CN106601490B - A kind of preparation method of biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon and porous carbon and application thereof - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon and porous carbon and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses the purposes of a kind of preparation method of biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon and the porous carbon and prepared nitrogenous porous carbon that are prepared by this method in supercapacitor.The preparation method is ground into fine powder comprising steps of 1) by biological material drying；2) biological material powder is uniformly mixed with water or dilute acid soln；3) mixture is subjected to hydro-thermal reaction in a kettle；4) the dry, grinding by obtained hydro-thermal reaction product, is then calcined in tube furnace, obtains the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material of bigger serface.It the use of cheap, reproducible plant is according to the method for the present invention that carbon and nitrogen precursor prepare porous nitrogen-doped carbon material by hydro-thermal method.This method preparation process is simple, is not necessarily to any activator or template, low in cost, environmental-friendly, easy to operate, avoids the problems such as corrosivity is strong, transition metal price is high, heavy metal brings environmental pollution, is suitble to large-scale production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of inorganic nano material, and in particular to it is a kind of for supercapacitor based on biomass material
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon material.
Background technique
Supercapacitor is a kind of environmentally protective energy storage device, with power density is high, the charge and discharge time is short, cycle life
The advantages that long and operating temperature range is wide applies valence with important in fields such as communications and transportation, electronic product and wind-powered electricity generation storages
Value.Currently, limitation supercapacitor applications critical issue be supercapacitor energy density it is relatively low, commercialized super electricity
Container energy storage density is only 5~10Wh/kg, far below 120~170Wh/kg of lithium ion battery.According to super capacitor energy
Density formulaIt is found that it is close that super capacitor energy can be improved by raising specific capacitance (C) and voltage window (V)
Degree, and specific capacitance then depends primarily on the performance of electrode material.Therefore, the key for improving supercapacitor comprehensive performance is to seek
Look for high performance electrode material.
Porous carbon materials due to specific surface area height, stable chemical performance, have extended cycle life, and raw material sources extensively, price
Cheap is the most widely used electrode material in supercapacitor field.The shape characteristic of carbon material, surface chemistry and micro-structure (such as than
Surface area, pore-size distribution, hole and crystal defect) there is tremendous influence to its chemical property.Using active carbon as the carbon of representative
Material contains a large amount of micropore, it is difficult to form electric double layer, surface utilisation is not high to influence power density.It is with carbon nanotube
The new carbon of representative has excellent high rate performance, but its specific surface area is typically only 100~400m2/ g, therefore capacitor
It is expensive to measure lower and manufacturing cost.Meso-porous carbon material there is also specific surface areas it is not high, preparation process is complicated the problems such as, it is difficult to work
Industry metaplasia produces.On the whole, capacitance of the common carbon material in inorganic electrolyte liquid is usually in 150~300F/g or so
[Nature Mater.2008,7,845], energy density is also unable to satisfy the demand of its practical application.And how to optimize carbon materials
Material various structural parameters, obtain excellent chemical property, become for supercapacitor porous carbon research difficult point and
Hot spot.
In addition to optimum structural parameter, introducing hetero-atoms, which are one of the specific capacitance for improving carbon material, in porous carbon materials has
Effect approach.Due to the electronics that the graphite linings of carbon material can be changed in Heteroatom doping gives/receive performance, can in charge and discharge process
Faraday's reaction occurs, to generate pseudo-capacitance.In addition, the functional group that surface hetero atom is formed can also improve the hydrophilic of carbon material
Property, convenient for the infiltration of electrolyte ion, to be also beneficial to improve capacitance.Some researches show that
[Electrochem.Commun.2008,10,795], doping nitrogen-atoms can generate significant pseudo-capacitance in carbon material, make porous
The quality specific capacitance of carbon greatly improves, and its structural stability is good, therefore the porous nitrogen-doped carbon material of bigger serface is expected to
A kind of ideal electrode material as very promising high-capacity super capacitor.In recent years, since biological material distribution is wide
It is general, have the characteristics that natural micropore, mesoporous and macroporous structure and rich in various elements, prepared using biomass as raw material new
Type carbon material causes extensive concern in the application aspect of supercapacitor.And common preparation method is mainly with chemical activation
The problems such as based on method, it is many and diverse that there is synthesis technologies, expensive, need to be with chemical reagent such as a large amount of strong acid, highly basic.Therefore,
Using cheap reproducible biomass as raw material, a kind of inexpensive, environmental-friendly multiporous biological matter base N doping carbon materials are developed
Material has great importance.
Summary of the invention
For above-mentioned the problems of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a kind of simple and easy, green rings
It protects, the low-cost preparation method based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, the preparation method includes the following steps:
1) biological material is dry, it is ground into fine powder；
2) a certain amount of biological material powder is added in suitable quantity of water or is uniformly mixed in the dilute acid soln of low concentration, it is raw
The mass ratio of substance and water or dilute acid soln is 1:3 to 1:30, preferably 1:5 to 1:20；
3) mixture obtained in step 2) is transferred in reaction kettle, is heated to 100~300 under hydrothermal reaction condition
DEG C, preferably 150~250 DEG C, 1~72 hour is kept the temperature, is selected 3~48 hours, cooling, washing obtains brown solid；
4) solid obtained in step 3) is dried, ground, then calcined in tube furnace, in inert gas
In atmosphere in 300~1500 DEG C range inside holding 0.5~100 hour；Sample is taken out to get arriving after tube furnace drops to room temperature
The nitrogen-doped porous carbon material of bigger serface.
Wherein, the biological material described in step 1) is rich protein-contg plant, includes sweet potato leaf, fruits of elm, dandelion
At least one of leaf, chrysanthemum miaoye, roundpod jute leaf, burdock leaf, asparagus, bamboo shoots, Cauliflower, spinach, broccoli, preferably spinach
At least one of dish, bamboo shoots are used as carbon source and nitrogen source simultaneously.
Preferably, the diluted acid of the low concentration described in step 2) can be sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid or phosphoric acid
At least one of, preferably sulfuric acid or acetic acid, sour weight percent concentration are 0.1~50%, preferably 0.5~10%.
The calcination temperature described in step 4) is 300~1500 DEG C, and preferably 500~1000 DEG C, the inert gas is nitrogen
One of gas, argon gas and helium are a variety of, and soaking time is preferably 1~24 hour.
Preferably, other reactants are not used in preparation method according to the present invention, such as activator or other nitrogen source materials
Material etc., only with biological material.
Preparation method according to the present invention, the preparation method include the following steps:
The bamboo shoots cleaned up are cut into pieces, drying is heated to for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtains solid and be ground into a powder.Take 2g
Powder is added in the 20mL dilute sulfuric acid that weight percent is 0.5%, is uniformly mixed and moves back in hydrothermal reaction kettle, in 210
DEG C reaction 12 hours, be filtered, washed, be dried to obtain brown solid.Obtained drying solid is put in tube furnace in nitrogen later
Calcined in gas atmosphere, 800 DEG C range inside holding 8 hours.Sample is taken out to get nitrogen is arrived after tube furnace drops to room temperature
Doped porous carbon material, nitrogen content are about 2.9%, specific surface area 1893m2/g。
According to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides one kind to be based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon materials, institute
It states and is prepared based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon materials by preparation method according to the present invention, it should be based on biomass-based
The specific surface area of nitrogenous porous carbon materials is 500~2500m2/ g, nitrogen content are 0.5~10at%.
According to another aspect of the present invention, biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon materials conduct is based on the present invention provides described
The purposes of electrode material for super capacitor.
Beneficial effect
The present invention has the advantage that compared with prior art
It 1, the use of cheap, reproducible plant is that carbon and nitrogen precursor prepare porous nitrogen-doped carbon material by hydro-thermal method.
All raw materials are renewable resource, widely distributed, environmentally protective, simple and easy to get, resourceful, cheap.
2, the porous carbon materials of bigger serface generally use physical/chemical activation method or template to prepare.This hair
The bright nitrogen-doped carbon material synthesized using environmentally protective hydro-thermal method with bigger serface, abundant pore structure.This method
Preparation process is simple, is not necessarily to any activator or template, low in cost, environmental-friendly, easy to operate, avoids corrosivity
By force, the problems such as transition metal price is high, heavy metal brings environmental pollution, is suitble to large-scale production.
3, the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material of the invention is used for electrode material for super capacitor, shows high thermostabilization
Property, high specific capacitance, high rate capability and good cyclical stability, recycle 5000 specific capacitance conservation rates up to 98% or more.
The present invention can realize the adjusting of the specific surface area, pore-size distribution and nitrogen content of carbon material by adjusting reaction condition, carburizing temperature,
Provide a kind of specific capacitance height and the excellent electrode material of cycle performance.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the BET result figure of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1.
Fig. 2 is that the SEM of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1 schemes.
Fig. 3 is the circulation of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material that is prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1 under different scanning rates
Voltammetric scan curve graph.
Fig. 4 is the perseverance electricity of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material that is prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1 under different current densities
Flow charging and discharging curve figure.
Fig. 5 is the ratio electricity of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material that is prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1 under different current densities
Hold curve.
Fig. 6 is that the cyclical stability of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material prepared according to the embodiment of the present invention 1 is tested.
Specific embodiment
Hereinafter, will be described in detail the present invention.Before doing so, it should be appreciated that in this specification and appended
Claims used in term should not be construed as being limited to general sense and dictionary meanings, and inventor should allowed
On the basis of the appropriate principle for defining term to carry out best interpretations, according to meaning corresponding with technical aspect of the invention and generally
Thought explains.Therefore, description presented herein is not intended to limitation originally merely for the sake of the preferred embodiment for illustrating purpose
The range of invention, it will thus be appreciated that without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, it can be obtained by it
His equivalents or improved procedure.
The preparation method of nitrogen-doped porous carbon material according to the present invention is hydro-thermal method, the porous nitrogen synthesized by this method
Adulterating carbon material has big specific surface area, micro- meso-hole structure abundant.This method is rich in protein biology matter with reproducible
Raw material, without adding nitrogen source, the porous carbon materials of N doping are prepared in situ in one-step method, and the porous nitrogenous material is with excellent
Electric double layer capacitance performance and good cyclical stability.
Using alkali as activator in the chemical activation method of the prior art, but in order to make final activated carbon product that there is foot
Enough micropores or meso-hole structure are generally required using a large amount of alkali as activator, activator usual one times or even the several times
In the amount of biomass material.In comparison, the present invention is handled using hydro-thermal method, final to produce without a large amount of activator
Activator component will not be remained in object.
In preparation method according to the present invention, the acid plays promotion water in nitrogen-doped porous carbon material forming process
The effect of solution.When not adding acid, carbon material specific surface area may be up to 935m2/ g, with other activation methods or template legal system
Standby carbon material specific surface area is suitable；When adding diluted acid promotion hydrolysis, and its material specific surface area is up to 2000m2/ g or so,
Illustrate that suitable acid not only contributes to promote lignocellulosic hydrolysis, and is also beneficial to the formation in hole；And when sour dosage is excessive,
Such as the sour mass ratio with biomass material is greater than 10, carbon yield obtained by hydro-thermal declines, and specific surface area reduction.
In addition, can control institute in preparation method according to the present invention by adjusting the calcination temperature in inert gas
The nitrogen-doping content in carbon material is obtained, with the raising of calcination temperature, nitrogen content is in downward trend.When calcination temperature height
When 1000 DEG C, nitrogen content is lower than 1.0at% in carbon material；Volatilization when calcination temperature is lower than 300 DEG C, in biological material
Dividing not can be completely removed, and the physicochemical property of gained carbon material cannot reach uniform and stable.
The specific surface area 500 for the final nitrogen-doped porous carbon material that preparation method according to the present invention obtains~
2500m2/ g, nitrogen content are 0.5~10at%.And directly high temperature pyrolysis is obtained under inert gas protection by biomass material
The specific surface area of nitrogen-doped carbon material is smaller, generally less than 50m2/g。
Following embodiment is enumerated only as the example of embodiment of the present invention, does not constitute any limit to the present invention
System, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modification in the range of without departing from essence and design of the invention each falls within the present invention
Protection scope.
Embodiment 1
The bamboo shoots that 1kg is cleaned up cut into pieces, and are heated to drying for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtain solid and be ground into a powder.
It takes 2g powder to be added in the 20mL dilute sulfuric acid that weight percent is 0.5%, is uniformly mixed and moves back in hydrothermal reaction kettle, in
210 DEG C are reacted 12 hours, are filtered, washed, are dried to obtain brown solid.Obtained drying solid is put in tube furnace later
Calcined in nitrogen gas atmosphere, 800 DEG C range inside holding 8 hours.Sample is taken out to get arriving after tube furnace drops to room temperature
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon material, nitrogen content are about 2.9%, specific surface area 1893m2/g.Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is according to the present embodiment
BET the and SEM result figure of the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material of preparation, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 data, which contains the micro- of prosperity
Hole and mesoporous hierarchical porous structure.
Embodiment 2
The bamboo shoots that 1kg is cleaned up cut into pieces, and are heated to drying for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtain solid and be ground into a powder.
It takes 2g powder to be added in 20mL water (not the case where acid adding), is uniformly mixed and moves back in hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacted in 210 DEG C
It 12 hours, is filtered, washed, is dried to obtain brown solid.Obtained drying solid is put in tube furnace in nitrogen gas later
Calcined in atmosphere, 900 DEG C range inside holding 8 hours.Sample is taken out to get more to N doping after tube furnace drops to room temperature
Hole carbon material, specific surface area 935m2/ g, nitrogen content 1.7%.
Embodiment 3
The spinach that 1kg is cleaned up cuts into pieces, and is heated to drying for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtains solid and be ground into a powder.
It takes 2g powder to be added in the 20mL spirit of vinegar water that weight percent is 1.0%, is uniformly mixed and moves back in hydrothermal reaction kettle,
It is reacted 8 hours in 180 DEG C, is filtered, washed, is dried to obtain brown solid.Obtained drying solid is put in tube furnace later
Calcined in nitrogen gas atmosphere, 700 DEG C range inside holding 6 hours.After tube furnace drops to room temperature by sample take out to get
To nitrogen-doped porous carbon material, specific surface area 680m2/ g, nitrogen content 3.2%.
Comparative example 1
The bamboo shoots that 1kg is cleaned up cut into pieces, and are heated to drying for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtain solid and be ground into a powder.
Take 2g powder to be put in tube furnace to calcine in nitrogen gas atmosphere, 800 DEG C range inside holding 8 hours.It is dropped to tube furnace
Sample is taken out after room temperature, washes with water impurity, drying to obtain nitrogen-doped porous carbon material, specific surface area 48m2/ g,
Nitrogen content is 2.8%.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE:
Electrochemical property test is carried out to the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material prepared in above-described embodiment 1.Specific operation process
Are as follows: by carbon material: acetylene black: Kynoar (PVDF) is uniformly mixed with weight ratio for 80:10:10 ratio, and a small amount of N- is added
Said mixture is uniformly applied to nickel foam 1cm by methyl pyrrolidone after mixing evenly2Surface on, vacuum is dry at 70 DEG C
Drying to constant weight in dry case and weighs.Prepared electrode material is placed in 6mol/L KOH electrolyte, is pair with platinum electrode
Electrode, saturated calomel electrode are reference electrode, carry out electrochemical property test using three electrode test methods.As the result is shown:
The nitrogen-doped porous carbon material obtained according to embodiment 1 sweeps the cyclic voltammetry curve (see Fig. 3) under speed in difference, should
Electrode material keeps nearly rectangular shape during sweep speed increases from 5mV/s to 100mV/s, and it is excellent to illustrate that the material has
Different charge-discharge performance.Fig. 4 is constant current charge-discharge curve of the electrode material under different charging or discharging current density, is further confirmed
The material has high capacitor and excellent high rate performance.When current density is 1A/g, electric discharge specific capacitance is up to 626F/g,
Much higher than capacitance (150~300F/g) of the carbon material usually in inorganic electrolyte liquid.As shown in figure 5, with current density from
1A/g increases to 10A/g, and specific capacitance can keep 522F/g, shows the good multiplying power property of the material.This may be due to
The material not only micropore energy storage rich in, and the channel of ion fast transferring is provided containing flourishing mesoporous, to make carbon
Electrode has high specific capacitance and good high-rate performance concurrently.When the electrode material through circulation 5000 times after, still have more than
98.5% capacity retention (see Fig. 6).
When current density is 5A/g under similarity condition, test is obtained according to embodiment 2, embodiment 3 and comparative example 1 respectively
To the electric discharge specific capacitance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon material be respectively 450F/g, 312F/g and 92F/g.It can be seen by above data
Out, the nitrogen-doped porous carbon material that preparation method according to the present invention obtains is compared to the product electrification handled without hydro-thermal method
It can be more preferably.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of preparation method based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, the preparation method include the following steps:
1) biological material is dry, it is ground into fine powder；
2) will obtained biological material powder be added suitable quantity of water in or the dilute acid soln of low concentration in be uniformly mixed, biomass with
The mass ratio of water or dilute acid soln is 1:3 to 1:30；
3) mixture obtained in step 2) is transferred in reaction kettle, 100~300 DEG C is heated under hydrothermal reaction condition,
Heat preservation 1~72 hour, cooling, washing obtains brown solid；
4) solid obtained in step 3) is dried, ground, then calcined in tube furnace, in atmosphere of inert gases
In in 300~1500 DEG C range inside holding 0.5~100 hour；Sample is taken out after tube furnace drops to room temperature and is compared to get to big
The nitrogen-doped porous carbon material of surface area；
The diluted acid of low concentration described in step 2) is at least one of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid or phosphoric acid, sour
Weight percent concentration is 0.1~50%,
The other reactants for not using activator or other nitrogen source materials in the preparation method, only with biological material,
The biological material described in step 1) is rich protein-contg plant, including sweet potato leaf, fruits of elm, Folium Taraxacum, chrysanthemum seedling
At least one of leaf, roundpod jute leaf, burdock leaf, asparagus, bamboo shoots, Cauliflower, spinach, broccoli are used as carbon source and nitrogen simultaneously
Source.
2. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 2)
Described in the mass ratio of biomass and water or dilute acid soln be 1:5 to 1:20.
3. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 3)
Described in 150~250 DEG C are heated under hydrothermal reaction condition, keep the temperature 3~48 hours.
4. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 1)
Described in biological material be at least one of spinach, bamboo shoots.
5. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 2)
Described in low concentration diluted acid weight percent concentration be 0.5~10%.
6. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 2)
Described in low concentration diluted acid be sulfuric acid or acetic acid.
7. the preparation method according to claim 1 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, which is characterized in that in step 4)
Described in calcination temperature be 500~1000 DEG C, the atmosphere of inert gases is one of nitrogen, argon gas and helium or a variety of,
Soaking time is 1~24 hour.
8. a kind of preparation method based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, the preparation method include the following steps:
The bamboo shoots cleaned up are cut into pieces, drying is heated to for 70 DEG C in an oven, obtains solid and be ground into a powder, take 2g powder
It is added in the 20mL dilute sulfuric acid that weight percent is 0.5%, is uniformly mixed and moves back in hydrothermal reaction kettle, it is anti-in 210 DEG C
It answers 12 hours, is filtered, washed, be dried to obtain brown solid, obtained drying solid is put in tube furnace in nitrogen gas later
Calcined in body atmosphere, 800 DEG C range inside holding 8 hours, after tube furnace drops to room temperature by sample take out to get arrive N doping
Porous carbon materials, nitrogen content 2.9at%, specific surface area 1893m2/g。
9. one kind is based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon, described to be based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon by according to claim 1 to 7
Any one of described in preparation method be prepared, should based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon specific surface area be 500~
2500m2/ g, nitrogen content are 0.5~10at%.
10. the purposes according to claim 9 based on biomass-based nitrogenous porous carbon as electrode material for super capacitor.
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