CN106769313B - A kind of artificial shale core and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of artificial shale core and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN106769313B CN106769313B CN201611217038.XA CN201611217038A CN106769313B CN 106769313 B CN106769313 B CN 106769313B CN 201611217038 A CN201611217038 A CN 201611217038A CN 106769313 B CN106769313 B CN 106769313B
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- unit connector
- end fastener
- connector
- rubber ring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of artificial shale cores and preparation method thereof, belong to shale gas development technique field.This artificial shale core includes at least one unit connector, the unit connector is welded by the slot structure that the fixed structure and evagination of middle part hollow out are set to outside in the middle part of fixed structure, the slot structure is matched with the hollow-out part of fixed structure and slot structure embeddable hollow-out part just, one end of fixed structure is provided with filter screen in slot structure, nanometer film is placed on filter screen.The advantages of this artificial shale core is with that can either meet the requirement of shale nanoscale hole, extremely low permeability and porosity, and can ensure the accuracy of core flooding experiment being normally carried out with displacement test.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to shale gas development technique field, it is related to a kind of artificial shale core and preparation method thereof, especially
A kind of artificial shale core of nanoscale and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
Shale gas refers to that preservation is main existing way with absorption or free state in organic matter mud shale and its interlayer
Unconventional gas, ingredient is mainly based on methane.Substitute of the shale gas as traditional Coal Energy Source and petroleum gas,
Situation, optimization energy industry structure etc. to alleviate energy shortage, reducing environmental pollution, alleviate China's energy shortage play product
The impetus of pole.
Shale aperture mainly in Nano grade, has apparent nano effect and anisotropic property, porosity is extremely low, reservoir
Ultralow permeability, fluid are difficult to flow through true shale core, and traditional core flooding experiment is difficult to realize, and not can control
Aperture and permeability are simulated, and the accuracy of displacement test is also difficult to ensure.
In conclusion designing a kind of artificial shale core with a large amount of nanoscale apertures and ultralow permeability, Ji Nengzhen
Real simulation shale core seepage characteristics, and can ensure shale displacement test accuracy, become shale gas seepage characteristics research
The task of top priority.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is there is the above problem in view of the prior art, shale nanometer can either be met by proposing one kind
The requirement of grade hole, extremely low permeability and porosity, and can ensure being normally carried out and displacement test for core flooding experiment
Artificial shale core of accuracy and preparation method thereof.
Object of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme: a kind of artificial shale core, including at least one list
First connector, the unit connector are set to the slot knot in outside in the middle part of fixed structure by the fixed structure and evagination of middle part hollow out
Structure is welded, and the slot structure is matched with the hollow-out part of fixed structure and slot structure embeddable hollow-out part just,
One end of fixed structure is provided with filter screen in slot structure, nanometer film is placed on filter screen.
As a further improvement of the present invention, be orderly stacked with multiple nanometer films on filter screen, and nanometer film with it is corresponding
Slot structure inner wall is fitted close.
As a further improvement of the present invention, it is suppressed with supporting network in nanometer film on the outermost side, and supporting network is set
Sealed around one end of fixed structure, the supporting network by film sealed rubber ring in slot structure, the film sealed rubber ring with
Corresponding groove inner structural wall is fitted close.
As a further improvement of the present invention, the unit connector is set as being arranged successively along axial direction multiple, adjacent
Two unit connectors are sealed against each other and are nested together, and wherein slot structure is placed in the fixed structure hollow-out parts of corresponding unit connector
In point, it is tightly connected between adjacent two fixed structure by connector sealed rubber ring.
As a further improvement of the present invention, it is surrounded in the structure to be formed in multiple unit connectors, two ends point
It is not connected with arrival end fastener and outlet end fastener, and arrival end fastener, outlet end fastener are connect with corresponding unit
It is equally tightly connected by connector sealed rubber ring between the fixed structure of device, which further includes for being fixed into
The fastening bolt of mouth end fastener, unit connector, outlet end fastener, the fastening bolt sequentially pass through arrival end fastening
Device, each unit connector, outlet end fastener.
As a further improvement of the present invention, the arrival end fastener, be respectively equipped with support on the fastener of outlet end
Net.
As a further improvement of the present invention, it is closed by arrival end fastener, outlet end fastener and multiple unit connectors
The sealing structure to be formed is enclosed in a core outer seal sleeve.
As a further improvement of the present invention, the arrival end fastener, outlet end fastener, core outer seal sleeve and
Multiple unit connectors surround the structure to be formed integrally cylindrical setting.
As another improvement of the invention, displacing fluid is respectively equipped on arrival end fastener, outlet end fastener and is entered
Mouth pipeline, displacing fluid export pipeline.
A kind of preparation method of artificial shale core, comprising the following steps:
Customization can put the unit connector of nanometer film;
The nanometer film of preset quantity is stacked on the filter screen in corresponding unit connector slot structure;
Supporting network is pressed in nanometer film, and covers upper film sealed rubber ring sealing outside supporting network;
Multiple unit connector slot structures equipped with nanometer film, supporting network and film sealed rubber ring are connected with corresponding unit respectively
The fixed structure hollow-out part for connecing device is connected, and is sealed between adjacent unit connector by connector sealed rubber ring;
It is separately connected arrival end fastener and outlet end fastener in the two ends for finally surrounding structure, and passes through connector
The fastening bolt of sealed rubber ring and preset quantity is tightly connected;
Whole device is sealed in core outer seal sleeve.
Based on the above-mentioned technical proposal, the embodiment of the present invention at least can produce following technical effect: integral structure layout closes
It manages, is compact, nanometer film surface has a large amount of ten to the other hole of hundred nano-scale, and the draw ratio of nanometer film is big, belongs to shale core
In porous media, the steel filter that specification nanometer film in aperture of the same race is placed in unit connector left part is online, and filter screen can be with
Film is prevented to be destroyed under the hydraulic blow of high-intensitive displacing fluid, by tying the difference such as unit connector, filter screen, nanometer film
Structure, which is combined, obtains a kind of artificial shale core of nanoscale, can really simulate shale with a large amount of different scales
Nanoscale hole, the Seepage Experiment in the case of different permeabilities, such structure setting can either meet shale nanoscale
The requirement of hole, extremely low permeability and porosity, and can ensure the essence of core flooding experiment being normally carried out with displacement test
True property.
Detailed description of the invention
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of artificial shale core in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of unit connector in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram at another visual angle Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is the structural schematic diagram at another visual angle Fig. 3.
In figure, 1, fixator shell;2, fastening bolt;3, filter screen;4, nanometer film;5, film sealed rubber ring;6, supporting network;
7, connector sealed rubber ring;8, displacing fluid entrance pipe;9, displacing fluid export pipeline;10, arrival end fastener;11, outlet end
Fastener;12, core outer seal sleeve;13, unit connector.
Specific embodiment
Following is a specific embodiment of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, technical scheme of the present invention will be further described,
However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
The present invention protects a kind of artificial shale core and preparation method thereof, which is the artificial page of nanoscale
Rock core, in the case of can really simulating shale with the nanoscale holes of a large amount of different scales, different permeabilities
Seepage flow characteristics (Seepage Experiment).
Technical solution provided by the invention is illustrated in more detail below with reference to Fig. 1 to Fig. 4.
As shown in Figures 1 to 4, this artificial shale core includes at least one unit connector 13, the unit connector
13 are welded by the slot structure that the fixed structure and evagination of middle part hollow out are set to outside in the middle part of fixed structure, the slot structure
It is matched with the hollow-out part of fixed structure and slot structure embeddable hollow-out part just, in slot structure far from fixed structure
One end is provided with filter screen 3 (defining the left side at this for slot structure), nanometer film 4 is placed on filter screen 3, nanometer film 4 is set
In in slot structure.
In the present invention, it is preferred to unit connector 13 is made of stainless steel, it is that an evagination slot structure and a hollow out cylinder are solid
Determine structure welding to form, steel evagination slot structure internal diameter is identical as the internal diameter of hollow out cylinder, outside Fig. 1 and fixator shown in Fig. 2
Shell 1 is the core support carrier of unit connector 13, mainly includes the fixed structure of middle part hollow out;The left part of slot structure was
Strainer 3, filter screen 3 is corresponding to be preferably also steel filter net 3, has large number of orifices on steel filter net 3, unit connector 13 is consolidated
Determining 1 rest part of device shell is solid steel construction.
This artificial shale core integral structure layout is reasonable, compact, and 4 surface of nanometer film has a large amount of ten to arrive 100 nanometer level
Hole, the draw ratio of nanometer film 4 is big, belongs to porous media with shale core, and aperture specification nanometer film 4 of the same race is placed in list
On the steel filter net 3 of first 13 left part of connector, filter screen 3 (preferably steel filter net 3) can prevent film from driving in high intensity
For being destroyed under the hydraulic blow of liquid, by the way that the different structures such as unit connector 13, filter screen 3, nanometer film 4 are combined
A kind of artificial shale core of nanoscale is obtained, the nano grade pore that shale has a large amount of different scales can be really simulated
Gap, the Seepage Experiment in the case of different permeabilities, such structure setting can either meet shale nanoscale hole, extremely low
The requirement of permeability and porosity, and can ensure the accuracy of core flooding experiment being normally carried out with displacement test.
Further, multiple nanometer films 4 are orderly stacked on filter screen 3, and nanometer film 4 and corresponding groove inner structural wall are tight
Close fit avoids it from loosening and shake;Preferably, it in individual unit connector 13, on steel filter net 3, stacks
There is even number (further preferably ten) nanometer film 4, steel filter net 3 and multi-layer nano-film 4 are fitted close, further prevent
Film is destroyed under the hydraulic blow of high-intensitive displacing fluid.
Further, it is suppressed with supporting network 6 in nanometer film 4 on the outermost side, and to be placed in slot structure close for supporting network 6
One end of fixed structure is sealed by film sealed rubber ring 5 around the supporting network 6, the film sealed rubber ring 5 and corresponding slot structure
Inner wall is fitted close.
It is preferred that supporting network 6 is also steel-made support net 6, the opening of slot structure is sealed in by film sealed rubber ring 5.It uses
When, steel-made support net 6 is placed in the slot structure of unit connector 13, and is pressed in nanometer film 4, and nanometer film on the one hand can be improved
4 in displacement process, bears the hydraulic blow of horizontal direction, and it is longitudinal in displacement process that nanometer film 4 on the other hand can be improved
Confining pressure effect, prevent film to be crushed, sealed around steel-made support net 6 by film sealed rubber ring 5, prevent fluid from overflowing.
As a kind of preferred or optional embodiment, unit connector 13 be set as being arranged successively along axial direction it is multiple,
Two neighboring unit connector 13, which seals against each other, to be nested together, and wherein slot structure is placed in the fixed knot of corresponding unit connector 13
In structure hollow-out part, it is tightly connected between adjacent two fixed structure by connector sealed rubber ring 7.
In the present invention, 13 slot structure of multiple unit connectors of nanometer film 4, supporting network 6 and film sealed rubber ring 5 will be housed
Nested encryptions are sealed by connector sealed rubber ring 7 with other unit connector 13 respectively, it is long to meet experiment core used
The requirement of degree.
And arrival end fastener 10 and outlet end fastener 11 further are connected in the two ends of artificial cores, pass through connection
Device sealed rubber ring 7 and fastening bolt 2 are tightly connected.Specifically, surrounded in the structure to be formed in multiple unit connectors 13, it is first
Tail end is connected separately with arrival end fastener 10 and outlet end fastener 11, and arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11
It is equally tightly connected by connector sealed rubber ring 7 between the fixed structure of corresponding unit connector 13, the artificial shale rock
Core further includes the fastening bolt 2 for fixing arrival end fastener 10, unit connector 13, outlet end fastener 11, described tight
Fixing bolt 2 sequentially passes through arrival end fastener 10, each unit connector 13, outlet end fastener 11;It is preferred that fastening bolt 2 is arranged
It is equally distributed four, to guarantee connection and fixed reliability.
Preferably, arrival end fastener 10, be respectively equipped with supporting network 6 on outlet end fastener 11, it is same as above, preferably
For steel-made support net 6, for preventing high pressure displacing fluid from directly impacting nanometer film 4.
Preferably, the knot formed is surrounded by arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11 and multiple unit connectors 13
Structure is sealed in a core outer seal sleeve 12.In the present invention, the fixator shell 1 of whole device is sealed in core outer seal sleeve
In 12, guarantee the sealing of displacement process;Together by the combination of all structures, it can be obtained with nanoscale aperture and ultralow permeability
Artificial shale core.
Further, arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11, core outer seal sleeve 12 and multiple unit connectors
13 surround the structure to be formed integrally cylindrical setting, i.e., entire artificial shale core is cylindrical shape, suitable for what is generally used
Core flooding device reaches the requirement of different pore size and permeability by constantly replacing the nanometer film 4 of different size.
Preferably, on arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11 (i.e. in the head end of artificial cores and tail end)
It is respectively designed with displacing fluid entrance pipe 8, the displacing fluid export pipeline 9 passed through for core flooding Experimental Flowing Object.
The present invention also protects a kind of preparation method of artificial shale core comprising following steps:
Customization can put the unit connector 13 of nanometer film 4;
The nanometer film 4 of preset quantity (preferably ten) is stacked into the filter screen in 13 slot structure of corresponding unit connector
On 3;
Supporting network 6 is pressed in nanometer film 4, and covers upper film sealed rubber ring 5 outside supporting network 6 and seals;
By multiple 13 slot structures of unit connector equipped with nanometer film 4, supporting network 6 and film sealed rubber ring 5 respectively with it is corresponding
The fixed structure hollow-out part of unit connector 13 is connected, and passes through connector sealed rubber ring 7 between adjacent unit connector 13
Sealing;
It is separately connected arrival end fastener 10 and outlet end fastener 11 in the two ends for finally surrounding structure, and passes through company
The fastening bolt 2 for connecing device sealed rubber ring 7 and preset quantity (preferably four) is tightly connected;
Whole device is sealed in core outer seal sleeve 12.
In the present invention, by the method for combining different structure to get to a kind of artificial shale of nanoscale
Core.Finally, core can be put into displacement test device, pass through on arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11
Displacing fluid entrance pipe 8, displacing fluid export pipeline 9 carry out core flooding experiment.
It is as follows that two kinds of preferred embodiments are additionally provided in the present invention:
One,
Customization can put the unit connector 13 of nanometer film 4, and 13 outer diameter of unit connector is 2.4 centimetres, the outer tongue of steel
The internal diameter of inside diameter and hollow out cylinder (fixed structure hollow-out part) is all 2 centimetres, and the left part of slot structure is with a thickness of 0.1 li
The steel filter net 3 of rice, the hole for being 0.1 centimetre with a large amount of apertures on steel filter net 3, outside the fixator of unit connector 13
Shell 1 is solid steel construction;
The diameter of nanometer film 4 is 2 centimetres, and nano-pore aperture is 30 nanometers on film, and the thickness of nanometer film 4, will at 50 microns
20 nanometer films 4 stack on the steel filter net 3 in 13 slot structure of unit connector;
The diameter of steel-made support net 6 is 1.8 centimetres, with a thickness of 0.1 centimetre, is pressed in nanometer film 4, steel-made support net 6 weeks
It encloses by being sealed with a thickness of 0.2 centimetre of film sealed rubber ring 5;
18 unit connectors 13 equipped with nanometer film 4, steel-made support net 6 and film sealed rubber ring 5 are nested with one another connection,
It is sealed between adjacent unit connector 13 by 1 connector sealed rubber ring 7, two ends connect 1 with a thickness of 0.3 centimetre
Arrival end fastener 10 and 1 outlet end fastener 11 is sealed by 1 connector sealed rubber ring 7 and 4 fastening bolt 2;
Whole device is sealed in the core outer seal sleeve 12 with a thickness of 0.1 centimetre, guarantees the leakproofness of displacement process.
By the method for combining different structure to get be 30 nanometers to nano-pore aperture, the diameter of core is
2.5 centimetres, the artificial shale core of a kind of nanoscale that length is 6 centimetres, meet the requirement of displacement test.
Displacing fluid entrance pipe 8, displacing fluid outlet are respectively designed on arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11
Pipeline 9, core are put into displacement test device, displacing fluid are passed through in core, carry out core flooding experiment.
In this embodiment, above-mentioned dimensions and quantifier are preferred values, do not limit the practical reality of the present embodiment
Apply mode.
Secondly,
Customization can put the unit connector 13 of nanometer film 4, and 13 outer diameter of unit connector is 2.4 centimetres, the outer tongue of steel
The internal diameter of inside diameter and hollow out cylinder is all 2 centimetres, and the left part of slot structure is the steel filter net 3 with a thickness of 0.1 centimetre, steel
The hole for being 0.1 centimetre with a large amount of apertures on filter screen 3 processed, the fixator shell 1 of unit connector 13 are solid steel construction;
The diameter of nanometer film 4 is 2 centimetres, and nano-pore aperture is 50 nanometers on film, and the thickness of nanometer film 4, will at 100 microns
10 nanometer films 4 stack on the steel filter net 3 in 13 slot structure of unit connector;
The diameter of steel-made support net 6 is 1.8 centimetres, with a thickness of 0.1 centimetre, is pressed in nanometer film 4, steel-made support net 6 weeks
It encloses by being sealed with a thickness of 0.2 centimetre of film sealed rubber ring 5;
18 unit connectors 13 equipped with nanometer film 4, steel-made support net 6 and film sealed rubber ring 5 are nested with one another connection,
It is sealed between adjacent unit connector 13 by 1 connector sealed rubber ring 7, two ends connect 1 with a thickness of 0.3 centimetre
Arrival end fastener 10 and 1 outlet end fastener 11 is sealed by 1 connector sealed rubber ring 7 and 4 fastening bolt 2;
Whole device is sealed in the core outer seal sleeve 12 with a thickness of 0.1 centimetre, guarantees the leakproofness of displacement process.
By the method for combining different structure to get be 50 nanometers to nano-pore aperture, the diameter of core is
2.5 centimetres, the artificial shale core of a kind of nanoscale that length is 6 centimetres, meet the requirement of displacement test.
Displacing fluid entrance pipe 8, displacing fluid outlet are respectively designed on arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11
Pipeline 9, core are put into displacement test device, displacing fluid are passed through in core, carry out core flooding experiment.
In this embodiment, above-mentioned dimensions and quantifier are preferred values, do not limit the practical reality of the present embodiment
Apply mode.
In conclusion in the present case, unit connector 13 is that steel slot structure is welded with a hollow out cylinder, and unit connects
The fixator shell 1 for connecing device 13 is steel entity structure;Nanometer film 4 overlays the steel filter net 3 of 13 slot structure of unit connector
On, steel-made support net 6 is pressed in nanometer film 4, and is sealed by film sealed rubber ring 5;Nanometer film 4 and steel-made support are housed by multiple
The unit connector 13 of net 6 seals nested encryptions, head and the tail by connector sealed rubber ring 7 with other unit connector 13 respectively
End connection arrival end fastener 10 and outlet end fastener 11, are tightly connected by connector sealed rubber ring 7 and fastening bolt 2;
The displacing fluid entrance pipe 8 for displacement test, displacement are respectively designed on arrival end fastener 10, outlet end fastener 11
Liquid export pipeline 9;Entire fixator shell 1 is sealed in core outer seal sleeve 12, guarantees the leakproofness of displacement process;Passing through will
The method that different structure is combined can really simulate shale tool to get a kind of artificial shale core of nanoscale is arrived
There are the nanoscale hole of a large amount of different scales, the Seepage Experiment in the case of different permeabilities.
Specific embodiment described herein is only an example for the spirit of the invention.The neck of technology belonging to the present invention
The technical staff in domain can make various modifications or additions to the described embodiments or replace by a similar method
In generation, however, it does not deviate from the spirit of the invention or beyond the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of artificial shale core, it is characterised in that: including at least one unit connector, the unit connector is by middle part
The slot structure that the fixed structure and evagination of hollow out are set to outside in the middle part of fixed structure is welded, the slot structure and fixed knot
The hollow-out part of structure matches and slot structure embeddable hollow-out part just, is arranged in slot structure far from one end of fixed structure
There is filter screen, nanometer film is placed on filter screen;Orderly be stacked with multiple nanometer films on filter screen, and nanometer film with it is right
Slot structure inner wall is answered to be fitted close;It is suppressed with supporting network in nanometer film on the outermost side, and to be placed in slot structure close for supporting network
One end of fixed structure is sealed by film sealed rubber ring around the supporting network, the film sealed rubber ring in corresponding slot structure
Wall is fitted close;The unit connector is set as being arranged successively along axial direction multiple, and two neighboring unit connector is mutually close
Envelope nests together, and wherein slot structure is placed in the fixed structure hollow-out part of corresponding unit connector, adjacent two fixed structure
Between be tightly connected by connector sealed rubber ring;It is surrounded in the structure to be formed in multiple unit connectors, two ends difference
It is connected with arrival end fastener and outlet end fastener, and arrival end fastener, outlet end fastener and corresponding unit connector
Fixed structure between be equally tightly connected by connector sealed rubber ring, which further includes for fixing entrance
Hold fastener, unit connector, outlet end fastener fastening bolt, the fastening bolt sequentially pass through arrival end fastener,
Each unit connector, outlet end fastener.
2. a kind of artificial shale core according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the arrival end fastener, outlet end
Supporting network is respectively equipped on fastener.
3. a kind of artificial shale core according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: tight by arrival end fastener, outlet end
Gu device and multiple unit connectors surround the sealing structure to be formed in a core outer seal sleeve.
4. a kind of artificial shale core according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the arrival end fastener, outlet end
Fastener, core outer seal sleeve and multiple unit connectors surround the structure to be formed integrally cylindrical setting.
5. a kind of artificial shale core according to any one of claims 1 to 4, it is characterised in that: arrival end fastener,
Displacing fluid entrance pipe, displacing fluid export pipeline are respectively equipped on the fastener of outlet end.
6. the preparation method of artificial shale core described in a kind of claim 3 or 4, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
Customization can put the unit connector of nanometer film;
The nanometer film of preset quantity is stacked on the filter screen in corresponding unit connector slot structure;
Supporting network is pressed in nanometer film, and covers upper film sealed rubber ring sealing outside supporting network;
By multiple unit connector slot structures equipped with nanometer film, supporting network and film sealed rubber ring respectively with corresponding unit connector
Fixed structure hollow-out part be connected, sealed between adjacent unit connector by connector sealed rubber ring;
It is separately connected arrival end fastener and outlet end fastener in the two ends for finally surrounding structure, and is sealed by connector
The fastening bolt of rubber ring and preset quantity is tightly connected;
Whole device is sealed in core outer seal sleeve.
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CN108267385B (en) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-10-02 | 浙江海洋大学 | Experimental method for gas flow characteristics in nano-channel |
CN109342138A (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2019-02-15 | 武汉大学 | The artificial shale core production method of densification and its molding die for having stratification |
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CN1528578A (en) * | 2003-10-01 | 2004-09-15 | 宏 刘 | Method for producing building block |
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