B CN 106770440 B CN106770440 B CN 106770440B CN 201611067570 A CN201611067570 A CN 201611067570A CN 106770440 B CN106770440 B CN 106770440B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform, it includes ball bed container component, heating component, gas supply assembly, vacuum elements and data collection and analysis component, ball bed container component includes the ball bed outer container that inside is provided with sample room, sample room includes ball bed wall, thermocouple location-plate up and down, is provided with thermocouple in it;Heating component includes heating furnace, heater strip and DC voltage-stabilizing power supply, for being heated to ball bed container;Gas supply assembly includes the gas cylinder and pressure sensor being connected with each other, for being supplied for ball bed container;Vacuum elements include the aspiration pump and counterbalance valve being connected with each other, for being evacuated for ball bed container;Data collection and analysis component includes the data acquisition unit and computer being connected with each other, for realizing the collection and analysis of data.The present invention can not destroy pebble bed reactor product characteristic on the basis of more truly measurement different condition under Ceramic Balls bed interior temperature distribution, have the advantages that it is simple in construction, test it is reliable.
Description
Technical field
It is effective more particularly, to a kind of Ceramic Balls bed the invention belongs to granular materials heat conductivility technical field of measurement and test
Thermal conductivity test platform.
Background technology
The heat conduction behavior of granular materials is in thermal power, chemical industry, building, extensive in bioengineering and aerospace field
Concern, especially its heat conduction behavior in ball bed.Such as the heat conduction and cooling of solid-state multiplication agent in nuclear fusion reaction, chemical industry and
Particle ball bed reaction in bioengineering etc. is required for the heat conductivility of granular materials, it is necessary to the efficient thermal conductivity of test material.
Especially, in nuclear energy field, the ball bed accessory of particle composition has the function such as heat transfer or online production tritium, and ball bed particle is in different gas
Atmosphere, temperature, gas pressure, the efficient thermal conductivity under gas flow are very important parameters, it is necessary to measure.
The measuring method of ball bed efficient thermal conductivity is to develop to come on the basis of solid material thermal conductivity method of testing.Gu
The method of testing of body material thermal conductivity can be generally divided into steady state method and the major class of cold store enclosure two, and the data that two methods are surveyed have
Uniformity, but individual number has differences.Steady state method is in the case where meeting limit, is built in the sample of known thickness
Erect thermograde and measured after reaching stable, thermal conductivity is calculated by controlling hot-fluid.Steady state method is that measurement material is led
The classical way of hot coefficient, there is clear principle, the advantages that applicable measurement temperature is wide, but its time of measuring is grown.Cold store enclosure
Also referred to as Transient Method or dynamic method, refer to applying the sample in thermal equilibrium state in experiment certain heat interference, measure simultaneously
Response (temperature change with time) of the sample to heat interference, then determines sample material thermal conductivity according to response curve.It is non-steady
State fado is used to study highly heat-conductive material, or measures at high temperature, is characterized in measuring section, and accuracy is high, but by
Measuring method limits, and is used for high heat conduction, high-temperature region thermal conductivity measurement.
Measurement ceramic particle ball bed efficient thermal conductivity also mainly employs two methods in the prior art, relates generally to nuclear energy
Field.The graduate correlation meter of Japan Atomic energy uses transient hot wire technique, is used positioned at IKET and the researcher of Holland
Stable state cylinder method;The domestic patent 201510106712.6 from China Science & Technology University combines steady state method and Transient Method,
Simultaneously using two methods measurement Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity in set of device.Armouring is employed in the relevant apparatus used
Or the thermocouple of matcoveredn, some have also used the thermocouple support frame for destroying pebble bed reactor product characteristic, above-mentioned factor can be led
Cause the thermocouple temperature measurement degree of accuracy low, and due to the presence meeting of the preferable thermocouple support frame of heat conduction and armouring body or protective case
Cause thermocouple measurement be not temperature measuring point temperature but the temperature of thermocouple support frame or can be by thermocouple support frame
The interference of temperature.In addition, the data Collection & Processing System of measurement apparatus mostly be single data show and store and
Output, then handle again and just obtain final measurement, at not direct real-time display measurement result or display data
Reason process, more it is unable to estimate the confidence level of measurement result.
The content of the invention
For the disadvantages described above or Improvement requirement of prior art, the invention provides a kind of survey of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity
Platform is tried, it more can truly measure different atmosphere, gas with various stream on the basis of pebble bed reactor product characteristic is not destroyed substantially
Measure, different system pressure, Ceramic Balls bed interior temperature distribution under different temperatures, while measurement result is realized using test program
Dynamic Announce and output simultaneously provide outcome evaluation, have the advantages that simple in construction, test is convenient reliable.
To achieve the above object, the present invention proposes a kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform, including ball bed holds
Device assembly, heating component, gas supply assembly, vacuum elements and data collection and analysis component, wherein:
The ball bed container component includes ball bed outer container, and the ball bed outer container is interior to be provided with sample by stop sleeve
Room, the sample room include location-plate under ball bed wall, thermocouple upper location-plate and thermocouple, and three is formed for placing ceramic particle
Ball bed, the thermocouple for measuring the radial and axial Temperature Distribution of ball bed is provided with the sample room;
The heating component includes heating furnace, heater strip and DC voltage-stabilizing power supply, the upper and lower side point of the heating furnace
Upper flange and lower flange are not provided with, and the sample room is in the uniform temperature zone of the heating furnace, and the heater strip is axially inserted into
In sample room, its both ends is connected by locking attachment cap with electrode connecting rod respectively, the electrode connecting rod and the DC voltage-stabilizing
Power supply is connected;
The gas supply assembly includes the gas cylinder and pressure sensor being connected by gas pipeline, is set on the gas pipeline
There are flowmeter, valve switch and admission line, the admission line is with getting lodged on the ceramic filler hole of the thermocouple upper location-plate
Hole plug be connected;
The vacuum elements include the aspiration pump and counterbalance valve being connected by gas pipeline, and valve is provided with the gas pipeline
Door switch and outlet pipe, the outlet pipe are connected with the lower flange;
The data collection and analysis component includes the data acquisition unit and computer being connected with each other, the data acquisition list
First both positive and negative polarity with the thermocouple is connected, and is connected with the pressure sensor, and the computer is connected with the flowmeter.
As it is further preferred that the upper flange includes including upper blank flange and upper perforate flange, the lower flange
Lower perforate flange and lower blank flange, the upper blank flange, upper perforate flange, lower perforate flange and lower blank flange are can
Cut down alloy, and upper perforate flange, lower perforate flange are tightly connected with the ball bed outer container, in addition, upper perforate flange, under open
Hole flange is connected by oxygenless copper washer and bolt with upper blank flange, lower blank flange respectively.
As it is further preferred that the thermocouple uses the naked thermocouple wire of butt welding, its temperature measuring point can be along ball bed axial direction
Mobile, its both positive and negative polarity is passed by the aperture being distributed in location-plate under the thermocouple and thermocouple upper location-plate by rule respectively
And it is tensioned fixation.
As it is further preferred that the thermocouple uses public negative pole, its negative pole is connected to thermocouple negative pole connection ring
On, and compressed with thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring, the thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring is connected with thermocouple negative terminal;The thermoelectricity
The lower blank flange is passed after even positive pole insulated enclosure.
As it is further preferred that the radial direction temperature measuring point under the thermocouple upper location-plate and thermocouple on location-plate is endless
Entirely on straight line, the straight line particularly where diameter or radius, but straight line where parallel offset radius or diameter
Certain distance.
As it is further preferred that the admission line, thermocouple negative terminal and electrode connecting rod above
The upper blank flange is passed after realizing insulation and sealing by sealing-plug and sealing clamping cap;The outlet pipe is the same as described
Lower blank flange side port sealing connection.
As it is further preferred that the underlying electrode connecting rod using teflon insulation sealing shroud and close
Sealing is the same as the lower blank flange insulated enclosure.
As it is further preferred that the sample room by high temperature resistant, low bulk, it is transparent, electric insulation, poor heat conductivity material system
Into.
In general, by the contemplated above technical scheme of the present invention compared with prior art, mainly possess following
Technological merit:
1. the present invention is by ball bed container component, heating component, gas supply assembly, vacuum elements and data collection and analysis group
The research and design of the structure and specific set location of each component such as part, on the basis of pebble bed reactor product characteristic is not destroyed substantially
More truly Ceramic Balls bed internal temperature divides under measurement different atmosphere, gas with various flow, different system pressure, different temperatures
Cloth, while realize the Dynamic Announce of measurement result using test program and export and provide outcome evaluation that there is simple in construction, survey
Try the advantages that convenient reliable.
2. the present invention improves the degree of accuracy of temperature survey using the bare wire thermocouple wire of the very thin butt welding of diameter, reduce very
To essentially eliminate thermocouple to pebble bed reactor accumulate characteristic influence;Thermocouple positioning or supporting construction are reduced to temperature survey
Interference caused by characteristic is accumulated with pebble bed reactor or is influenceed;Improve data acquisition and procession component, make its can realtime graphic show
Show Dynamic Data Processing (data fitting), provide measurement result in real time, provide data processing (data fitting) in real time and assess parameter.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform of the present invention;
Fig. 2 (a) and (b) are thermocouple arrangement position view;
Fig. 3 (a) and upward view and top view that (b) is ball bed container component.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and Examples
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.As long as in addition, technical characteristic involved in each embodiment of invention described below
Conflict can is not formed each other to be mutually combined.
As shown in figure 1, a kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform provided in an embodiment of the present invention, it includes ball bed
Container assemblies, heating component, gas supply assembly, vacuum elements and data collection and analysis component, wherein, ball bed container component is used to make
For the accommodation tool of object ceramic particle to be tested, heating component is used for the heating for realizing object ceramic particle to be tested, supply
Component is used to supply for ball bed container component, and vacuum elements are used to extract unnecessary gas, data acquisition out for ball bed container component
Analytic unit is used to realize that real-time dynamic data monitors by the data process&analysis program write, and realtime graphicization display is dynamic
State data are fitted, and provide measurement result in real time, are provided data fitting in real time and are assessed parameter.Pass through the phase interworking of above-mentioned all parts
Close, the real-time effectively measurement of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivities can be achieved, it is excellent to have that simple in construction, easy to operate, test is reliable etc.
Point.
Below more specific detail will be carried out one by one to all parts.
As shown in figure 1, ball bed container component includes ball bed outer container 27, sample is provided with by stop sleeve 26 in it
Room, the sample room include location-plate 14 under ball bed wall 28, thermocouple upper location-plate 9 and thermocouple, determined in ball bed wall 28, thermocouple
The three of location-plate 14 forms ball bed for placing ceramic particle 13 under position plate 9 and thermocouple, the sample room can be selected high temperature resistant,
Low bulk, transparent, electric insulation and the material of poor heat conductivity are made, and are provided with for measuring the radial and axial Temperature Distribution of ball bed in it
Thermocouple 12.
Wherein, thermocouple 12 uses the naked thermocouple wire of butt welding, and its temperature measuring point can move axially along ball bed, its both positive and negative polarity point
Do not passed by the aperture being distributed on location-plate under thermocouple 14 and thermocouple upper location-plate 9 by rule and be tensioned fixation, its point
As shown in Figure 2, A represents radial direction thermometric in figure for cloth position and rule, and B represents axial thermometric, thermocouple upper location-plate 9 and thermocouple
Certain group radial direction temperature measuring point on lower location-plate 14 is not fully located on straight line, straight line particularly where diameter or radius
On, but straight line certain distance where parallel offset radius or diameter, the distance can be designed according to being actually needed.
Further, thermocouple 12 uses public negative pole, and its negative pole passes through thermocouple negative pole attachment means and data acquisition
Analytic unit is connected, and the thermocouple negative pole attachment means include thermocouple negative pole connection ring 6, thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring 32 and heat
Galvanic couple negative terminal 36 (as shown in Figure 3), wherein, thermocouple negative pole is connected in thermocouple negative pole connection ring 6, and uses thermoelectricity
Even negative pole hold-down ring 32 compresses thermocouple negative pole connection ring 6, and thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring 32 connects with thermocouple negative terminal 36
Connect, the negative pole of thermocouple is drawn into ball bed container by galvanic couple negative terminal 36, and the positive pole of thermocouple 12 is after insulated enclosure
Lower flange is passed, the lower blank flange 16-2 in lower flange is specifically passed, is then connected with data collection and analysis component.
As shown in figure 1, heating component includes heating furnace 7, heater strip (rod) 11 and DC voltage-stabilizing power supply 10, heating furnace
7 upper and lower side is respectively arranged with upper flange and lower flange, and sample room is in the uniform temperature zone of the heating furnace 7, heater strip (rod) 11
It is axially inserted into sample room, its both ends is connected by locking attachment cap 8,15 with electrode connecting rod 2,17 respectively, electrode connection
Bar 2,17 is connected by electric wire with DC voltage-stabilizing power supply 10.
Specifically, upper flange includes upper blank flange 4-1 and upper perforate flange 4-2, lower flange includes lower perforate flange 16-
1 and lower blank flange 16-2, upper blank flange 4-1, upper perforate flange 4-2, lower perforate flange 16-1 and lower blank flange 16-2
It is kovar alloy (KOVAR), and upper perforate flange 4-2, lower perforate flange 16-1 and ball bed outer container 27 are tightly connected, this
Outside, upper perforate flange 4-2, lower perforate flange 16-1 respectively by oxygenless copper washer and bolt and upper blank flange 4-1, under it is blind
The 16-2 connections of plate flange.
Specifically, admission line 31, thermocouple negative terminal 36 and electrode connecting rod 2 pass through sealing-plug 5 and sealing
Clamping cap 3 passes blank flange 4-1 after realizing insulation and sealing;And electrode connecting rod 17 is sealed using teflon insulation
Then set 20 and fluid sealant pass lower blank flange 16-2, then power with DC voltage-stabilizing with lower blank flange 16-2 insulated enclosures
Power supply 10 is connected.
As shown in figure 1, gas supply assembly includes the gas cylinder 30 and pressure sensor 1 being connected by gas pipeline, gas pipeline
On be provided with flowmeter 33, valve switch 34,35 and admission line 31, the admission line 31 is sample room supply, itself and plug-hole
Plug 29 is connected, and the hole plug 29 is got lodged on the ceramic filler hole 37 (as shown in Figure 2) of thermocouple upper location-plate 9.
As shown in figure 1, vacuum elements include the aspiration pump 24 and counterbalance valve 21 being connected by gas pipeline, the gas pipeline
On be provided with valve switch 22,23 and outlet pipe 25, the outlet pipe 25 is connected with lower flange.Specifically, outlet pipe 25
Connected with lower blank flange 16-2 sides port sealing, outlet pipe 25 is internally formed gas with admission line 31 and ball bed and led to
Road.
As shown in figure 1, data collection and analysis component includes the data acquisition unit 18 and computer 19 being connected with each other, data
Collecting unit 18 is connected with the both positive and negative polarity of thermocouple 12, especially by the positive pole of thermocouple 12 in data wire and ball bed container and
Thermocouple negative terminal 36 is connected, and the data acquisition unit 18 is also connected with pressure sensor 1, the computer 19 and flow
Meter 33 is connected, and the flowmeter 33 is used to control gas flow, by running data process&analysis program on a computer 19
Carry out data process&analysis.
In practical operation, gas cylinder 30 provides gas, and flowmeter 33 controls gas flow, the measuring system gas of pressure sensor 1
Pressure, counterbalance valve 21 is stable and control system air pressure, heating furnace 7 build ball bed environment temperature to the heating of ball bed, and aspiration pump 24 is used for
Remove gas needed for non-experiment, DC voltage-stabilizing power supply 10 gives heater strip (rod) 11 to power, and electrode connecting rod 2,17 be
Electric action from while being easy to sealing, stop sleeve 26 play load-bearing effect, thermoelectricity using high temperature resistant and the small material of thermal expansion
Even 12 measure the radial and axial Temperature Distribution of ball bed respectively.
It is above the platform composition provided in an embodiment of the present invention for being used to measure Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity, for the ease of
Understand, be described in detail below for its principle and measurement operation.
In order that with steady state method, it is necessary to middle heater strip under the environment temperature by Heating Furnace Control stablized
(rod) causes the temperature difference of ball bed from inside to outside, and the radial temperature profile by measuring ball bed can calculate the effective thermal conductivity of ball bed
Rate.
In cylindrical ball bed, can by determine axial direction temperature come realize axially without heat transfer it is assumed that ball bed center put
A piece heating rod (silk) produces hot-fluid to ball bed, causes thermograde.Introduce the coefficient of heat transfer α of ball bed container wall and ball bedw2, according to
Following relational expression can be obtained according to thermal conduction study correlation theory:
In formula:T (r) is the temperature (K) at ball bed radius r;Tw2For the temperature (K) of ball bed container inner surface;Q is heating rod
Hot-fluid (the W/m of (silk) outer surface2);R1For heating rod (silk) external diameter (m);αw2For ball bed container wall and the coefficient of heat transfer of ball bed
(W/m2K);R2For ball bed internal diameter (m);keIt is the efficient thermal conductivity (W/mK) of ball bed;L is heater strip hot zone length (ball
Bed height).
αw2And Tw2Value be basically unchanged in steady-state process, it can thus be assumed that the temperature T (r) at any radius is with ln (r/
R2) between be linear relationship, then test in determine arbitrfary point r at temperature, by T (r) to ln (r/R2) carry out least square plan
Close, by gained slope-(QR1)/keIt can obtain the efficient thermal conductivity k under the conditions of heat generation rate Q is testede。
Experiment determines the uniform temperature zone of heating furnace and ball bed temperature measuring point is located in uniform temperature zone before starting, determine in experiment
Start to test after atmosphere, flow, pressure and ball bed environment temperature.Increase the outlet atmospheric pressure value of counterbalance valve 21, close gas
Bottle 30 goes out air cock, the valve of flowmeter 33 be in normally open, opening valve 34, valve 35, valve 22, valve 23, then
Open aspiration pump 24 to be evacuated, the observation registration of pressure sensor 1 closes valve 23 and aspiration pump 24 when in vacuum state, beats
Open gas cylinder 30 and go out air cock, and control the flow of flowmeter 33, adjusting counterbalance valve 21 and observing the registration of pressure sensor 1 makes in system
Air pressure is in the stable state needed;Open heating furnace 7 after a period of time to heat and keep in required temperature, each region in ball bed
Temperature opens DC voltage-stabilizing power supply 10 after being in stable state, is powered with constant current to heater strip or heating rod 11, right
Ball bed carries out internal heating until ball bed internal temperature is again at stable state.All run in whole process in computer 19
Test program, each point thermometric value is monitored, while least square fitting and graphical Dynamic Announce is carried out to T (r) and ln (r/R2),
Obtain ball bed efficient thermal conductivity and assess test result.
The content that specification is not described in detail belongs to prior art known to professional and technical personnel in the field.This area
Technical staff is readily appreciated that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all at this
All any modification, equivalent and improvement made within the spirit and principle of invention etc., should be included in the protection model of the present invention
Within enclosing.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform, it is characterised in that including ball bed container component, heating component, confession
Pneumatic module, vacuum elements and data collection and analysis component, wherein:
The ball bed container component includes ball bed outer container (27), is provided with sample room by stop sleeve (26) in it, the sample
Product room includes location-plate (14) under ball bed wall (28), thermocouple upper location-plate (9) and thermocouple, and three is formed for placing ceramic
The ball bed of particle, the sample room is made up of the material of high temperature resistant, low bulk, transparent, electric insulation, poor heat conductivity, in the sample room
It is provided with the thermocouple (12) for measuring the radial and axial Temperature Distribution of ball bed;The thermocouple (12) uses the naked heat of butt welding
Thermocouple wire, its temperature measuring point can move axially along ball bed, and its both positive and negative polarity passes through location-plate (14) and thermoelectricity under the thermocouple respectively
The aperture being distributed on even upper location-plate (9) by rule passes and is tensioned fixation;The thermocouple (12) uses public negative pole, and it is negative
Pole is connected in thermocouple negative pole connection ring (6), and is compressed with thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring (32), the thermocouple negative pole hold-down ring
(32) it is connected with thermocouple negative terminal (36);Under the thermocouple upper location-plate (9) and thermocouple on location-plate (14)
Radial direction temperature measuring point is not exclusively on straight line, the radius or diameter of its parallel offset ball bed;
The heating component includes heating furnace (7), heater strip (11) and DC voltage-stabilizing power supply (10), the heating furnace (7)
Upper and lower side be respectively arranged with upper flange and lower flange, the sample room is in the uniform temperature zone of the heating furnace (7), the heating
Silk (11) is axially inserted into sample room, and its both ends is connected by locking attachment cap with electrode connecting rod respectively, electrode connection
Bar is connected with the DC voltage-stabilizing power supply (10);
The gas supply assembly includes the gas cylinder (30) and pressure sensor (1) being connected by gas pipeline, on the gas pipeline
Flowmeter (33), valve switch and admission line (31) are provided with, the admission line (31) positions with getting lodged on the thermocouple
Hole plug (29) on the ceramic filler hole of plate (9) is connected;
The vacuum elements include the aspiration pump (24) and counterbalance valve (21) being connected by gas pipeline, are set on the gas pipeline
There are valve switch and outlet pipe (25), the outlet pipe (25) is connected with the lower flange;
The data collection and analysis component includes the data acquisition unit (18) being connected with each other and computer (19), the data are adopted
Collection unit (18) is connected with the both positive and negative polarity of the thermocouple (12), and is connected with the pressure sensor (1), the computer
(19) it is connected with the flowmeter (33).
2. Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the upper flange includes
Upper blank flange (4-1) and upper perforate flange (4-2), the lower flange include lower perforate flange (16-1) and lower blank flange
(16-2), upper blank flange (4-1), upper perforate flange (4-2), lower perforate flange (16-1) and the lower blank flange (16-2)
It is kovar alloy, and upper perforate flange (4-2), lower perforate flange (16-1) connect with the ball bed outer container (27) sealing
Connect, in addition, upper perforate flange (4-2), lower perforate flange (16-1) pass through oxygenless copper washer and bolt and upper blind plate method respectively
Blue (4-1), lower blank flange (16-2) connection.
3. Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the thermocouple (12)
The lower blank flange (16-2) is passed after positive pole insulated enclosure.
4. Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the admission line
(31), thermocouple negative terminal (36) and electrode connecting rod above pass through sealing-plug (5) and sealing clamping cap (3)
The upper blank flange (4-1) is passed after realizing insulation and sealing;The outlet pipe (25) is the same as the lower blank flange (16-
2) side port sealing connects.
5. Ceramic Balls bed efficient thermal conductivity test platform according to claim 1, it is characterised in that underlying described
Electrode connecting rod is using teflon insulation sealing shroud (20) and fluid sealant with lower blank flange (16-2) insulated enclosure.
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CN106093113A (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2016-11-09 | 南京理工大学连云港研究院 | The thermal conductivity measurement apparatus of granule under a kind of different stacking states |
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