CN106680197A - Simulation device of corrosive rock and real-time detection method - Google Patents
Simulation device of corrosive rock and real-time detection method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106680197A CN106680197A CN201611249202.5A CN201611249202A CN106680197A CN 106680197 A CN106680197 A CN 106680197A CN 201611249202 A CN201611249202 A CN 201611249202A CN 106680197 A CN106680197 A CN 106680197A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a simulation device of corrosive rock and a real-time detection method. The simulation device comprises a corrosive rock simulation device and an electrochemical detection device, wherein the corrosive rock simulation device comprises a corrosion simulator, a clamp, a water storage tank and an electrode; a water pump is arranged in the water storage tank and communicates with the corrosion simulator through a water pipe; a rock sample is arranged in the corrosion simulator; two ends of the rock sample protrude out of the corrosion simulator; the electrode is arranged between the rock sample and the clamp; and the electrode is electrically connected with the electrochemical detection device through a wire. After adopting the technical scheme, the simulation device acts on the rock through an experiment solution in cycle, corrosion simulation is carried out on the rock, and real-time detection is carried out on a rock microstructure through an electrochemical work station.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of analog, and in particular to one kind is based on electrochemical means, for testing lab simulation rock
Stone corrosion process and rock corrosion process is carried out real-time detection corrosion rock analog and real-time detection method.
Background technology
With the fast development of urban construction, land resource day is becoming tight, the development and utilization of Underground Space Resource into
For many cities development trend in the future.But impact of the geological environment to stone matter structures and underground engineering long-time stability is
Become the hot issue of current concern.
Rock mass is through different times, different degrees of tectonism transformation and subsoil water, crustal stress, temperature and chemistry
Deng the impact of Geological Environmental Factors so as to which structure tends to complicating, and the physical state and mechanical property of rock also occur therewith
Change.
In the factors for affecting Geotechnical Engineering Safety, because subsoil water is the stream that is prevalent in rock mass structure
Body, its chemical composition is considerably complicated, and directly or indirectly affects the deformation spy of rock mass by physics, chemistry and mechanical function
Levy and mechanical property so as to become one of most active influence factor.
Water can dissolve some of rock mineralogical composition as a kind of solution, so as to change the composition of rock forming mineral.Water
Through rock, a part of element can move out with the migration of water, and cohesiveness is reduced between rock particles, and it is swollen that volume occurs in rock
The phenomenons such as swollen, rock porosity increases, microfissure development, rock this body structure changes so as to cause rock character gradually weak
Change.In addition, water is by apply hydrostatic pressure to rock mass and flowing pressure, the virgin state of stress for making rock mass changes, with
The increase of additional stress, pore water pressure increase accelerates the extension of crackle, reduces rock strength.With the propulsion of time, rock
Stone Mineral fabric is that skeleton constantly adjusts restructuring, causes its stress, strain regime also persistently to change i.e. creep with the time, and then
Directly affect the long-time stability of rock structures.For example, deformation, fracture are still may occur in which after subterranean tunnel many decades；Some
Rock class is produced serious influence due to the timeliness swelling that environmental change causes to hypogee；The reservoir dam dam foundation, arch dam
Under the long term of acid precipitation and subsoil water, the mechanical characteristic such as intensity, deformation significant changes and cause different dam abutment can occur
Often destruction：Karst area, seawater invasion are regional because the long term of subsoil water can occur surface collapse.It can be seen that, subsoil water exists
The make mineralogical composition and structure of rock in flow process changes, and then causes rock physicses mechanical characteristic to generate deterioration
Effect, is problem that Geotechnical Engineering estimation of stability can not be ignored.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is the exchange potential ripple for applying a different little amplitude of frequency to electro-chemical systems, and measurement is handed over
The ratio of stream potential and current signal, this ratio is the change of the impedance with sine wave freuqency ω of system, or impedance
Phase angle Φ with ω change.The basic ideas of ground electrochemistry are exactly the alternating current response characteristic according to rock-soil material, according to
The alternating current response characteristic and its relaxation time of media interior different materials and its composition structure, sets up physical model, is simplified to
For electrical model, and then equivalent circuit is set up, Numerical-Mode draws up the impedance curve of whole circuit, and measured curve is carried out repeatedly
Fitting correction, finally draws the electrical model for meeting material genuine property.Each electricity component is calculated according to measured result
Parameter and Changing Pattern, according to the implication that each electricity component is represented, draw the internal feature and its Changing Pattern of ground.
And the analog precision of traditional corrosion rock is low, simulation process is complicated, it is difficult to realize that rock's microstructure becomes
The real-time detection of change.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is that the analog precision of traditional corrosion rock is low, and simulation process is complicated,
A kind of real-time detection that can realize rock's microstructure change, the analog of the corrosion rock of high precision and inspection in real time are provided
Survey method.
To solve above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention adopts following technical proposals：A kind of analog of corrosion rock, including
Corrosion rock analog and electrochemical detection device, described corrosion rock analog includes corrosion simulated device, fixture, storage
Tank and electrode, are provided with water pump in aqua storage tank, water pump is connected by water pipe with corrosion simulated device, and in corrosion simulated device rock is provided with
Corrosion simulated device is protruded at sample, rock sample two ends, and electrode is located between rock sample and fixture, and electrode is by wire and electrochemical detection device
Electrical connection.
Described electrochemical detection device include electrochemical workstation, the host computer electrically connected with electrochemical workstation,
The display being connected with host computer.
The corrosion simulated device is the cylinder of both ends open, and water inlet is provided with below cylinder side wall, cylinder side wall
Top is provided with outlet, and water inlet is located at the left side of cylinder, and outlet is located at the right side of cylinder.
The fixture includes fixed plate and the clamping plate being arranged on the outside of fixed plate, and described fixed plate is square, fixed
The hole being engaged with corrosion simulated device external diameter is provided with the middle of plate, several bolts hole I is additionally provided with fixed plate.
The clamping plate is that the docking of two block length cube plates is formed, and the long side of cuboid plate side is provided with semi-circular recesses, half
Circular groove bottom is provided with semicircle groove, and semi-circular recesses are with semicircle groove centrage on the same axis, semicircle recessed
Groove radius is more than semicircle groove radius；Two block length cube plates dock latter two semi-circular recesses constitute circular groove, two and half
Circular groove constitutes manhole；
The cuboid plate is provided with a side-lower of semi-circular recesses and is provided with semi arch plate, and semi arch plate is provided with bolt hole II,
Cuboid plate top be additionally provided with bolt hole III, bolt hole II and bolt hole III be engaged with bolt hole I.
The side of the cuboid plate is provided with right angle draw-in groove, and right angle draw-in groove is connected to aqua storage tank top.
Sealing ring I is provided between the corrosion simulated device two ends and fixed plate, sealing is provided between rock sample two ends and clamping plate
Circle II.
Described electrode is copper sheet, and electrode is by Boards wall at rock sample two ends；The water pump be self prime pump, water pipe
It is provided with valve.
A kind of real-time detection method of the analog of corrosion rock, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：1. will sealing
Circle I is enclosed within corrosion simulated device two ends, and corrosion simulated device two ends are respectively clamped in two fixed plates；2. rock sample is processed into into circle
Cylinder, by rock sample corrosion simulated device is put into, and corrosion simulated device is protruded at rock sample two ends, the sealing ring II on the set of rock sample two ends；3. group
Clamping plate, two block length cube plates are flexibly connected by the bolt being engaged with bolt hole II, now in the circular groove being spliced into
Electrode is laid at place, and by electrode holder in the sealing ring at rock sample two ends, electrode is exposed by manhole；4. note into aqua storage tank
Enter experimental solutions；5. the corrosion simulated device for assembling, rock sample, fixture are stuck in by aqua storage tank two ends by right angle draw-in groove, electric wire connects
Connect electrochemical workstation；6. turn on the power, water pump is pumped to experimental solutions in corrosion simulated device；7. by electrode, using electricity
Chemical work stand control, to rock sample the electric current of different frequency range is conveyed, and the change of rock sample is changed into into electric data transfer by electrode
To electrochemical detection device（1）, computer collection experimental data；8. the experimental data that computer is gathered is analyzed, is drawn
Nyquist and Bode curve charts, study of rocks microstructure change.Nyquist curves are nyquist plot, Bode curves
As baud curve.
The rock sample is the cylinder of a diameter of 50mm.
Using the present invention of said structure be it is a kind of for desk research rock in corrosive environment microstructure change
Experimental study.The device by experimental solutions Circulation in rock, rock is carried out it is corrosion simulated, by electrochemical workstation
Real-time detection is carried out to rock's microstructure.The change of rock sample electrochemical signals in corrosion rock simulation process can be tested, is led to
Cross the characteristic parameter analysis rock sample microstructure change of electrochemistry.
Compared with the prior art, precision of the present invention is higher.This invention simplifies the step of simulated environment, facilitates experiment
Operation, and the theory of combined with electrochemical, realize the real-time detection to rock's microstructure change.The present invention is from electrochemistry
The change of angle analysis rock's microstructure, is that a kind of auxiliary implements the instrument that indoor corrosion rock is studied.By simulating corrosion
The degree of injury that environmental analyses are caused to rock, and then may infer that the long-time stability of Geotechnical Engineering.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is schematic structural view of the invention；
Fig. 2 is corrosion simulated device cross-sectional view of the invention；
Fig. 3 is left view structural representation of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is dimensional structure diagram after corrosion simulated device of the invention and fixture assembly；
Fig. 5 is fixed plate structure schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is clamp region schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 7 is the 1 of the cuboid plate structure schematic diagram of clamping plate of the present invention；
Fig. 8 is the 2 of the cuboid plate structure schematic diagram of clamping plate of the present invention；
Fig. 9 is corrosion simulated device structural representation of the invention.
Specific embodiment
As shown in Figures 1 to 9, a kind of analog of corrosion rock, including corrosion rock analog and electrochemistry inspection
Device 1 is surveyed, described corrosion rock analog includes corrosion simulated device 6, fixture 7, aqua storage tank 2 and electrode 8, in aqua storage tank 2
Water pump 21 is provided with, water pump 21 is connected by water pipe 22 with corrosion simulated device 6, in corrosion simulated device 6 rock sample 9,9 liang of rock sample are provided with
The corrosion simulated device 6 of end protrusion, electrode 8 is located between rock sample 9 and fixture 7, and electrode 8 is by wire 81 and electrochemical detection device 1
Electrical connection.Aqua storage tank, according to test requirements document unlike material is may be selected.
Described electrochemical detection device 1 includes electrochemical workstation 11, the computer electrically connected with electrochemical workstation 11
Main frame 3, the display 31 being connected with host computer 3.Electrochemical workstation 11 also includes Electrochemical Detection software, for providing reality
When, continuous detection.The change that rock's microstructure can be corroded with real-time monitored.Electrochemical workstation 11 is that CHI660E is electrochemical
Learn work station.
The corrosion simulated device 6 is the cylinder of both ends open, and water inlet 61, cylinder side wall are provided with below cylinder side wall
Top be provided with outlet 62, water inlet 61 is located at the left side of cylinder, and outlet 62 is located at the right side of cylinder.It is described corrosion simulated
Device be size be 60 × 110mm cylinder, wall thickness 2mm.In cylinder side wall opposite sides, away from cylinder nozzle edge 15mm punishment
=the hole of 5mm is not opened up, and vertical peace connects the conduit of 5 × 20mm herein, as outlet 62, water inlet 61.Experiment
When, rock sample is put in corrosion simulated device 6, it is fixed and sealing by fixture, and experimental solutions are entered by lower water inlet 61,
Treat, full of whole corrosion simulated device 6, to be flowed out by top outlet 62, for simulation rock integrally by rotten situation.
The fixture 7 includes fixed plate 5 and is arranged on the clamping plate 4 in the outside of fixed plate 5, and described fixed plate 5 is square,
The hole 51 being engaged with the external diameter of corrosion simulated device 6 is provided with the middle of fixed plate 5, several bolts hole are additionally provided with fixed plate 5
I52.Be respectively provided with and the rational arrangement bores of fixture make rock sample be secured firmly in the middle of corrosion simulated device, and corrosion simulated device can be made close
Envelope.Fixed plate is the square of 120 × 120 × 10mm, and a diameter of 65mm of hole 51, bolt hole I 52 is separately positioned on fixed plate
In 5 liang of drift angles and base at each edge 5mm of spacing, diameter of bolt hole is 8mm, and corrosion simulated device two ends are stuck in fixed plate 5
Hole 51 in.
The clamping plate 4 is that the docking of two block length cube plate 44 is formed, and the long side of the side of cuboid plate 44 is provided with semicircle recessed
Groove 48, the bottom of semi-circular recesses 48 is provided with semicircle groove 49, and semi-circular recesses 48 are with the semicircle centrage of groove 49 same
On axis, semi-circular recesses radius is more than semicircle groove radius；Two block length cube plate 44 docks latter two semi-circular recesses structure
The semicircle groove of circular groove 41, two constitutes manhole 42.When using, the internal diameter of circular groove 41 and the external diameter phase of rock sample 9
Coordinate, electrode 8 is installed in manhole 42.
The cuboid plate 44 is provided with a side-lower of semi-circular recesses and is provided with semi arch plate 45, and semi arch plate 45 is provided with
Bolt hole II43, the top of cuboid plate 44 be additionally provided with bolt hole III46, bolt hole II43 and bolt hole III46 with bolt
Hole I52 is engaged.Fixed plate is fixed, is connected with clamping plate by the bolt hole for cooperating；The size of cuboid plate 44 is 120
× 60 × 5mm, bolt hole III46 are located at unilateral drift angle at each porch 5mm, a diameter of 8mm；Semi arch plate 45 is arranged on
Stretch out 8mm at the 16mm of base, and semi arch plate radius is 8mm, and thickness is 2.5mm, and semi arch plate center is provided with=
The bolt hole II43 of 8mm, semi arch plate with semi-circular recesses cuboid plate 44 homonymy, semi-circular recesses radius is
25mm。
The side of the cuboid plate 44 is provided with right angle draw-in groove 47, and right angle draw-in groove 47 is connected to the top of aqua storage tank 2.Rectangular card
Groove 47 is arranged on the lateral surface of cuboid plate 44, and right angle draw-in groove has size for 15 × 10 × 15mm and 10 × 10 × 15mm cuboids
Composition.Right angle draw-in groove is used to be connected with aqua storage tank.Two block length cube plates 44 are movable by the bolt being engaged with bolt hole II43
Connection, can carry out folding rotation around bolt.Spliced clamping plate, overall dimensions are consistent with fixed plate.
Sealing ring I66 is provided between the two ends of corrosion simulated device 6 and fixed plate 5, is set between the two ends of rock sample 9 and clamping plate 4
There is sealing ring II67.During test, first sealing ring I66 is enclosed within into corrosion simulated device two ends, and is snapped in fixed plate；Rock sample again
In being put into corrosion simulated device, rock sample is slightly outwardly；The sealing ring on the set of rock sample two ends, by the clamping plate for assembling rock sample is clipped in
On, clamping plate is connected by bolt with fixed plate.
Described electrode 8 is copper sheet, and electrode 8 is fixed on the two ends of rock sample 9 by clamping plate 4.Rock sample two ends by electrode with
CHI660E electrochemical workstations are connected.Wire 81 is welded on copper sheet, a diameter of 50mm of copper sheet, and copper sheet is put in the straight of clamping plate composition
At hole of the footpath for the circular groove 41 of 50mm, rock sample and fixture are firmly clipped in the middle copper sheet.Wire is circular by fixture
Through hole 42 stretches out and is connected with electrochemical detection device 1, and CHI660E electrochemical workstations are connected with host computer, main frame with show
Device connects.
The water pump 3 is self prime pump, and water pipe 22 is provided with valve 23.Self prime pump is put in aqua storage tank, water pipe
Connect water pump and corrosion simulated device lower water inlet respectively, valve 23 is used to adjust solution flow rate；The water outlet of corrosion simulated device top
The water pipe of mouth connection is introduced directly in aqua storage tank.During test, the experimental solutions in aqua storage tank flow through water pipe pump by self prime pump
In delivering to corrosion simulated device, excessively full solution is recycled to aqua storage tank by corrosion simulated device top outlet Jing water pipes, is formed
One closed circuit.The sustainable circulation of experimental solutions flows to rock sample, and solution flow rate can be controlled by valve, can simulate difference
The corrosive effect of flow velocity, the solution of variable concentrations with the passage of experimental period to rock sample.Each part of whole experimental provision
Can freely dismantle.Can be reequiped according to the requirement of the testing program of itself.The carrying out of convenient experiment.Electrochemical detection device can
To carry out real-time detection, the collection of experimental data with can once implement to complete into figure.
A kind of real-time detection method of the analog of corrosion rock, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：1. will sealing
Circle I66 is enclosed within the two ends of corrosion simulated device 6, and the two ends of corrosion simulated device 6 are respectively clamped in two fixed plates；2. rock sample 9 is added
Rock sample 9 is put into corrosion simulated device 6 by work into cylinder, and corrosion simulated device 6 is protruded at the two ends of rock sample 9, is sealed on the set of rock sample two ends
Circle II67；3. clamping plate is assembled, two block length cube plates 44 are flexibly connected by the bolt being engaged with bolt hole II43, are now being spelled
Electrode 8 is laid at the circular groove 41 being connected into, and electrode 8 is clipped in the sealing ring at the two ends of rock sample 9, electrode 8 is by circular logical
Expose in hole 42；4. to injection experimentses solution in aqua storage tank 2；5. by right angle draw-in groove 47 by the corrosion simulated device for assembling, rock sample,
Fixture is stuck in aqua storage tank two ends, electric wire connection electrochemical workstation；6. turn on the power, experimental solutions are pumped to corrosion mode by water pump
In intending device；7. by electrode, using electrochemical operation stand control, the electric current of different frequency range is conveyed to rock sample, by electrode by rock
The change of sample changes into electric data and is transferred to electrochemical detection device（1）, computer collection experimental data；8. the reality for computer being gathered
Test data to be analyzed, draw Nyquist and Bode curve charts, study of rocks microstructure change.The rock sample is a diameter of
The cylinder of 50mm.
Electrode holder is also equivalent to Battery Card on both positive and negative polarity at rock two ends；Electrochemical workstation passes through a termination electrode
Electric current is conveyed to rock, electric current flows through rock, a reception is carried out by another termination electrode；Electrochemical workstation can be conveyed directly
Stream and alternating current, can voluntarily select according to test requirements document；Electrochemical workstation startup work, collection and analytical data.Detection
Principle is：After chemical attack, rock interior hole can become big, and rock is in water-saturated state, before conductive capability can be than corrosion
Become strong, therefore, the signal of telecommunication received before and after corrosion has gap.
During experiment, first to the experimental solutions needed for injection experimentses in aqua storage tank, self prime pump and valve are opened, make reality
Test solution and corrosion simulated device is flowed to by self prime pump Jing water pipes.Solution to be tested makes rock sample saturation full of corrosion simulated device, opens
Electrochemical workstation is opened, electrochemical signals is detected by computer and is recorded.According to the requirement of experimental program, by valve
Solution flow rate is changed, experiment Expected Results has been reached.Rock sample microcosmic is analyzed by the characteristic parameter of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
The change of structure.
Claims (10)
1. it is a kind of corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：Including corrosion rock analog and electrochemical detection device
（1）, described corrosion rock analog is including corrosion simulated device（6）, fixture（7）, aqua storage tank（2）And electrode（8）, aqua storage tank
（2）Inside it is provided with water pump（21）, water pump（21）By water pipe（22）With corrosion simulated device（6）It is connected, corrosion simulated device（6）Inside set
There is rock sample（9）, rock sample（9）Protrude corrosion simulated device in two ends（6）, electrode（8）It is located at rock sample（9）And fixture（7）Between, electrode
（8）By wire（81）With electrochemical detection device（1）Electrical connection.
2. it is according to claim 1 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：Described electrochemical detection device
（1）Including electrochemical workstation（11）, with electrochemical workstation（11）The host computer of electrical connection（3）, with host computer（3）Phase
Display even（31）.
3. it is according to claim 1 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：The corrosion simulated device（6）For two
The cylinder of end opening, is provided with water inlet below cylinder side wall（61）, outlet is provided with above cylinder side wall（62）, water inlet
Mouthful（61）It is located at the left side of cylinder, outlet（62）It is located at the right side of cylinder.
4. it is according to claim 1 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：The fixture（7）Including fixed plate
（5）Be arranged on fixed plate（5）The clamping plate in outside（4）, described fixed plate（5）For square, fixed plate（5）Centre be provided with
Corrosion simulated device（6）The hole that external diameter is engaged（51）, fixed plate（5）On be additionally provided with several bolts hole I（52）.
5. it is according to claim 4 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：The clamping plate（4）For two block length sides
Body plate（44）Docking is formed, cuboid plate（44）The long side of side is provided with semi-circular recesses（48）, semi-circular recesses（48）Bottom
Portion is provided with semicircle groove（49）, semi-circular recesses（48）With semicircle groove（49）Centrage is on the same axis, semicircle
Groove radius are more than semicircle groove radius；Two block length cube plates（44）Dock latter two semi-circular recesses and constitute circular groove
（41）, two semicircle grooves constitute manhole（42）；The cuboid plate（44）It is provided with a side-lower of semi-circular recesses
It is provided with semi arch plate（45）, semi arch plate（45）It is provided with bolt hole II（43）, cuboid plate（44）Top is additionally provided with bolt hole
III（46）, bolt hole II（43）With bolt hole III（46）With with bolt hole I（52）It is engaged.
6. it is according to claim 5 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：The cuboid plate（44）Side
It is provided with right angle draw-in groove（47）, right angle draw-in groove（47）It is connected to aqua storage tank（2）Top.
7. it is according to claim 5 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：The corrosion simulated device（6）Two ends
With fixed plate（5）Between be provided with sealing ring I（66）, rock sample（9）Two ends and clamping plate（4）Between be provided with sealing ring II（67）.
8. it is according to claim 1 corrosion rock analog, it is characterised in that：Described electrode（8）For copper sheet, electricity
Pole（8）By clamping plate（4）It is fixed on rock sample（9）Two ends；The water pump（3）For self prime pump, water pipe（22）It is provided with valve
（23）.
9. it is a kind of corrosion rock analog real-time detection method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：1. by sealing ring I
（66）It is enclosed within corrosion simulated device（6）Two ends, and by corrosion simulated device（6）Two ends are respectively clamped in two fixed plates；2. by rock sample
（9）Cylinder is processed into, by rock sample（9）It is put into corrosion simulated device（6）, rock sample（9）Protrude corrosion simulated device in two ends（6）, in rock
Sample two ends put sealing ring II（67）；3. clamping plate, two block length cube plates are assembled（44）By with bolt hole II（43）It is engaged
Bolt is flexibly connected, now in the circular groove being spliced into（41）Lay electrode in place（8）, and by electrode（8）It is clipped in rock sample（9）Two
In the sealing ring at end, electrode（8）By manhole（42）Expose；4. to aqua storage tank（2）Interior injection experimentses solution；5. by straight
Angle draw-in groove（47）The corrosion simulated device for assembling, rock sample, fixture are stuck in into aqua storage tank two ends, electric wire connection electrochemical workstation；
6. turn on the power, water pump is pumped to experimental solutions in corrosion simulated device；7. by electrode, using electrochemical operation stand control,
The electric current of different frequency range is conveyed to rock sample, the change of rock sample is changed into by electric data by electrode and is transferred to electrochemical detection device
（1）, computer collection experimental data；8. the experimental data that computer is gathered is analyzed, draws Nyquist and Bode curve charts,
Study of rocks microstructure change.
10. it is according to claim 9 corrosion rock analog real-time detection method, it is characterised in that：The rock
Sample is the cylinder of a diameter of 50mm.
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| CN108414432A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-08-17 | 长安大学 | A kind of experimental rig and test method of the spray corrosion of simulation rock sample |
| CN109406580A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-03-01 | 新疆工程学院 | Experimental tank and waterstone direct current apparent chargeability measurement device and method |
| CN110108748A (en) * | 2019-06-05 | 2019-08-09 | 安徽理工大学 | Frost heave experimental provision |
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