CN106715444B - 新型色酮肟衍生物以及其作为代谢型谷氨酸受体的别构调节剂的用途 - Google Patents
新型色酮肟衍生物以及其作为代谢型谷氨酸受体的别构调节剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了式(I)的新型色酮肟衍生物,其是对谷氨酸敏感的神经系统受体的调节剂,以及,此外,提供了在口服给予的情况下的有利地高的脑渗透。本发明还涉及含有这种化合物的药物组合物,以及其应用于治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症,或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症,特别是急性和慢性神经和/或精神障碍。
Description
技术领域
本发明提供了新型色酮肟衍生物,其是对神经兴奋性氨基酸谷氨酸敏感的神经系统受体的调节剂,以及此外提供了在口服给予的情况下的有利地高脑暴露。这些性能使得根据本发明的色酮肟衍生物特别适合作为药物,例如,在急性和慢性神经和/或精神障碍的治疗或预防中。
背景技术
已知的是,谷氨酸参与众多神经功能。重要的作用因此归因于谷氨酸能受体,特别是关于神经冲动的传导、突触可塑性、神经系统的发展、学习和记忆。
谷氨酸还是主要内源性神经毒素,其负责在缺血、缺氧、癫癎发作或脑创伤以后观测到的神经元死亡。因此,明确地认为,谷氨酸受体参与神经系统和神经退化疾病的各种疾病。
谷氨酸能系统包括谷氨酸受体和转运蛋白以及谷氨酸代谢的酶。已表征两种主要类型的谷氨酸能受体:亲离子受体(iGluR)和代谢型受体(mGluR)。基于它们的药理学以及随后通过分子生物学,已确定了亲离子谷氨酸受体。iGluR家族包括NMDA(N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸)、AMPA(α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异噁唑丙酸)以及红藻氨酸受体亚家族,如此命名是因为选择性地结合于亚家族成员的化学激动剂。iGluR是电压门控性离子通道(voltage-gated ionchannel),其允许在谷氨酸结合以的情况下阳离子流入。它们直接负责动作电位的生成,它们引发在CNS中的神经可塑变化,并且负责许多疾病,包括慢性疼痛。代谢型谷氨酸受体是七次跨膜域G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)的家族。至今,已确定8种mGluR亚型(mGluR1–mGluR8),并且,基于序列同源性、转导机制和药理分布,分为三组(I-III)。mGluR属于GPCR超家族的第3家族,因此,它们的特征在于较大的胞外氨基末端结构域(ATD),其中定位有谷氨酸结合位点。mGluR定位在整个神经系统(中枢和外周)中并且已经显示出在许多器官系统的稳态中发挥作用。已发现它们发挥重要作用,特别是在突触传递的长时程增强作用(LTP)和长时程抑制(LTD)的诱导中,在压力接受性反射(baroceptive reflex)、空间学习、运动学习、体位和运动整合的调节中,并且被认为参与急性或慢性退化疾病如帕金森病、左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍、阿尔茨海默病、肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症、脊髓小脑性共济失调、癫痫或亨廷顿病、以及神经精神障碍如焦虑、抑郁、自闭症谱系障碍、创伤后应激障碍和精神分裂症。
因此,已经清楚地证明了,谷氨酸能途径参与许多神经元损伤和伤害的病理生理学。许多神经系统紊乱,包括癫痫和慢性或急性退化过程如例如阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、帕金森病和肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(Mattson MP.,Neuromolecular Med.,3(2),65-94,2003),以及艾滋病诱导的痴呆、多发性硬化、脊髓性肌萎缩、视网膜病、卒中、缺血、缺氧、低血糖症和各种创伤性脑损伤,包括由谷氨酸的不平衡水平所引起的神经元细胞死亡。还已经表明,药物诱导的神经毒性,例如甲基苯丙胺(METH)对纹状体多巴胺能神经元的神经毒性作用,可以实际上通过谷氨酸受体的过度刺激所介导(Stephans SE and Yamamoto BK,Synapse 17(3),203-9,1994)。也已观察到作用于谷氨酸的化合物对小鼠的抗抑郁和抗焦虑样效应,这表明,谷氨酸能传递牵连情感障碍的病理生理学,如重症抑郁、精神分裂症和焦虑(Palucha A et al.,Pharmacol.Ther.115(1),116-47,2007;Cryan JF et al.,Eur.J.Neurosc.17(11),2409-17,2003;Conn PJ et al.,Trends Pharmacol.Sci.30(1),25-31,2009)。因此,能够调节谷氨酸能信号或功能的任何化合物可以构成有希望的用于神经系统的许多疾病的治疗化合物。
此外,调节谷氨酸水平或信号的化合物对于并不直接由谷氨酸水平和/或谷氨酸受体功能障碍所介导的、但可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的疾病和/或障碍,可能具有很大的治疗价值。
氨基酸L-谷氨酸(在本文中简称为谷氨酸)是在哺乳动物中枢和外周神经系统(分别为CNS和PNS)中的主要兴奋性神经递质。它参与神经系统的所有功能并在所有阶段影响神经系统发展,从神经元迁移、分化和死亡到突触的形成和消除。谷氨酸以高浓度无处不在地分布在神经系统中并参与几乎所有生理功能,如学习和记忆、运动控制、突触可塑性的发展、感官知觉、视觉、呼吸和心血管功能的调节(Meldrum,2000)。已知在谷氨酸能系统中的异常会引起对神经传递、神经能量学(neuroenergetic)、和细胞活力的神经毒性和其他有害作用。因此,已进行相当多的研究以研究在谷氨酸能系统和神经或精神疾病之间的潜在关联。
谷氨酸通过两类受体进行操作(-Osborne H et al.,J.Med.Chem.43(14),2609-45,2000)。第一类谷氨酸受体直接偶联于在神经元的细胞膜中打开的阳离子通道。因此,它们被称为亲离子谷氨酸受体(iGluR)。iGluR分为三种亚型,其是根据它们的选择性激动剂命名:N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)、α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异噁唑-丙酸(AMPA)、和红藻氨酸(KA)。第二类谷氨酸受体由G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)组成,其被称为代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR)。突触前和突触后定位这些mGluR。它们偶联于多个第二信使系统并且它们的作用是经由结合GTP的G蛋白来调节离子通道或产生第二信使的酶的活性(ConnPJ and Pin JP.,Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.,37,205-37,1997)。虽然它们通常不直接涉及快速突触传递,但通过调节突触后通道和它们的受体、或谷氨酸的突触前释放或重新捕获,mGluR调节突触的效力。因此,mGluR在各种生理过程中发挥重要作用,如突触传递的长时程增强作用(LTP)和长时程抑制(LTD)、压力感受性反射的调节、空间学习、运动学习、以及体位和运动整合。
迄今为止,已克隆8种mGluR并根据它们的序列同源性、药理特性和信号转导机制分为三组。组I包括mGluR1和mGluR5,组II包括mGluR2和mGluR3以及组III包括mGluR4、mGluR6、mGluR7和mGluR8(Pin JP and Acher F.,Curr.Drug Targets CNSNeurol.Disord.,1(3),297-317,2002;Schoepp DD et al.,Neuropharmacology,38(10),1431-76,1999)。
根据它们与受体的相互作用的位点,mGluR配体/调节剂可以分为两个家族(见-Osborne H et al.,J.Med.Chem.43(14),2609-45,2000以供参考)。第一家族由能够与mGluR的谷氨酸结合位点相互作用的正位配体(orthosteric ligand)(或竞争性配体)组成,其位于受体(约560个氨基酸)的较大的细胞外N末端部分。正位配体的实例是S-DHPG或LY-367385(用于组I的mGluR)、LY-354740或(2R-4R)-APDC(用于组II的mGluR)以及ACPT-I或L-AP4(用于组III的mGluR)。第二家族的mGluR配体由别构配体/调节剂组成,其与来自受体的胞外活性位点的不同的位点相互作用(见Bridges TM et al.,ACS Chem Biol,3(9),530-41,2008以供参考)。它们的作用导致由内源性配体谷氨酸诱导的效应的调节。上述别构调节剂的实例是Ro-674853、MPEP或JNJ16259685(用于组I的mGluR)以及CBiPES、LY181837或LY487379(用于组II的mGluR)。
对于mGluR亚型4(mGluR4)描述了别构调节剂的实例。PHCCC、MPEP和SIB1893(MajM et al.,Neuropharmacology,45(7),895-903,2003;Mathiesen JM et al.,Br.J.Pharmacol.138(6),1026-30,2003)是于2003年描述的最初的别构调节剂。最近,在文献(Niswender CM et al.,Mol.Pharmacol.74(5),1345-58,2008;Niswender CM et al.,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.18(20),5626-30,2008;Williams R et al.,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.19(3),962-6,2009;Engers DW et al.,J.Med.Chem.May 272009)中以及在描述酰氨基和杂芳香族化合物的家族的两个专利出版物(WO 2009/010454和WO 2009/010455)中报道了更有效的阳性别构调节剂(positive allostericmodulator)。
许多研究已描述了mGluR调节剂在神经保护中的潜在应用(见Bruno V et al.,J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab.,21(9),1013-33,2001以供参考)。例如,组I的mGluR的拮抗剂化合物在用于焦虑和缺血后神经元损伤的动物模型中显示有趣的结果(Pilc A et al.,Neuropharmacology,43(2),181-7,2002;Meli E et al.,Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.,73(2),439-46,2002),组II的mGluR的激动剂在用于帕金森和焦虑的动物模型中显示良好的效果(Konieczny J et al.,Naunyn-Schmiederbergs Arch.Pharmacol.,358(4),500-2,1998)。
在精神分裂症(Palucha-Poniewiera A et al.,Neuropharmacology,55(4),517-24,2008)和慢性疼痛(Goudet C et al.,Pain,137(1),112-24,2008;Zhang HM et al.,Neuroscience,158(2),875-84,2009)的若干动物模型中,组III的mGluR调节剂显示出阳性反应。
组III的mGluR还显示出施加同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine)和高半胱氨酸(homocysteic acid)的兴奋性毒性作用,其促进在阿尔茨海默病中发生的神经元病理特征和免疫衰老(Boldyrev AA and Johnson P,J.Alzheimers Dis.11(2),219-28,2007)。
此外,在帕金森病和神经退化的动物模型中,组III的mGluR调节剂显示有希望的结果(Conn PJ et al.,Nat.Rev.Neuroscience,6(10),787-98,2005以供参考;Vernon ACet al.,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.,320(1),397-409,2007;Lopez S et al.,Neuropharmacology,55(4),483-90,2008;Vernon AC et al.,Neuroreport,19(4),475-8,2008;Williams CJ et al.,J.Neurochem.,129(1),4-20,2014,以供参考)。借助于选择性配体,进一步证明了,参与这些抗帕金森病和神经保护作用的mGluR亚型是mGluR4(MarinoMJ et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 100(23),13668-73,2003;Battaglia G et al.,J.Neurosci.26(27),7222-9,2006;Niswender CM et al.,Mol.Pharmacol.74(5),1345-58,2008)。
mGluR4调节剂还显示出发挥抗焦虑活性(Stachowicz K et al.,Eur.J.Pharmacol.,498(1-3),153-6,2004)和抗抑郁作用(Palucha A et al.,Neuropharmacology 46(2),151-9,2004;Klak K et al.,Amino Acids 32(2),169-72,2006)。
此外,mGluR4还显示参与胰高血糖素分泌抑制(Uehara S.,Diabetes53(4),998-1006,2004)。因此,mGluR4的正位或阳性别构调节剂具有通过它的降血糖作用来用于治疗2型糖尿病的潜力。
此外,mGluR4显示出将在前列腺癌细胞系中(Pessimissis N et al.,AnticancerRes.29(1),371-7,2009)或结肠直肠癌中(Chang HJ et al.,Cli.Cancer Res.11(9),3288-95,2005)的表达以及借助于PHCCC的它的激活显示出将抑制髓母细胞瘤(成神经管细胞瘤)的生长(Iacovelli L et al.,J.Neurosci.26(32)8388-97,2006)。因此,mGluR4调节剂还可以具有用于治疗癌症的潜在作用。
最后,在味觉组织中表达的鲜味(umami taste)的受体显示为mGluR4受体的变体(Eschle BK.,Neuroscience,155(2),522-9,2008)。因而,mGluR4调节剂还可用作味道剂(taste agent)、风味剂、风味增强剂或食品添加剂。
在专利申请WO 2004/092154中描述了用于药物活性化合物的色酮衍生的核心结构。在之后的申请中,它们被公开为蛋白激酶的抑制剂。
EP-A-0 787 723涉及特定的环丙烷色烯羧酸衍生物(cyclopropachromencarboxylic acid derivatives),据说其具有mGluR拮抗活性。
发明内容
在WO 2011/051478中描述了代谢型谷氨酸受体的新的一类配体。在本文件中提供的色酮肟衍生物是mGluR的高效调节剂,特别是mGluR4的阳性别构调节剂,并且可以有利地用作药物,尤其是用于急性和慢性神经和/或精神障碍的治疗或预防。
在本发明的上下文中,令人惊讶地发现,来自在WO 2011/051478中描述的化合物类的新型色酮肟衍生物不仅显示作为mGluR的阳性别构调节剂的有效的活性,而且还具有非常有利的药代动力学性能。尤其是,已经发现,相比于在WO 2011/051478中教导的化合物,如下所示的式(I)的这种新型化合物在口服给予以后表现出改善的脑暴露。因此,本发明解决了以下问题:提供mGluR的一种新的有效调节剂,特别是mGluR4的阳性别构调节剂,其具有改善的药代动力学性能,以及尤其是改善的脑渗透。
本发明因此涉及以下式(I)的化合物:
或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药。在本说明书中,式(I)的化合物还称为“PXT002331”。
因此,本发明涉及化合物6-(3-吗啉-4-基-丙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮肟或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药。
已发现,根据本发明的式(I)的化合物基本上保留根据WO 2011/051478的实施例127的结构相关化合物的有效的治疗活性,同时,意外地,显示出非常大改善的药代动力学性能以及尤其是极大改善的脑暴露,如还在实施例2中说明的。
这些改善的药代动力学性能使得式(I)的化合物非常有利地作为药物,特别是作为脑渗透药物,例如,用于在神经和/或精神障碍中的医疗干预。依据这种有利的药代动力学分布,已进一步证明,式(I)的化合物在帕金森病的MPTP-猕猴模型中显示有效的抗帕金森病功效,尤其是在通过口服给予的低于或等于25mg/kg的剂量下,如在实施例3中详述的。
依据本发明,式(I)的化合物可用作神经系统的mGluR的脑渗透调节剂。尤其是,式(I)的化合物可用作mGluR的脑渗透别构调节剂,并且可最有利地用作mGluR4的脑渗透阳性别构调节剂。
本发明还涉及药物组合物,其包含式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药并连同药物可接受的赋形剂。因此,本发明涉及用作药物的式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药。
本发明进一步涉及式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药,或包含任何上述实体以及药物可接受的赋形剂的药物组合物,用于治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症。式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药应用于制备治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的药物的用途也包括在本发明的范围内。
此外,本发明涉及用于在哺乳动物中治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的方法。因此,本发明提供了用于治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症,或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的方法,上述方法包括将式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药、或包含任何上述实体以及药物可接受的赋形剂的药物组合物给予对需要其的主体(优选哺乳动物,以及更优选人)。
使用根据本发明的化合物或药物组合物可以治疗和/或预防的与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症包括例如:癫痫,包括新生儿、婴儿、儿童和成人综合征、部分(局部相关的)和全身性癫痫,具有局部和全身的、惊厥性和非惊厥性癫痫发作,有和没有意识障碍、和癫痫持续状态;痴呆和相关疾病,包括阿尔茨海默型的痴呆(DAT)、阿尔茨海默病、皮克病、血管性痴呆、路易体病、由代谢、毒性和缺陷疾病(包括酒精中毒、甲状腺功能减退症、和维生素B12缺乏)引起的痴呆、艾滋病痴呆综合征、克-雅病(Creutzfeld-Jacob disease)和非典型亚急性海绵状脑病;帕金森病和运动障碍,包括帕金森病、多系统性萎缩、进行性核上麻痹、皮质基底核退化、肝豆状核退化、舞蹈症(包括亨廷顿病和单侧抽搐)、手足徐动症、张力失常(包括痉挛性斜颈、职业运动障碍、抽动秽语综合征)、迟发性或药物诱导的运动障碍(包括左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍)、震颤和肌阵挛;运动神经元疾病或肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS);神经系统的其它神经退化和/或遗传性疾病,包括脊髓小脑退化,如弗里德赖希共济失调和其它遗传性小脑共济失调、主要脊髓性肌萎缩、遗传性神经病、和母斑细胞病;外周神经系统疾病,包括三叉神经痛、面神经失调、其他颅神经障碍、神经根和神经丛疾病、单神经炎如腕管综合症和坐骨神经痛、遗传性和特发性外周神经病、炎症性和毒性神经病;多发性硬化和神经系统的其它脱髓鞘病;婴儿大脑性麻痹(痉挛)、单瘫、截瘫或四肢麻痹;偏瘫和轻偏瘫,松弛的或痉挛的,以及其它麻痹综合征;脑血管疾病,包括蛛网膜下出血、脑内出血、前脑动脉的闭塞和狭窄,脑动脉闭塞,包括血栓形成和栓塞、脑缺血、卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、动脉粥样硬化、脑血管性痴呆、动脉瘤、起因于心脏搭桥手术和移植的脑缺陷;自闭症谱系障碍,包括自闭症、阿斯波哥尔综合征、儿童期分裂症、和雷特综合征;偏头痛,包括典型偏头痛和变型如丛集性头痛;头痛;肌神经障碍,包括重症肌无力、急性肌肉痉挛、肌病,包括肌肉萎缩、肌强直(mytotonias)和家族性周期性麻痹;眼和视觉通路障碍,包括视网膜病症、和视觉障碍;颅内创伤/损伤和它们的后遗症;对神经和脊髓的创伤/损伤和它们的后遗症;非药用物质的中毒和毒性效应;作用于中枢、外周和自主系统的药物、药用物质和生物制品的偶然中毒;药物、药用和生物物质的神经和精神副作用;括约肌控制障碍和性功能障碍;通常在婴儿期、儿童期或青春期中确诊的精神障碍,包括:智力低下、学习障碍、运动技能障碍、语言交往障碍、广泛性发展障碍、注意力缺陷和破坏性行为障碍、喂养和进食障碍、TIC障碍、排泄障碍;谵妄和其它认知障碍;物质相关性障碍,包括:酒精相关疾病、尼古丁相关疾病、与可卡因、阿片样物质、大麻、致幻剂和其他药物有关的疾病;精神分裂症和其它精神障碍;情绪障碍,包括抑郁症和双相型障碍;焦虑性障碍,包括惊恐性障碍、恐慌症、强迫症、应激障碍(例如,创伤后应激障碍)、广泛性焦虑障碍;进食障碍,包括厌食和贪食;睡眠障碍,包括睡眠失调(失眠、睡眠过度、发作性睡病、呼吸相关睡眠障碍)和异态睡眠;药物引起的运动障碍(包括安定药诱发帕金森病和迟发性运动障碍);内分泌和代谢疾病,包括糖尿病、内分泌腺病症、低血糖症;急性和慢性疼痛;恶心和呕吐;肠易激综合征;或癌症。
尤其是,通过根据本发明的化合物或药物组合物治疗和/或预防的与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症,包括:痴呆和相关疾病,包括阿尔茨海默型痴呆(DAT)、阿尔茨海默病、皮克病、血管性痴呆、路易体病、由代谢、毒性和缺陷疾病(包括酒精中毒、甲状腺功能减退症、和维生素B12缺乏)引起的痴呆、艾滋病痴呆综合征、克-雅病和非典型亚急性海绵状脑病;帕金森病和运动障碍,包括帕金森病、多系统性萎缩、进行性核上麻痹、皮质基底核退化、肝豆状核退化、舞蹈症(包括亨廷顿病和单侧抽搐)、手足徐动症、张力失常(包括痉挛性斜颈、职业运动障碍、抽动秽语综合征)、迟发性或药物诱导的运动障碍(包括左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍)、震颤和肌阵挛;急性和慢性疼痛;焦虑性障碍,包括惊恐性障碍、恐慌症、强迫症、应激障碍(包括创伤后应激障碍)和广泛性焦虑障碍;精神分裂症和其它精神障碍;情绪障碍,包括抑郁症和双相型障碍;内分泌和代谢疾病,包括糖尿病、内分泌腺病症和低血糖症;或癌症。
本发明因此涉及式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药,或包含任何上述实体以及药物可接受的赋形剂的药物组合物,用于治疗或预防疾病/障碍/病症,其选自:痴呆和相关疾病,包括阿尔茨海默型痴呆(DAT)、阿尔茨海默病、皮克病、血管性痴呆、路易体病、由代谢、毒性和缺陷疾病(包括酒精中毒、甲状腺功能减退症、和维生素B12缺乏)引起的痴呆、艾滋病痴呆综合征、克-雅病和非典型亚急性海绵状脑病;帕金森病和运动障碍,包括帕金森病、多系统性萎缩、进行性核上麻痹、皮质基底核退化、肝豆状核退化、舞蹈症(包括亨廷顿病和单侧抽搐)、手足徐动症、张力失常(包括痉挛性斜颈、职业运动障碍、抽动秽语综合征)、迟发性或药物诱导的运动障碍(包括左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍)、震颤和肌阵挛;急性和慢性疼痛;焦虑性障碍,包括惊恐性障碍、恐慌症、强迫症、应激障碍(包括创伤后应激障碍)和广泛性焦虑障碍;精神分裂症和其它精神障碍;情绪障碍,包括抑郁症和双相型障碍;内分泌和代谢疾病,包括糖尿病、内分泌腺病症和低血糖症;或癌症。本发明特别涉及式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药,或包含任何上述实体以及药物可接受的赋形剂的药物组合物,用于帕金森病的治疗或预防。
本发明的范围包括式(I)的化合物的所有药物可接受的盐形式,其可以例如借助于无机或有机酸,通过携带易受质子化的影响的电子孤对的原子的质子化如氨基来形成,或作为羟基与如在本领域中它们是众所周知的生理上可接受的阳离子的盐。示例性碱加成盐包括例如碱金属盐如钠或钾盐;碱土金属盐如钙或镁盐;铵盐;脂肪族胺盐如三甲胺、三乙胺、二环己胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、普鲁卡因盐、葡甲胺盐、二乙醇胺盐或乙二胺盐;芳烷基胺盐如N,N-二苄基乙二胺盐、苯乙苄胺盐(benetamine salt);杂环芳香族胺盐如吡啶盐、甲基吡啶盐、喹啉盐或异喹啉盐;季铵盐如四甲基铵盐、四乙基铵盐、苄基三甲基铵盐、苄基三乙基铵盐、苄基三丁基铵盐、甲基三辛基铵盐或四丁基铵盐;以及碱性氨基酸盐如精氨酸盐或赖氨酸盐。示例性酸加成盐包括例如无机酸盐如盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、磷酸盐(如例如,磷酸盐、磷酸氢盐、或磷酸二氢盐)、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐或高氯酸盐;有机酸盐如乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐、戊酸盐、己酸盐、庚酸盐、辛酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、十一酸盐、乳酸盐、马来酸盐、草酸盐、富马酸盐、酒石酸盐、苹果酸盐、柠檬酸盐、烟酸盐、苯甲酸盐、水杨酸盐或抗坏血酸盐;磺酸盐如甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐(甲苯磺酸盐)、2-萘磺酸盐、3-苯基磺酸盐、或樟脑磺酸盐;以及酸性氨基酸盐如天冬氨酸或谷氨酸盐。式(I)的化合物的优选药物可接受的盐包括盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、甲磺酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、富马酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、和磷酸盐。式(I)的化合物的特别优选药物可接受的盐是盐酸盐。因此,优选的是,式(I)的化合物是盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、甲磺酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、富马酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、或磷酸盐的形式。更优选地,式(I)的化合物是盐酸盐的形式。甚至更优选地,式(I)的化合物是双盐酸一水化物盐(即,·2HCl·H2O)的形式。
此外,本发明的范围包括式(I)的化合物的任何溶剂化形式的固体形式,包括例如水的溶剂化物,例如水合物,或有机溶剂的溶剂化物,如例如,甲醇、乙醇或乙腈,即分别作为甲醇化物、乙醇化物或乙腈化物;或具有任何多晶型物的形式。应当理解的是,式(I)的化合物的这种溶剂合物还包括式(I)的化合物的药物可接受的盐的溶剂合物。
此外,本发明包括所有可能的异构体,包括式(I)的化合物的构型异构体或构象异构体(混合物形式或纯或基本上纯形式)。尤其是,如下所示,式(I)的化合物可以在肟基团(=N-OH)处具有(E)-构型或(Z)-构型,并且本发明包括式(I)的化合物的(E)-异构体、式(I)的化合物的(Z)-异构体、以及式(I)的化合物的(E)-异构体和(Z)-异构体的混合物。
优选的是,式(I)的化合物是(E)-异构体,就它的活性而言,其是特别有利的。因此,优选的是,至少70mol-%、更优选至少80mol-%、甚至更优选至少90mol-%、甚至更优选至少95mol-%、甚至更优选至少98mol-%、以及还要更优选至少99mol-%的式(I)的化合物以(E)-异构体的形式存在。同样,在本发明的药物组合物中含有优选地至少70mol-%、更优选至少80mol-%、甚至更优选至少90mol-%、甚至更优选至少95mol-%、甚至更优选至少98mol-%、以及还要更优选至少99mol-%的式(I)的化合物或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药具有(E)-异构体的形式,即,在包含在式(I)的化合物中的肟基团处具有(E)-构型。
式(I)的化合物的药用可接受的前药是衍生物,其具有化学上或代谢上可切割的基团并且通过溶剂分解或在生理条件下在体内变成具有药物活性的式(I)的化合物。可以以常规方式并借助于化合物的官能团,如羟基,来形成式(I)的化合物的前药。前药衍生物形式通常在哺乳动物生物体中提供可溶性、组织相容性或延迟释放的优点(见,Bundgaard,H.,Design of Prodrugs,pp.7-9,21-24,Elsevier,Amsterdam 1985)。这样的前药包括,例如,通过式(I)的化合物的羟基与适合的酰卤或适合的酸酐的反应制备的酰氧基衍生物。作为前药的特别优选的酰氧基衍生物是-OC(=O)-CH3、-OC(=O)-C2H5、-OC(=O)-C3H7、-OC(=O)-(叔丁基)、-OC(=O)-C15H31、-OC(=O)-CH2CH2COONa、-O(C=O)-CH(NH2)CH3或-OC(=O)-CH2-N(CH3)2。因此,药用可接受的前药可以是式(I)的化合物,其中肟-OH基团是O-酰基-肟(或酰氧基衍生物)的形式,如例如,-OC(=O)-CH3、-OC(=O)-C2H5、-OC(=O)-C3H7、-OC(=O)-(叔丁基)、-OC(=O)-C15H31、-OC(=O)-CH2CH2COONa、-O(C=O)-CH(NH2)CH3或-OC(=O)-CH2-N(CH3)2。式(I)的化合物的肟-OH基团还可以是O-烷基-肟的形式,如例如,-O-CH3、-O-C2H5、-O-C3H7或-O-(叔丁基)。式(I)的化合物的肟-OH基团还可以是O-二烷基氧膦基氧基的形式,如-O-P(=O)-[O-(CH3)2]、-O-P(=O)-[O-(C2-C5)2]、-O-P(=O)-[O-(C3-C7)2]或-O-P(=O)-[O-(叔丁基)2],或O-磷酸(-O-P(=O)-(OH)2)的形式,或O-硫酸(-O-SO2-OH)的形式。因此,根据本发明的药用可接受的前药优选是式(I)的化合物,其中肟-OH基团是O-酰基-肟基团、O-烷基-肟基团、O-二烷基氧膦基氧基基团、O-磷酸基团、或O-硫酸基团的形式。
可以给予式(I)的化合物本身或可以配制为药物。包含作为活性组分的如上文所定义的式(I)的化合物的药物组合物是在本发明的范围内。药物组合物可以可选地包含一种或多种药物可接受的赋形剂,如载体、稀释剂、填料、崩解剂、润滑剂、粘合剂、着色剂、颜料、稳定剂、防腐剂、或抗氧化剂。
可以通过本领域技术人员已知的技术,如在Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences,20th Edition中公开的技术,来配制药物组合物。可以将药物组合物配制为用于口服给予、胃肠道外给予的剂型,如肌内给予、静脉内给予、皮下给予、皮内给予、动脉内给予、直肠给予、鼻给予、局部给予、气雾剂或阴道给予。用于口服给予的剂型包括包衣和未包衣片剂、软明胶胶囊剂、硬明胶胶囊剂、锭剂、药片、溶液剂、乳剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂、酏剂、用于重建的散剂和颗粒剂、可分散散剂和颗粒剂、药物口胶剂、咀嚼片剂和泡腾片剂。用于胃肠道外给予的剂型包括溶液、乳剂、混悬剂、用于重建的分散体和散剂以及颗粒剂。乳剂是用于胃肠道外给予的优选剂型。用于直肠和阴道给予的剂型包括栓剂和排卵剂(ovula)。可以通过吸入和吹入来给予用于鼻给予的剂型,例如通过计量吸入器。用于局部给予的剂型包括乳膏剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、药膏、贴剂和透皮递送系统。
可以通过任何方便的给予途径,无论是系统/外围或在所期望的作用部位,将根据本发明的式(I)的化合物或包含式(I)的化合物的上述药物组合物给予主体,包括但不限于以下一种或多种:口服(例如作为片剂、胶囊剂,或作为可摄入溶液);局部途径(例如,透皮、鼻内、眼、口腔(颊,buccal)、和舌下);胃肠道外途径(例如,利用注射技术或输注技术,并且包括,例如,通过注射,例如皮下、皮内、肌内、静脉内、动脉内、心脏内、鞘内、脊柱内、囊内、囊下、眶内、腹膜内、气管内、表皮下、关节内、蛛网膜下、或胸骨内,通过,例如,长效制剂的植入,例如,皮下或肌内);肺途径(例如,通过吸入或吹入治疗,并利用,例如,气雾剂,例如通过口或鼻);胃肠途径;宫内途径;眼内途径;皮下途径;眼途径(包括玻璃体内或前房内);直肠途径;以及阴道途径。特别优选的是,口服给予根据本发明的式(I)的化合物或本发明的药物组合物。
如果胃肠道外给予所述化合物或药物组合物,那么上述给予的实例包括以下一种或多种:静脉内、动脉内、腹膜内、鞘内、心室内、尿道内、胸骨内、颅内、肌内或皮下给予化合物或药物组合物,和/或通过利用输注技术。对于胃肠道外给予,最好以无菌水溶液的形式来使用化合物,上述无菌水溶液可以含有其它物质,例如,足够的盐或葡萄糖以使溶液与血液等渗的。如必要的话,应适当缓冲水溶液(优选到3至9的pH)。通过本领域技术人员众所周知的标准制药技术可以容易完成在无菌条件下适合的胃肠道外制剂的制备。
还可以以片剂、胶囊剂、排卵剂、酏剂、溶液或混悬剂的形式来口服给予所述化合物或药物组合物,其可以含有增香剂或着色剂,用于立即释放、延迟释放、修正释放、持续释放、脉冲释放或受控释放应用。根据本发明的化合物或药物组合物的口服给予是特别优选的。
片剂可以含有赋形剂如微晶纤维素、乳糖、柠檬酸钠、碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙和甘氨酸,崩解剂如淀粉(优选玉米、土豆或木薯淀粉)、淀粉羟乙酸钠、交联羧甲基纤维素钠和某些复合硅酸盐,以及造粒粘合剂如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、蔗糖、明胶和阿拉伯胶。另外,可以包括润滑剂如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸、甘油二十二烷酸酯和滑石。在明胶胶囊剂中,类似类型的固体组分还可以用作填料。在这方面,优选的赋形剂包括乳糖(lactose)、淀粉、纤维素、乳糖(milk sugar)或高分子量聚乙二醇。对于含水混悬剂和/或酏剂,药物可以与各种甜味剂或增香剂、着色物质或染料相结合,与乳化剂和/或悬浮剂相结合,以及与稀释剂如水、乙醇、丙二醇和甘油相结合,以及它们的组合。
可替换地,可以以栓剂或阴道栓剂的形式来给予所述化合物或药物组合物,或可以以凝胶、水凝胶、洗液、溶液、乳膏剂、软膏剂或扑粉的形式来局部施加所述化合物或药物组合物。还可以皮肤或透皮给予本发明的化合物,例如,通过使用皮肤贴剂。
还可以通过肺途径、直肠途径、或眼途径来给予所述化合物或药物组合物。对于眼途径使用,可以将它们配制为在等渗的pH调节的无菌盐水中的微粉化混悬剂,或优选地,配制为在等渗的pH调节的无菌盐水中的溶液,并可选地与防腐剂如苯扎氯铵(benzylalkonium chloride)相结合。可替换地,可以将它们配制在软膏剂如凡士林(矿脂,petrolatum)中。
对于局部施用于皮肤,可以将所述化合物或药物组合物配制为含有活性化合物的适合的软膏剂,其中上述活性化合物悬浮或溶解在例如以下一种或多种的混合物中:矿物油、液体凡士林、白凡士林、丙二醇、乳化蜡和水。可替换地,可以将它们配制为适合的洗液或乳膏剂,其悬浮或溶解在例如以下一种或多种的混合物中:矿物油、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、聚乙二醇、液态石蜡、聚山梨酯60、十六烷基酯蜡、2-辛基十二烷醇、苄醇和水。
通常,医师将决定将最适合于个体主体的实际剂量。对于任何特定个体主体的特定剂量水平和剂量频率可以变化并且将取决于各种因素,包括使用的特定化合物的活性、上述化合物的代谢稳定性和作用长度、年龄、体重、一般健康、性别、饮食、给予的方式和时间、排泄率、药物组合、特定病症的严重程度、以及接受治疗的个体主体。
对于给予人(具有大约70kg体重)的式(I)的化合物的所提出的但非限制性的剂量可以是0.05至2000mg,优选0.1mg至1000mg,的活性组分/单位剂量。可以给予的单位剂量为例如1至4次/天。剂量将取决于给予途径。对于口服给予哺乳动物(如人)的式(I)的化合物的进一步特别优选的剂量是约1至约25mg/kg体重(例如,1mg/kg、2mg/kg、5mg/kg、10mg/kg、15mg/kg、20mg/kg、或25mg/kg),可以给予上述剂量,例如,1、2、3或4次/天(优选两次/天)。甚至更优选地,以每次给予2至25mg/kg体重的剂量,将式(I)的化合物给予主体(例如,哺乳动物,优选人),两次/天。应当理解,可能需要对剂量进行常规变化,其取决于患者/主体的年龄和体重以及待治疗病症的严重程度。精确剂量和给予途径将最终取决于主治医师或兽医的判断。
可以以单一疗法来给予根据本发明的式(I)的化合物(例如,没有伴随给予任何进一步的治疗剂,或没有伴随给予任何进一步的治疗剂来针对用式(I)的化合物加以治疗或预防的相同疾病,如帕金森病)。然而,还可以与一种或多种其它治疗剂相结合来一起来给予式(I)的化合物。当与针对相同疾病或病症的具有活性的第二治疗剂相结合一起来使用式(I)的化合物时,每种化合物的剂量可以不同于当单独使用相应化合物时的剂量。式(I)的化合物与一种或多种其它治疗剂的组合可以包括式(I)的化合物和其它治疗剂的同时/并行给予(以单一药物制剂或以单独的药物制剂),或式(I)的化合物和其它治疗剂的连续/单独给予。例如,如果式(I)的化合物用于治疗或预防帕金森病或运动障碍,特别是用于治疗或预防帕金森病,则可以与式(I)的化合物相结合一起来给予抗帕金森病药物(如,例如,左旋多巴)。
此外,还可以通过利用包含至少一种为放射性同位素的原子的前体来进行其合成(例如,如在实施例1中描述的),来放射性标记式(I)的化合物。优选地,采用碳原子、氢原子、硫原子、或碘原子的放射性同位素,如,例如,14C、3H、35S、或125I。还可以通过对式(I)的化合物进行氢交换反应,如例如在氚化乙酸(即,包含3H而不是1H的乙酸)中的铂催化的交换反应,在氚化三氟乙酸中的酸催化的交换反应,或使用氚气的多相催化交换反应,来制备标记有3H(氚)的化合物。对于合成化学领域的技术人员,用于放射性标记式(I)的化合物或制备这种化合物的放射性标记的衍生物的各种进一步的方式是显而易见的。按照本领域已知的方法,荧光标记还可以结合于式(I)的化合物。
主体或患者,如需要治疗或预防/预防性治疗的主体可以是动物(例如,非人动物)、脊椎动物、哺乳动物、啮齿动物(例如,豚鼠、仓鼠、大鼠、小鼠)、鼠科动物(例如,小鼠)、犬科动物(例如,狗)、猫科动物(例如,猫)、马科动物(例如,马)、灵长类动物、类人猿(例如,猴子和猿)、猴(例如,绒猴、狒狒)、猿(例如,大猩猩、黑猩猩、猩猩、长臂猿)、或人。在本发明的上下文中,特别设想,待治疗的动物是经济上、农业学上或科学上重要的。科学上重要的生物体包括但不限于小鼠、大鼠、和兔。低等生物体,如例如果蝇如黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelagonaster)和线虫如秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)还可以用于科学方法。农业学上重要的动物的非限制性实例是羊、牛和猪,同时,例如,猫和狗可被认为是经济上重要的动物。优选地,主体/患者是哺乳动物;更优选地,主体/患者是人。
如在本文中所使用的,术语障碍或疾病的“治疗”在本领域中是公知。障碍或疾病的“治疗”表示在患者/主体中被怀疑患有或已被诊断患有障碍或疾病。怀疑患有障碍或疾病的患者/主体通常表现出特定的临床和/或病理症状,技术人员可以容易地将其归因于特定病理状况(即,诊断障碍或疾病)。
障碍或疾病的“治疗”可以例如导致障碍或疾病的进展的停止(例如,没有症状恶化)或障碍或疾病的进展的延迟(在进展的停止仅具有短暂的特性的情况下)。障碍或疾病的“治疗”还可以导致患有障碍或疾病的主体/患者的部分反应(例如,症状改善)或完全反应(例如,症状消失)。因此,障碍或疾病的“治疗”还可以指障碍或疾病的改善,其可以例如导致障碍或疾病的进展的停止或障碍或疾病的进展的延迟。这样的部分或完全反应可以接着复发。应当理解的是,主体/患者可能会经历对于治疗的广泛的反应(例如,如上文所描述的示例性反应)。
障碍或疾病的治疗可以尤其包括根治疗法(curative treatment)(优选导致障碍或疾病的完全反应并最终导致愈合)和姑息治疗(pallative treatment)(包括症状缓解)。
此外,如在本文中所使用的,术语障碍或疾病的“预防”或“预防性治疗”在本领域中是公知的。例如,怀疑容易患上如本文所定义的障碍或疾病的患者/主体可以,尤其是,受益自障碍或疾病的预防/预防性治疗。所述主体/患者可以具有对于障碍或疾病的易感性或倾向(易感染体制,素质,predisposition),包括但不限于遗传倾向。可以通过标准测定,利用例如遗传标记或表型指示物来确定这样的倾向。应当理解的是,在所述患者/主体中尚未诊断或不能诊断依据本发明待预防的障碍或疾病(例如,所述患者/主体没有显示任何临床或病理症状)。因此,术语“预防”或“预防性治疗”包括在由主治医师诊断或确定或可以诊断或确定任何临床和/或病理症状以前,使用本发明的化合物。在本文中可互换使用术语“预防性治疗”和“预防”。
在本说明书中,引用了若干文件,其包括专利申请和科学文献。这些文件的公开,不被认为与本发明的可专利性相关,但以引用方式将其全部内容结合于本文。更具体地,所有参考文件以引用方式结合于至如同每个单独的文件通过引用的方式特别地且单独地表示的结合的相同的程度。
附图说明
还通过以下示意图来描述本发明。附图示出了:
图1:在大鼠口服给予(10mg/kg)以后,PXT002331和PXT001858的脑暴露。
图2:在大鼠口服给予(10mg/kg)以后,PXT002331和PXT001858的血浆浓度。
图3:在大鼠口服给予(10mg/kg)以后,PXT002331和PXT001858脑水平。
图4:在大鼠口服给予(10mg/kg)以后,PXT002331和PXT001858的脑/血浆比。
图5:在帕金森病的1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)猕猴模型中PXT002331的抗帕金森病功效的评估(见实施例3)。(A)PXT002331作为独立治疗;在4天内口服给予两次/天,在第4天评估帕金森评分;数据是平均值+平均数标准误差(s.e.m.),超过2小时观察(n=7/组,最初使用的8只猴中的1只被排除);“Veh”=载体;“LD opt”=L-多巴最佳剂量”;*=P<0.05与Veh;***=P<0.001与Veh;统计分析:弗里德曼(Friedman)然后进行邓恩(Dunn’s)。(B)使用PXT002331(25mg/kg)+低剂量的L-多巴(4-9mg/kg)的联合治疗-帕金森病时间过程;在4天内口服给予两次/天,在第#4天评估;L-多巴最佳剂量(“LDopt”):>20mg/kg;L-多巴次最佳剂量(“LDso”):4-9mg/kg;L-多巴(次最佳剂量)和PXT002331的联合给予:每天两次/4天。(C)使用PXT002331+低剂量的L-多巴的联合治疗-相比于低剂量的单独的L-多巴,和相比于最佳剂量的L-多巴,用低剂量的L-多巴和PXT002331治疗的猴的帕金森评分的差异;在第4天评估,在L-多巴给予以后的1和2小时之间(即,在PXT002331给予以后的2和3小时之间);用PXT002331+L-多巴治疗的所有猴显示出帕金森评分的显著改善。(D)使用PXT002331+低剂量的L-多巴的联合治疗-对于不同剂量的PXT002331的剂量反应评估;在第4天帕金森评分的评估;“Veh”=载体;“低LD”=低剂量的L-多巴;“LD opt”=最佳剂量的L-多巴;*=P<0.05与低LD;统计分析:非参数单向重复测量ANOVA(弗里德曼检验),然后进行邓恩多重比较;N=7。(E)在口服给予的情况下,对于PXT002331与L-多巴(低剂量或最佳剂量)相结合,在早期PD猴模型中的计算机化运动活性;*=P<0.05与载体;**=P<0.01与载体;***=P<0.001比载体;统计分析:弗里德曼然后进行Dunnett;N=5(6只猴中的1只被排除)。(F)使用PXT002331+最佳剂量的L-多巴的联合治疗-无能得分和运动障碍得分。
具体实施方式
本发明特别涉及以下项目:
1.以下式(I)的化合物:
或其药物可接受的盐、溶剂合物或前药。
2.项目1的化合物,其中,所述化合物在包含在式(I)中的肟基团处具有(E)-构型。
3.项目1或2的化合物,其中药物可接受的盐是盐酸盐。
4.项目1至3中任一项的化合物,用于药物的用途。
5.一种药物组合物,包含项目1至3中任一项的化合物和药物可接受的赋形剂。
6.项目1至3中任一项的化合物或项目5的药物组合物,用于治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的用途。
7.项目1至3中任一项的化合物在制备用于治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的药物方面的用途。
8.一种治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的方法,上述方法包括将项目1至3中任一项的化合物或项目5的药物组合物给予需要其的主体。
9.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目6的用途或项目7的用途或项目8的方法,其中所述与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能的相关病症或所述可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症选自:痴呆、帕金森病和运动障碍、急性或慢性疼痛、焦虑性障碍、精神分裂症、情绪障碍、内分泌和代谢疾病、糖尿病、内分泌腺病症、低血糖症、或癌症。
10.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目9的用途或项目9的用途或项目9的方法,其中所述痴呆选自:阿尔茨海默型痴呆(DAT);阿尔茨海默病;皮克病;血管性痴呆;路易体病;由包括酒精中毒、甲状腺功能减退症、和维生素B12缺乏的代谢、毒性和缺陷疾病引起的痴呆;艾滋病痴呆综合征;克-雅病;或非典型亚急性海绵状脑病。
11.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目9的用途或项目9的用途或项目9的方法,其中所述帕金森病和运动障碍选自:帕金森病;多系统性萎缩;进行性核上麻痹;皮质基底核退化;肝豆状核退化;舞蹈症,包括亨廷顿病和单侧抽搐;手足徐动症;张力失常,包括痉挛性斜颈、职业运动障碍、和抽动秽语综合征;迟发性或药物诱导的运动障碍,包括左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍;震颤;或肌阵挛。
12.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目9的用途或项目9的用途或项目9的方法,其中所述焦虑性障碍选自:惊恐性障碍;恐慌症;强迫症;应激障碍,包括创伤后应激障碍;或广泛性焦虑障碍。
13.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目9的用途或项目9的用途或项目9的方法,其中所述情绪障碍选自抑郁症或双相型障碍。
14.项目1至3中任一项的化合物或项目5的药物组合物,用于帕金森病的治疗或预防的用途。
15.项目1至3中任一项的化合物在制备药物用于治疗和预防帕金森病的药物方面的用途。
16.一种用于治疗或预防帕金森病的方法,上述方法包括将项目1至3中任一项的化合物或项目5的药物组合物给予需要其的主体。
17.化合物或药物组合物,用于根据项目6或9至14中任一项的用途或项目7、9至13或15中任一项的用途或项目8至13或16中任一项的方法,其中口服给予所述化合物、所述药物组合物或所述药物。
18.项目8至14、16或17中任一项的方法,其中所述主体是人。
现将参照以下实施例来描述本发明,其仅仅是说明性的并且不应被解释为对本发明的范围的限制。
实施例
实施例1:式(I)的化合物的制备
1)一般合成路线
通过若干合成方法,并利用溶液相或固相化学规程、或混合溶液和固相规程,可以由容易获得的起始材料制备根据本发明的式(I)的化合物(即,PXT002331)。例如,可以利用下文所示的合成方案来制备式(I)的化合物。
在溶剂如四氢呋喃(THF)中并在弱碱如叔丁醇钾(tBuOK)的存在下,使可商购的溴苯乙酮I与商购的噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶甲酯II反应以产生中间体二酮III。此过程被称为贝克文卡塔拉曼重排(Baker Venkataraman rearrangement)(Baker,W.,J.Chem.Soc,1933,1381)。
然后在酸性条件下,在强脱水剂如硫酸(H2SO4)的存在下,在回流乙酸(AcOH)中,环化中间体二酮III以产生色酮IV。
可以在吡啶或乙醇中并在微波条件下,通过使衍生物IV与羟基胺盐酸盐(HONH2,HCl)反应获得肟的引入以直接产生色酮肟高级中间体(advanced intermediate),在两个反应步骤中其将导致PXT002331。还可以通过利用如上所述的两步程序,利用在乙醇中的叔丁基羟胺盐酸盐(tBuONH2,HCl),接着在后续步骤中在酸性条件如盐酸(HCl)下在极性溶剂如THF和乙酸的混合物中进行叔丁基的去保护,来获得导致PXT002331的高级中间体。
通过钯催化交叉偶联反应如根岸(Negishi)交叉偶联并利用可商购的锌试剂和适当的配体/钯催化体系,来获得亚烷基侧链的引入。随后的官能化,接着利用弱还原剂如三乙酰氧基硼氢化物的标准还原胺化来产生具有良好产率的高级中间体VII。在酸性条件下,肟保护基的最终去保护导致了式(I)的化合物,即,PXT002331。
2)式(I)的化合物的合成
除非另有说明,否则在以下实验描述中使用的可商购的起始材料购买自Aldrich、Sigma、ACROS或ABCR。
已根据在程序AutoNom v1.0.1.1(MDL Information Systems,Inc.)中使用的标准来命名在下面描述的化合物。
利用BRUKER NMR,型号DPX-400MHz FT-NMR来进行1H NMR分析。氘化溶剂的残余信号用作内部参考。相对于残留溶剂信号(对于在DMSO-d6中的1H NMR,δ=2.50,以及在CDCl3中为7.26)、s(单峰)、d(双峰)、t(三重峰)、q(四重峰)、br(宽),以ppm为单位报道了化学位移(δ)。在实验部分中的一些化合物存在为不同比例的E/Z异构体的混合物。对于最终化合物PXT002331,很好地确定了E/Z异体体比率。
获得下文提供的MS数据,如下:质谱:LC/MS Waters ZMD(ESI)。
如下获得HPLC分析,利用流速为2mL/分钟的Waters X-bridge TM C850mm×4.6mm柱;8分钟梯度H2O:CH3CN:TFA,从100:0:0.1%至0:100:0.05%,并借助于UV检测(254nm)。
借助于质量定向自动纯化来进行质量导向的制备性HPLC纯化。除非另有说明,否则来自Waters的分数lynx装备有Sunfire Prep C18OBD柱19×100mm 5μm。用ACN/H2O或ACN/H2O/HCOOH(0.1%)的梯度来进行所有纯化。
如在以下反应图解中所示,来制备式(I)的化合物:
步骤1和2:6-溴-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮(3)
在0℃下,向叔丁醇钾(156.0g,1.39摩尔,3.0当量)的THF(500mL)悬浮液中添加5-溴-2-羟基苯乙酮(100.0g,0.47摩尔,1当量)的THF(500mL)的溶液。剧烈搅拌反应混合物10分钟。将噻吩并吡啶酯(98g,0.51摩尔,1.1当量)的THF(1.0L)溶液加入反应混合物。回流得到的淡红色悬浮液1小时,此时LC/MS分析表明反应完成。将反应混合物冷却至室温(RT)以产生粘稠的橙色悬浮液并倒入冰水(5.0L)中。通过在剧烈搅拌下添加HCl水溶液(1.5N)来中和水层。通过过滤来收集产生的黄色固体,用水洗涤,然后在抽吸下干燥。在压力和45℃下再次进一步干燥粗质量过夜,时间为16小时,其产生156g黄色固体。
然后,在RT下,将黄色固体(156g)悬浮在冰醋酸(1.0L)和浓H2SO4(10mL)中。在110℃下加热此混合物2小时。反应混合物变成棕色悬浮液。在确认反应完成(通过LC/MS)以后,将粗质量悬浮在冰水(2.0L)中并通过添加NaOH水溶液(1N)中和。通过过滤来收集获得的沉淀的米黄色(beige)固体,用水洗涤,然后在抽吸下干燥。在50℃和高真空下,进一步干燥上述材料一夜以产生140.0g作为米黄色固体的标题化合物。
产率:83%
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,M+1,358.0),面积94.78%。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ9.32(s,1H),9.06(s,1H),8.15(m,2H),8.06(m,1H),7.84(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.77(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.32(s,1H)。
步骤3:6-溴-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基-肟(4)
在密封管中,在115℃下,加热6-溴-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮(20.0g,56毫摩尔,1当量)和O-叔丁基羟胺盐酸盐(14.0g,112毫摩尔,2当量)的无水EtOH(300mL)悬浮液20小时。在通过TLC来确认反应完成以后,过滤反应混合物并用冷EtOH(50mL)洗涤黄色固体两次,然后在真空下干燥,以产生20g作为黄色固体的标题化合物。
产率:83%。
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,M+1,429.0),面积97.83%。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ9.25(s,1H),8.78(s,1H),8.05(m,2H),7.71(m,2H),7.59(s,1H),7.48(s,1H),1.40(s,9H)。
步骤4:6-(2-[1,3]二氧戊环-2-基-乙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基-肟(5)
向6-溴-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基-肟(100.0g,233毫摩尔,1当量)和2-二叔丁基膦基-2’,4’,6’-三异丙基联苯(4.9g,11.6毫摩尔,0.05当量)的无水THF(500mL)的脱气溶液中添加乙酸钯(II)(2.6g,11.6毫摩尔,0.05当量),以及2-(1,3-二氧戊环-2-基)乙基溴化锌溶液(0.5M,在THF中,652mL,362毫摩尔,1.5当量)。在100℃下加热反应混合物14小时。在通过LC/MS来确认反应完成以后,用水(20mL)骤冷反应混合物并在真空下浓缩。通过在硅胶上的色谱法并利用环己烷/乙酸乙酯(80/20)作为洗脱液来纯化得到的粗黄色油,以提供85g作为黄色固体的标题化合物。
产率:82%
HPLC:93.00%(254nm),RT:2.50分钟。
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,M+1,451.0),面积93.96%。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ9.27(s,1H),8.77(s,1H),8.05(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.78(s,1H),7.73(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.62(s,1H),7.43(m,2H),4.85(m,1H),3.93(m,2H),3.80(m,2H),2.75(m,2H),1.90(s,2H),1.39(s,9H)。
步骤5:3-(4-叔丁氧基亚氨基-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-6-基)-丙醛(6)
向6-(2-[1,3]二氧戊环-2-基-乙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基-肟(100.0g,222毫摩尔,1当量)的THF(1.0L)溶液中慢慢添加HCl的水溶液(3N,1.0L)。在室温下搅拌得到的黄色混合物24小时以产生粘稠黄色乳液。在反应完成以后(LC/MS),通过添加NaHCO3的饱和水溶液来中和反应混合物并用CH2Cl2加以提取(2×5.0L)。用盐水(2.0L)洗涤合并的有机提取物,经硫酸镁干燥,过滤并浓缩(在真空下),以产生89g作为黄色固体的标题化合物。产生的黄色固体的粗品用于下一步骤,而不进行进一步纯化。
产率:92%
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,M+1,407.3),面积91%。
1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)δ9.79(s,1H),9.09(s,1H),8.39(s,1H),7.82(s,1H),7.67(s,1H),7.52(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.43(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.17(m,2H),2.93(m,2H),2.77(s,2H),1.37(s,9H)。
步骤6:6-(3-吗啉-4-基-丙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基肟(7)
在N2气氛下,向3-(4-叔丁氧基亚氨基-(2-噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-6-基)-丙醛(100.0g,246毫摩尔,1当量)、吗啉(50mL,492毫摩尔,2当量)的CH2Cl2(1.0L)和甲醇(500mL)的混合物中添加三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠(104g,492毫摩尔,2当量)。在室温下搅拌反应混合物3小时。在反应完成以后(通过LC/MS),通过添加NaHCO3的饱和水溶液来中和混合物并用CH2Cl2提取(2×5.0L)。用盐水(2.0L)洗涤合并的有机提取物,经硫酸钠干燥,过滤并浓缩(在真空下),以提供粘稠棕色固体。通过在硅胶上的色谱法来纯化得到的粗棕色固体以提供73.0g作为黄色固体的标题化合物。
产率:63%。
HPLC:95.97%(254nm)。
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,M+1,478.3),面积96.62%。
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ9.24(s,1H),8.74(s,1H),8.03(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.76(s,1H),7.70(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.59(m,1H),7.39(m,2H),3.56(m,4H),2.65(m,2H),2.28(m,6H),1.73(m,2H),1.36(s,9H)。
步骤7:6-(3-吗啉-4-基-丙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮肟
在室温和惰性气氛下,向6-(3-吗啉-4-基-丙基)-2-(噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-6-基)-4H-色烯-4-酮O-叔丁基肟(10.0g,21毫摩尔,1当量)的乙酸(100mL)搅拌溶液中添加二氧六环-HCl(4M,150mL,3当量)的溶液。在80℃下加热反应混合物14小时(LC/MS监测指示100%转化率)。在真空下浓缩有机溶剂,其中固体物料开始沉淀。过滤掉黄色固体,用二氧六环(200mL)、Et2O(2×50mL)洗涤,以提供8g作为HCl盐的黄色固体。
产率:90%
HPLC纯度:98.44%(254nm)。E/Z比=97.54%/1.75%。
LC/MS:发现质量(m/z,,M+,422.3),面积97.3%。
1H NMR(DMSO,400MHz)δ11.06(brs,1H),10.72(brs,1H),9.28(s,1H),8.80(s,1H),8.07(d,J 5.4Hz,1H),7.76-7.70(m,3H),7.47-7.41(m,2H),3.95(m,2H),3.80(m,2H),3.42,(m,2H),3.08(m,4H),2.71(m,2H),2.10(m,2H)。
实施例2:式(I)的化合物的生物评估
利用在WO 2011/051478的实施例171中描述的钙测定,测试根据本发明的式(I)的化合物(即,PXT002331)的激动剂和/或阳性别构调节剂针对人mGluR4的活性。发现PXT002331具有pEC50=7.12的效力(对应于约0.076μM的EC50),其可比于WO 2011/051478的实施例127的化合物(即,“PXT001858”),其具有7.44的pEC50(对应于约0.036μM的EC50)。
参照第一阶段代谢稳定性,PXT002331的体外ADME分布也是非常类似的:CL(h/r):55/101μl/分钟/mg蛋白和肠吸收:CaCo-2(A-B,pgp):4.11.10-6cm/s,没有外排。
在这两种情况下,即PXT002331和PXT001858,血浆蛋白结合是高的并具有小于1%的游离分数,以及化合物并为遭受缺乏作为盐酸盐的可溶性(s>10mg/ml,在水中)。
然而,尽管非常类似的物理化学性能和ADME分布,但当与PXT001858比较时,发现PXT002331显示出意想不到的高度有利的口服体内PK曲线,在下面描述的。
体内药代动力学评估:
以10mg/kg,将PXT002331和PXT001858口服(p.o.)给予雄性斯普拉格-道利鼠(Sprague-Dawley rat)。给予的量是10ml/kg。平行地,以1mg/kg,并以2ml/kg的给予量,还静脉内(i.v.)给予PXT002331。在对于p.o.给予的从15分钟到24小时以及对于i.v.给予的从5分钟到24小时的时间内,将血液样品(200μl)收集在冰冷的含有0.2%K2EDTA的管中。在4℃和10,000rpm下,对管进行离心5分钟。将血浆(上清液)分离在另一个管中并在-80℃下存储直到分析。两组动物(每组为3只动物)用于每种给予途径:在一组中,收集血液样品以确定在24小时期间内血浆暴露的动力学,以及在第二组中,在一个终端时间点(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0小时)收集血液和脑以确定脑暴露和脑/血浆比的动力学。
化合物分析:
利用LC-MS/MS方法来分析在血浆样品中和在脑匀浆中的相应母体化合物(游离碱(free base))。以ng/ml血浆为单位或以ng/g脑组织为单位来表示浓度。
结果:
在10mg/kg下,使用相同的载体(吐温-80/乙醇/30%HPBCD(2/10/88)),PXT002331显示出与PXT001858相比可比较的血浆暴露,如由它的AUC(1.1倍)和Cmax(0.7倍)所反映的。在本实验中,PXT002331的口服生物利用度是39%。尽管它们的口服吸收类似,但当与PXT001858比较时,PXT002331具有更高的脑/血浆比(在T=1.5小时时6.5对2.0;见图4),其导致在脑AUC中的3倍改善。归纳地,一种潜在假说可能依赖于在口服吸收期间在肠和肝中第二阶段共轭的差异。当在UGT(UDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶)的存在下,体外测定两种化合物时,相比于PXT001858,PXT002331显示出葡糖醛酸化的低得多的水平(见下表)。然而,体外观测到的这种差异本身不能解释用PXT002331获得的意想不到的有利的PK结果。在这些实验中获得的结果进一步总结于以下表1至3以及总结于图1至4。
表1:在大鼠中以10mg/kg口服给予以后,PXT002331和PXT001858的PK参数。
时间(分钟) | 0 | 5 | 15 | 30 | 60 |
PXT002331 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PXT001858 | 0 | 164 | 353 | 798 | 2 556 |
表2:在大鼠肝微粒体中PXT002331和PXT001858体外葡糖醛酸化(峰面积)。
时间(分钟) | 0 | 5 | 15 | 30 | 60 |
PXT002331 | 0 | 2 492 | 4 724 | 8 369 | 16 897 |
PXT001858 | 0 | 13 840 | 30 396 | 68 072 | 14 8307 |
表3:在大鼠肠微粒体中PXT002331和PXT001858体外葡糖醛酸化(峰面积)。
这些结果表明,相比于WO 2011/051478的实施例127的化合物(“PXT001858”),根据本发明的式(I)的化合物,即PXT002331,具有非常有利的药代动力学性能并显示出极大改善的脑暴露。这些性能使得式(I)的化合物特别适合作为治疗剂,例如,用于神经和/或精神障碍的治疗或预防。
实施例3:在帕金森病的MPTP猴模型中式(I)的化合物的体内评估
在帕金森病的1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)猕猴模型中(利用物种食蟹猴(Macaca fascicularis)的猕猴),其再现帕金森病的大多数临床和病理特征并且被认为是“金标准”(见Porras G et al.,Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med.,2(3):a009308,2012以及其中针对MPTP模型的一般描述所引用的参考文件),评估了根据本发明的式(I)的化合物(即,PXT002331)的抗帕金森病功效。
这些研究的结果总结于图5A至5F。尤其是发现了PXT002331作为独立治疗在MPTP治疗猕猴中显示出有效的抗帕金森病活性,其中在2至25mg/kg口服(p.o.)每天两次的给予剂量下,具有帕金森评分的最佳改进(见图5A)。在本实验中,在4天期间,口服给予PXT002331每天两次,以及在第4天超过2小时的观察(数据是平均值+平均值的标准误差(s.e.m.);n=7只猴/组),来评估帕金森评分。
与低(次最佳)剂量的L-多巴(左旋多巴;4-9mg/kg)结合,进一步评估了PXT002331(25mg/kg)的抗帕金森病功效(见图5B和5C)。在4天期间,口服给予剂量每天两次,以及在第4天进行帕金森评分的评估(在L-多巴给予以后的1和2小时之间,即,在PXT002331给予以后的2和3小时之间)。还如图5B所示,发现了相比于单独L-多巴(次最佳剂量)的给予,PXT002331和次最佳剂量的L-多巴的结合给予给出了帕金森评分的相当大的改进。这些数据此外指向与L-多巴结合的PXT002331所实现的“持续”时间(“有效”时间,“开”时间,“on”-time)的增加,其是临床上高度相关的优点,如还由以下事实所反映的:“持续”时间是在帕金森病患者中在第3阶段中临床疗效的评估的端点。明显地,所有治疗的猴显示出帕金森评分的显著改善,其表明PXT002331的高度强大的抗帕金森效应(见图5C)。这些结果证实了,PXT002331可以有利地用作与L-多巴(左旋多巴)结合的附加治疗。
PXT002331(剂量为2mg/kg至100mg/kg)和L-多巴(低剂量)的组合的剂量反应评估的结果示于图5D(在第4天进行帕金森评分的评估)。发现了在口服给予以后,在一定范围的不同剂量下,与L-多巴结合的PXT002331提供高度有效的抗帕金森效应。在PXT002331的给予剂量为2mg/kg至25mg/kg的情况下,实现最佳抗帕金森病功效。
可以进一步证明,与低剂量的L-多巴或最佳剂量的L-多巴结合的口服的PXT002331(25mg/kg)会显著改善运动活性,还如图5E所示(早期PD猴模型;N=5)。在本实验中,每只猴装备有运动检测器并借助于24光束和视频跟踪记录器来收集信号以区分所有类型的运动。在1小时内测量运动活性。
如图5F所示,此外发现,与L-多巴(最佳剂量)结合的PXT002331的增加剂量会提供无能得分的改善,而没有包括运动障碍。可以利用与L-多巴(最佳剂量)结合的25mg/kg的PXT002331来实现无能得分的特别有利的改善。此外,没有PXT002331(剂量为25mg/kg至100mg/kg)和最佳(高)剂量的L-多巴的测试组合导致运动障碍的任何感应,其是通常在用L-多巴进行治疗期间发生的不良副作用。
这些发现证实了,PXT002331非常有利地用于帕金森病的治疗或预防:在单一疗法中(没有伴随使用另外的抗帕金森病药物)以及在联合治疗中,其中使用另外的抗帕金森病药物如L-多巴(左旋多巴)。在这些实验中,发现,口服给予两次/天的PXT002331的2mg/kg至25mg/kg的剂量是特别有效的。
Claims (17)
1.一种以下式(I)的化合物:
或其药物可接受的盐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,所述化合物在包含在式(I)中的肟基团处具有(E)-构型。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,所述药物可接受的盐是盐酸盐。
4.一种药物组合物,包含根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物和药物可接受的赋形剂。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物或根据权利要求4所述的药物组合物用于制备治疗或预防与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症,或可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症的药物的用途。
6.根据权利要求5所述的用途,其中,所述与改变的谷氨酸能信号和/或功能相关的病症、或所述可以通过谷氨酸水平或信号的改变而受到影响的病症选自:痴呆、帕金森病和运动障碍、急性或慢性疼痛、精神分裂症、情绪障碍、内分泌和代谢疾病、或癌症。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中,所述情绪障碍是焦虑性障碍,所述内分泌和代谢疾病选自糖尿病、内分泌腺病症或低血糖症。
8.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述病症选自痴呆,并且进一步其中,所述痴呆选自:阿尔茨海默型痴呆;阿尔茨海默病;皮克病;血管性痴呆;路易体病;由包括甲状腺功能减退症、和维生素B12缺乏的代谢、毒性和缺陷疾病引起的痴呆;克-雅病;或非典型亚急性海绵状脑病。
9.根据权利要求8所述的用途,其中所述毒性是酒精中毒,所述缺陷疾病引起的痴呆是艾滋病痴呆综合征。
10.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述病症选自帕金森病和运动障碍,并且进一步其中,所述帕金森病和运动障碍选自:帕金森病;多系统性萎缩;进行性核上麻痹;皮质基底核退化;肝豆状核退化;舞蹈症;手足徐动症;张力失常;迟发性或药物诱导的运动障碍;或肌阵挛。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用途,其中所述舞蹈症选自亨廷顿病和单侧抽搐;所述张力失常选自痉挛性斜颈、职业运动障碍、和抽动秽语综合征;所述药物诱导的运动障碍是左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍。
12.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述病症是震颤。
13.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述病症选自焦虑性障碍,并且进一步其中,所述焦虑性障碍选自:惊恐性障碍;恐慌症;强迫症;应激障碍;或广泛性焦虑障碍。
14.根据权利要求13所述的用途,其中所述应激障碍是创伤后应激障碍。
15.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述病症选自情绪障碍,并且进一步其中,所述情绪障碍选自抑郁症或双相型障碍。
16.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物或根据权利要求4所述的药物组合物用于制备治疗或预防帕金森病的药物的用途。
17.根据权利要16所述的用途,其中,口服给予所述化合物或所述药物组合物。
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